130
Views
23
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Treating nicotine dependence and preventing smoking relapse in cancer patients

, , &
Pages 23-39 | Received 18 Jul 2016, Accepted 10 Dec 2016, Published online: 28 Dec 2016

References

  • Berg CJ, Thomas AN, Mertens AC, et al. Correlates of continued smoking versus cessation among survivors of smoking-related cancers. Psycho-Oncology. 2013;22(4):799–806. DOI:10.1002/pon.3077
  • Cooley ME, Sarna L, Kotlerman J, et al. Smoking cessation is challenging even for patients recovering rom lung cancer surgery with curative intent. Lung Cancer. 2009;66:218–225.
  • Gritz ER, Vidrine DJ. Fingeret MC: smoking cessation a critical component of medical management in chronic disease populations. Am J Prev Med. 2007;33:S414–22.
  • Gritz ER, Nisenbaum R, Elashoff RE, et al. Smoking behavior following diagnosis in patients with stage I non-small-cell lung cancer. Cancer Causes Control. 1991;2:105–112.
  • Ramaswamy AT, Toll BA, Chagpar AB, et al. Smoking, cessation, and cessation counseling in patients with cancer: a population-based analysis. Cancer. 2016;122(8):1247–1253.
  • Tseng T-S, Lin H-Y, Moody-Thomas S, et al. Who tended to continue smoking after cancer diagnosis: the national health and nutrition examination survey 1999–2008. BMC Public Health. 2012;12:784. DOI:10.1186/1471-2458-12-784
  • Asfar T, Dietz NA, Arheart KL, et al. Smoking behavior among adult childhood cancer survivors: what are we missing? J Cancer Survivorship: Res Pract. 2016;10(1):131–141.
  • *Land SR, Toll BA, Moinpour CM, et al. Research priorities, measures, and recommendations for assessment of tobacco use in clinical cancer research. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;15;22(8):1907-1913.
  • Gritz ER, Fingeret MC, Vidrine DJ, et al. Successes and failures of the teachable moment: smoking cessation in cancer patients. Cancer. 2006;106:17–27.
  • Arnold M, Liu L, Kenter GG, et al. Second primary cancers in survivors of cervical cancer in the netherlands: implications for prevention and surveillance. Radiother Oncol J Eur Soc Ther Radiol Oncol. 2014;111(3):374–381.
  • Coker AL, DeSimone CP, Eggleston KS, et al. Smoking and survival among Kentucky women diagnosed with invasive cervical cancer: 1995-2005. Gynecol Oncol. 2009;112(2):365–369.
  • Waggoner SE, Darcy KM, Fuhrman B, et al. Association between cigarette smoking and prognosis in locally advanced cervical carcinoma treated with chemoradiation: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol. 2006;103:853–858.
  • Waggoner SE, Darcy KM, Tian C, et al. Smoking behavior in women with locally advanced cervical carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2010;202:283.e1-7.
  • Ehdaie B, Furberg H, Zabor EC, et al. Comprehensive assessment of the impact of cigarette smoking on survival of clear cell kidney cancer. J Urol. 2014;191(3):597–602.
  • *Surgeon General Report . Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. 2014 [cited 2016 Jun 30]. Available from: http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/50-years-of-progress/
  • Do KA, Johnson MM, Doherty DA, et al. Second primary tumors in patients with upper aerodigestive tract cancers: joint effects of smoking and alcohol (United States). Cancer Causes Control. 2003;14(2):131–138.
  • Tabuchi T, Ito Y, Ioka A, et al. Tobacco smoking and the risk of subsequent primary cancer among cancer survivors: a retrospective cohort study. Ann Oncol. 2013;24(10):2699–2704.
  • Shiels MS, Gibson T, Sampson J, et al. Cigarette smoking prior to first cancer and risk of second smoking-associated cancers among survivors of bladder, kidney, head and neck, and stage I lung cancers. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32(35):3989–3995.
  • **American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) . Tobacco Cessation Guide for Oncology Providers. 2012. Available from: https://www.asco.org/sites/new-www.asco.org/files/content-files/blog-release/documents/tobacco-cessation-guide.pdf
  • O’Malley M, An K, Conte M, et al. Effects of cigarette smoking on metabolism and effectiveness of systemic therapy for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2014;9:917–926.
  • Hamilton M, Wolf JL, Rusk J, et al. Effects of smoking on the pharmacokinetics of erlotinib. Clin Cancer Res. 2006;12(7 Pt 1):2166–2171.
  • Van Der Bol JM, Mathijssen RH, Loos WJ, et al. Cigarette smoking and irinotecan treatment: pharmacokinetic interaction and effects on neutropenia. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(19):2719–2726.
  • *Warren GW, Dibaj S, Hutson A, et al. Identifying targeted strategies to improve smoking cessation support for cancer patients. J Thorac Oncol. 2015;10(11):1532–1537.
  • **Shields PG, Herbst RS, Davis J, et al. Smoking Cessation, Version 1.2016, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. J Natl Compr Cancer Netw. 2016;14:1430–1468.
  • *Karam-Hage M, Cinciripini PM, Gritz ER. Tobacco use and cessation for cancer survivors: an overview for clinicians. CA Cancer J Clin. 2014;64:272–290.
  • Price S, Hitsman B, Veluz-Wilkins A, et al. The use of varenicline to treat nicotine dependence among patients with cancer. Psycho-Oncology. 2016. Published online. DOI:10.1002/pon.4166
  • Park ER, Japuntich S, Temel J, et al. A smoking cessation intervention for tho- racic surgery and oncology clinics: a pilot trial. J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6:1059–1065.
  • Wallstrom M, Sand L, Nilsson F, et al. The long-term effect of nicotine on the oral mucosa. Addiction. 1999;94:417–423.
  • Anthenelli RM, Benowitz NL, West R, et al. Neuropsychiatric safety and efficacy of varenicline, bupropion, and nicotine patch in smokers with and without psychiatric disorders (EAGLES): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet. 2016;387(10037):2507–2520.
  • Klesges RC, Krukowski RA, Klosky JL, et al. Efficacy of a tobacco quitline among adult cancer survivors. Prev Med. 2015;73:22–27. DOI:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.12.019
  • Warren GW, Ward KD. Integration of tobacco cessation services into multidisciplinary lung cancer care: rationale, state of the art, and future directions. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2015;4(4):339–352.
  • Morales NA, Romano MA, Michael Cummings K, et al. Accuracy of self-reported tobacco use in newly diagnosed cancer patients. Cancer Causes Control. 2013;24:1223–1230.
  • Warren GW, Arnold SM, Valentino JP, et al. Accuracy of self-reported tobacco assessments in a head and neck cancer treatment population. Radiother Oncol. 2012;103:45–48.
  • Martinez E, Tatum KL, Weber DM, et al. Issues related to implementing a smoking cessation clinical trial for cancer patients. Cancer Causes Control. 2009;20(1):97–104.
  • *Toll BA, Brandon TH, Gritz ER, et al. Assessing tobacco use by cancer patients and facilitating cessation: an American Association for Cancer Research policy statement. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19(8):1941–1948.
  • Marin VP, Pytynia KB, Langstein HN, et al. Serum cotinine concentration and wound complications in head and neck reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;121:451–457.
  • Stead LF, Lancaster T. Group behaviour therapy programmes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;18;(2):CD001007.
  • Fiore MC, Jaen CR, Baker TB, et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update, clinical practice guideline. Rockville (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service; 2008.
  • Schnoll RA, Zhang B, Rue M, et al. Brief physician-initiated quit-smoking strategies for clinical oncology settings: a trial coordinated by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol. 2003;21(2):355–365.
  • Wakefield M, Olver I, Whitford H, et al. Motivational interviewing as a smoking cessation intervention for patients with cancer: randomized controlled trial. Nurs Res. 2004;53(6):396–405.
  • Duffy SA, Ronis DL, Valenstein M, et al. A tailored smoking, alcohol, and depression intervention for head and neck cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15(11):2203–2208.
  • Schnoll RA, Rothman RL, Wielt DB, et al. A randomized pilot study of cognitive-behavioral therapy versus basic health education for smoking cessation among cancer patients. Ann Behav Med. 2005;30(1):1–11.
  • Stanislaw AE, Wewers ME. A smoking cessation intervention with hospitalized surgical cancer patients: a pilot study. Cancer Nurs. 1994;17:81–86.
  • Wewers ME, Bowen JM, Stanislaw AE, et al. A nurse-delivered smoking cessation intervention among hospitalized postoperative patients — influence of a smoking- related diagnosis: a pilot study. Heart Lung. 1994;23:151–156.
  • Wewers ME, Jenkins L, Mignery T. A nurse-managed smoking cessation intervention during diagnostic testing for lung cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1997;24:1419–1422.
  • Griebel B, Wewers ME, Baker CA. The effectiveness of a nurse-managed minimal smoking cessation intervention among hospitalized patients with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum. 1998;25:897–902.
  • Gritz ER, Carr CR, Rapkin D, et al. Predictors of long-term smoking cessation in head and neck cancer patients. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 1993;2:261–270.
  • Smith PM, Reilly KR, Miller NH, et al. Application of a nurse-managed inpatient smoking cessation program. Nicotine Tob Res. 2002;4:211–222.
  • Browning KK, Ahijevych KL, Ross P Jr, et al. Implementing the agency for health care policy and research’s smoking cessation guideline in a lung cancer surgery clinic. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2000;27(8):1248–1254.
  • Schnoll RA, Martinez E, Tatum KL, et al. A bupropion smoking cessation clinical trial for cancer patients. Cancer Causes Control. 2010;21(6):811–820.
  • Thomsen T, Tonnesen H, Okholm M, et al. Brief smoking cessation intervention in relation to breast cancer surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Nicotine Tob Res. 2010;12(11):1118–1124.
  • Ostroff JS, Burkhalter JE, Cinciripini PM, et al. Randomized trial of a presurgical scheduled reduced smoking interventions for patients newly diagnosed with cancer. Health Psychol. 2014;33(7):737–747.
  • Warren GW, Marshall JR, Cummings KM, et al. Automated tobacco assessment and cessation support for cancer patients. Cancer. 2014;120(4):562–569.
  • Miller WR, Rollnick S. Motivational interviewing: preparing people for change. New York (NY): Guilford Press; 2002.
  • Lindson-Hawley N, Thompson TP, Begh R. Motivational interviewing for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Mar;2(3):CD006936. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD006936.pub3
  • Ebbert JO, Hughes JR, West RJ, et al. Effect of varenicline on smoking cessation through smoking reduction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;313(7):687–694.
  • Cook JW, Collins LM, Fiore MC, et al. Comparative effectiveness of motivation phase intervention components for use with smokers unwilling to quit: a factorial screening experiment: Components for smokers unwilling to quit. Addiction. 2016;111(1):117–128.
  • Morgan G, Schnoll RA, Alfano CM, et al. National cancer institute conference on treating tobacco dependence at cancer centers. J Oncol Pract. 2011;7(3):178–182.
  • Emery S, Gilpin EA, Ake C, et al. Characterizing and identifying “hard-core” smokers: implications for further reducing smoking prevalence. Am J Public Health. 2000;90(3):387–394.
  • Schnoll RA, Malstrom M, James C, et al. Correlates of tobacco use among smokers and recent quitters diagnosed with cancer. Patient Educ Couns. 2002;46:137–145.
  • American Psychiatric Association . Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV. 4th ed. Washington (DC): American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
  • Lewin F, Norell SE, Johansson H, et al. Smoking tobacco, oral snuff, and alcohol in the etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer. 1998;82(7):1367–1375.
  • Schildt EB, Erikssom M, Hardell L, et al. Oral snuff, smoking habits and alcohol consumption in relation to oral cancer in a Swedish case-control study. Int J Cancer. 1998;77(3):341–346.
  • Sharp L, Johansson H, Fagerstrom K, et al. Smoking cessation among patients with head and neck cancer: cancer as a ‘teachable moment’. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl). 2008;17(2):114–119.
  • Pirl WF . Evidence report on the occurrence, assessment, and treatment of depression in cancer patients. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr. 2004;32:32–39.
  • Weinberger AH, Kashan RS, Shpigel DM, et al. Depression and cigarette smoking behavior: a critical review of population-based studies. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2016;10:1–16.
  • Boyes AW, Girgis A, D’Este C, et al. Flourishing or floundering? Prevalence and correlates of anxiety and depression among a population-based sample of adult cancer survivors 6 months after diagnosis. J Affect Disord. 2011;135(1–3):184–192.
  • Shields PG . New NCCN Guidelines: smoking cessation for patients with cancer. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2015;13(5):643–645.
  • Hitsman B, Papandonatos GD, McChargue DE, et al. Past major depression and smoking cessation outcome: a systematic review and meta-analysis update. Addiction. 2013;108(2):294–306.
  • Rollema H, Hajós M, Seymour PA, et al. Preclinical pharmacology of the alpha4beta2 nAChR partial agonist varenicline related to effects on reward, mood and cognition. Biochem Pharmacol. 2009;78(7):813–824.
  • Di Cesare Mannelli L, Zanardelli M, Ghelardini C. Nicotine is a pain reliever in trauma- and chemotherapy-induced neuropathy models. Eur J Pharmacol. 2013;711(1–3):87–94.
  • Aigner CJ, Cinciripini PM, Anderson KO, et al. The association of pain with smoking and quit attempts in an electronic diary study of cancer patients trying to quit. Nicotine Tob Res. 2016;18(6):1449–1455.
  • Daniel M, Keefe FH, Lyna P, et al. Persistent smoking after a diagnosis of lung cancer is associated with higher reported pain levels. J Pain. 2009;10(3):323–328.
  • Florou AN, Gkiozos IC, Tsagouli SK, et al. Clinical significance of smoking cessation in subjects with cancer: a 30-year review. Respir Care. 2014;59(12):1924–1936.
  • Shiri R, Karppinen J, Leino-Arjas P, et al. The association between smoking and low back pain: a meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2010;123(87):e7–35.
  • Sugiyama D, Nishimura K, Tamaki K, et al. Impact of smoking as a risk factor for developing rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Rhuematol Dis. 2010;69:70–81.
  • Cook JW, Spring B, McChargue D. Influence of nicotine on positive affect in adhedonic smokers. Psychopharmacology. 2007;192:87–95.
  • Plesner K, Jensen HI, Hojsted J. Smoking history, nicotine dependence and opioid use in patients with chronic non-malignant pain. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2016;60(7):988–994.
  • Bakhshaie J, Ditre JW, Kirsten JL, et al. Pain intensity and smoking behavior amont treatment seeking smokers. Psychiatry Res. 2016;30(237):67–71.
  • Matthews AM, Fu R, Dana T, et al. Intranasal or transdermal nicotine for the treatment of postoperative pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;12(1):CD009634. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD009634.pub2
  • Davison AG, Duffy M. Smoking habits of long-term survivors of surgery for lung cancer. Thorax. 1982;37:331–333.
  • Simmons VN, Litvin EB, Jacobsen PB, et al. Predictors of smoking relapse in patients with thoracic cancer or head and neck cancer. Cancer. 2013;119(7):1420–1427.
  • Vander Ark W, DiNardo LJ, Oliver DS. Factors affecting smoking cessation in patients with head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope. 1997;107:888–892.
  • Dresler CM, Bailey M, Roper CR, et al. Smoking cessation and lung cancer resection. Chest. 1996;110:1199–1202.
  • Walker MS, Larsen RJ, Zona DM, et al. Smoking urges and relapse among lung cancer patients: findings from a preliminary retrospective study. Prev Med. 2004;39:449–457.
  • Bryant J, Boyes AW, Hall A, et al. Prevalence and factors related to smoking and smoking cessation 6 months following a cancer diagnosis: a population-based study. J Cancer Surviv. 2016;10(4):645–653.
  • Walker MS, Vidrine DJ, Gritz ER, et al. Smoking relapse during the first year after treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2006;15(12):2370–2377.
  • Schnoll RA, Martinez E, Langer C, et al. Predictors of smoking cessation among cancer patients enrolled in a smoking cessation program. Acta Oncol. 2011;50(5):678–684.
  • Sanderson Cox L, Patten CA, Ebbert JO, et al. Tobacco use outcomes among patients with lung cancer treated for nicotine dependence. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:3461–3469.
  • Garces YI, Yang P, Parkinson J, et al. The relationship between cigarette smoking and quality of life after lung cancer diagnosis. Chest. 2004;126:1733–1741.
  • Gritz ER, Schacherer C, Koehly L, et al. Smoking withdrawal and relapse in head and neck cancer patients. Head Neck. 1999;21(5):420–427.
  • Kim H, Kim M-H, Park Y-S, et al. Factors that predict persistent smoking of cancer survivors. J Korean Med Sci. 2015;30(7):853–859.
  • Kashigar A, Habbous S, Eng L, et al. Social environment, secondary smoking exposure, and smoking cessation among head and neck cancer patients. Cancer. 2013;119:2701–2709.
  • Eng L, Su J, Qiu X, et al. Second-hand smoke as a predictor of smoking cessation among lung cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol. 2014;32:564–570.
  • Schnoll RA, Wileyto EP, Leone FT, et al. Is a cancer diagnosis a teachable moment for the patient’s relative who smokes? Cancer Causes Control. 2013;24:1339–1346.
  • Burke L, Miller L-A, Saad A, et al. Smoking behaviors among cancer survivors: an observational clinical study. J Oncol Pract. 2009;5(1):6–9. DOI:10.1200/JOP.0912001
  • Westmaas JL, Berg CJ, Alcaraz KI, et al. Health behavior theory constructs and smoking and cessation-related behavior among survivors of ten cancers nine years after diagnosis: a report from the American Cancer Society’s Study of Cancer Survivors-I. Psycho-Oncology. 2015;24:1286–1294.
  • McBride CM, Emmons KM, Lipkus IM. Understanding the potential of teachable moments: the case of smoking cessation. Health Educ Res. 2003;18(2):156–170.
  • Yasin SM, Moy FM, Retneswari M, et al. Timing and risk factors associate with relapse among smokers attempting to quit in Malaysia. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2012;16(7):980–985.
  • Lee CW, Kahende J. Factors associated with successful smoking cessation in the United States, 2000. Am J Public Health. 2007;97(8):1503–1509.
  • Yang T, Fisher KJ, Li F, et al. Attitudes to smoking cessation and triggers of relapse among Chinese male smokers. BMC Public Health. 2006;6:65.
  • **Gritz ER, Toll BA, Warren GW. Tobacco use in the oncology setting: advancing clinical practice and research. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2014;23(1):3–9.
  • Krall EA, Garvey AJ, Garcia RI. Smoking relapse after 2 years of abstinence: findings from the VA normative aging study. Nicotine Tob Res. 2002;4(1):95–100.
  • Gritz ER . Facilitating smoking cessation in cancer patients. Tob Control. 2000;9:i50.
  • Lee JH, Jones PG, Bybee K, et al. A longer course of varenicline therapy improves smoking cessation rates. Prev Cardiol. 2008;11(4):210–214.
  • Chapple A, Ziebland S, McPherson A. Stigma, shame, and blame experienced by patients with lung cancer: qualitative study. Br Med J. 2004;328(7454):1470.
  • Cox LS, Patten CA, Ebbert JO, et al. Tobacco use outcomes among patients with lung cancer treated for nicotine dependence. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20(16):3461–3469.
  • Donny EC, Denlinger RL, Tidey JW, et al. Randomized trial of reduced-nicotine standards for cigarettes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(14):1340–1349.
  • Butler KM, Rayens MK, Zhang M, et al. Motivation to quit smoking among relatives of lung cancer patients. Public Health Nurs. 2011;28(1):43–50.
  • Patterson F, Wileyto EP, Segal J, et al. Intention to quit smoking: role of personal and family member cancer diagnosis. Health Educ Res. 2010;25(5):792–802.
  • Pratt LA, Brody DJ. Depression and smoking in the U. S. household population, aged 20 and over: 2005 to 2008. Hyattsville (MD): U. S. Department for Health and Human Services; 2010.
  • Schnoll RA, Rothman RL, Newman H, et al. Characteristics of cancer patients entering a smoking cessation program and correlates of quit motivation: implications for the development of tobacco control programs for cancer patients. Psycho-Oncology. 2004;13:346–358.
  • Coups EJ, Dhingra LK, Heckman CJ, et al. Receipt of provider advice for smoking cessation and use of smoking cessation treatments among cancer survivors. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24(Suppl 2):S480–486.
  • Warren GW, Sobus S, Gritz ER. The biological and clinical effects of smoking by patients with cancer and strategies to implement evidence-based tobacco cessation support. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:e568–80.
  • Shelley D, Wright S, McNeely J, et al. Reimbursing dentists for smoking cessation treatment: views from dental insurers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2012;14(10):1180–1186.
  • Frazier LM, Molgaard CA, Fredrickson DD, et al. Barriers to smoking cessation initiatives for Medicaid clients in managed cared. Subst Use Misuse. 2001;36:1875–1899.
  • McMenamin SB, Halpin HA, Shade SB. Trends in employer-sponsored health insurance coverage for tobacco-dependence treatments. Am J Prev Med. 2008;35(4):321–326.
  • Bjurlin MA, Goble SM, Hollowell CMP. Smoking cessation assistance for patients with bladder cancer: a national survey of american urologists. J Urol. 2010;184:1901–1906.
  • Cooley ME, Lundin R, Murray L. Smoking cessation interventions in cancer care: opportunities for oncology nurses and nurse scientists. Annu Rev Nurs Res. 2009;27:243–272.
  • Warren GW, Marshall JR, Cummings KM, et al. Practice patterns and perceptions of thoracic oncology providers on tobacco use and cessation in cancer patients. J Thorac Oncol. 2013;8(5):543–548.
  • Stead LF, Buitrago D, Preciado N, et al. Physician advice for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;5:Art. No.: CD000165. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD000165.pub4
  • Lina M, Mazza R, Borreani C, et al. Hospital doctors’ smoking behavior and attitude towards smoking cessation interventions for patients: a survey in an Italian Comprehensive Cancer Center. Tumori. 2016;2016(3):244–251.
  • Vidrine JI, Shete S, Cao Y, et al. Ask advise connect: a new approach to smoking treatment delivery in healthcare settings. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(6):458–464.
  • Peters EN, Torres E, Toll BA, et al. Tobacco assessment in actively accruing national cancer institute cooperative group program clinical trials. J Clin Oncol. 2012;30:2869–2875.
  • CDC. Expected New Cancer Cases and Deaths in 2020. [updated 2015 Mar 23; cited 2016 Jun 30].
  • Demark-Wahnefried W, Jones LW. Promoting a healthy lifestyle among cancer survivors. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2008;22(2):319–342.
  • Harrell PT, Simmons VN, Correa JB, et al. Electronic nicotine delivery systems (“e-cigarettes”): review of safety and smoking cessation efficacy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2014;151(3):381–393.
  • McQueen N, Parlington EJ, Harrington KF, et al. Smoking cessation and electronic cigarette use among head and neck cancer patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016;154(1):73–79.
  • Raw M, McNeill A, West R. Smoking cessation: evidence based recommendation for the healthcare system. Bmj. 1999;318(7177):182–185.
  • Becker KM, Rose JE, Albino AP. A randomized trial of nicotine replacement therapy in combination with reduced-nicotine cigarettes for smoking cessation. Nicotine Tob Res. 2008;10(7):1139–1148.
  • Rose JE, Behm FM, Westman EC, et al. Precessation treatment with nicotine skin patch facilitates smoking cessation. Nicotine Tob Res. 2006;8(1):89–101.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.