M is For Performance Validity: The IOP-M Provides a Cost-Effective Measure of the Credibility of Memory Deficits during Neuropsychological Evaluations

References

• Abeare, C. A., An, K., Tyson, B., Holcomb, M., Cutler, L., May, N., & Erdodi, L. A. (2021). The emotion word fluency test as an embedded performance validity indicator - Alone and in a multivariate validity composite. Applied Neuropsychology Child, 1–12. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2021.1939027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abeare, C., Sabelli, A., Taylor, B., Holcomb, M., Dumitrescu, C., Kirsch, N., & Erdodi, L. (2019). The importance of demographically adjusted cutoffs: Age and education bias in raw score cutoffs within the trail making test. Psychological Injury and Law, 12(2), 170–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-019-09353-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ales, F., & Erdodi, L. A. (2022). Detecting negative response bias within the Trauma Symptom Inventory–2 (TSI-2): A Review of the literature. Psychological Injury and Law, 15(1), 56–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-021-09427-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An, K. Y., Charles, J., Ali, S., Enache, A., Dhuga, J., & Erdodi, L. A. (2019). Re-examining performance validity cutoffs within the Complex Ideational Material and the Boston Naming Test - Short Form using an experimental malingering paradigm. Journal or Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 41(1), 15–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2018.1483488
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashendorf, L. (2019). Rey auditory verbal learning test and Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test performance validity indices in a VA polytrauma sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 33(8), 1388–1402. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2018.1543454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashendorf, L., Clark, E. L., & Sugarman, M. A. (2017). Performance validity and processing speed in a VA Polytrauma sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 31(5), 857–866. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2017.1285961
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babikian, T., Boone, K. B., Lu, P., & Arnold, G. (2006). Sensitivity and specificity of various digit span scores in the detection of suspect effort. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 20(1), 145–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040590947362
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banovic, I., Filippi, F., Viglione, D. J., Scrima, F., Zennaro, A., Zappalà, A., & Giromini, L. (2022). Detecting coached feigning of schizophrenia with the Inventory of Problems – 29 (IOP-29) and its Memory Module (IOP-M): A simulation study on a French community sample. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health, 21(1), 37–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/14999013.2021.1906798
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer, L., & McCaffrey, R. J. (2006). Coverage of the test of memory malingering, Victoria symptom validity test, and word memory test on the internet: Is test security threatened? Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21(1), 121–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2005.06.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Porath, Y. S., Greve, K. W., Bianchini, K. J., & Kaufmann, P. M. (2010). The MMPI-2 symptom validity scale (FBS) is an empirically-validated measure of over-reporting in personal injury litigants and claimants: Reply to William et al. (2009). Psychological Injury and Law, 3(1), 77–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-009-9049-0
   Google Scholar
• Bianchini, K. J., Aguerrevere, L. E., Curtis, K. L., Roebuck-Spencer, T. M., Frey, F. C., Greve, K. W., & Calamia, M. (2018). Classification accuracy of the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-2 (MMPI-2)-Restructured form validity scales in detecting malingered pain-related disability. Psychological Assessment, 30(7), 857. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/pas0000532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchini, K. J., Etherton, J. L., Greve, K. W., Heinly, M. T., & Meyers, J. E. (2008). Classification accuracy of MMPI-2 validity scales in the detection of pain-related malingering: A known-groups study. Assessment, 15(4), 435–449. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191108317341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianchini, K. J., Greve, K. W., & Glynn, G. (2005). On the diagnosis of malingered pain-related disability: Lessons from cognitive malingering research. The Spine Journal, 5(4), 404–417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2004.11.016
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bianchini, K. J., Mathias, C. W., & Greve, K. W. (2001). Symptom validity testing: A critical review. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15(1), 19–45. https://doi.org/10.1076/clin.15.1.19.1907
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigler, E. D. (2012). Symptom validity testing, effort and neuropsychological assessment. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 18(4), 632–642. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617712000252
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bigler, E. D. (2014). Effort, symptom validity testing, performance validity testing and traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 28(13–14), 1623–1638. https://doi.org/10.3109/02699052.2014.947627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bortnik, K. E., Boone, K. B., Marion, S. D., Amano, S., Ziegler, E., Cottingham, M. E., Victor, T. L., & Zeller, M. A. (2010). Examination of various WMS-III logical memory scores in the assessment of response bias. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 24(2), 344–357. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040903307268
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosi, J., Minassian, L., Ales, F., Akca, A. Y. E., Winters, C., Viglione, D. J., Zennaro, A., & Giromini, L. (2022). The sensitivity of the IOP-29 and IOP-M to coached feigning of depression and mTBI: An online simulation study in a community sample from the United Kingdom. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 1–13. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2022.2115910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush, S. S., Ruff, R. M., Tröster, A. I., Barth, J. T., Koffler, S. P., Pliskin, N. H., Reynolds, C. R., & Silver, C. H. (2005). Symptom validity assessment: Practice issues and medical necessity NAN policy & planning committee. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: The Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 20(4), 419–426. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2005.02.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chafetz, M. D. (2022). Deception is different: Negative validity test findings do not provide “evidence” for “good effort.” The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 36(6), 1244–1264. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2020.1840633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crişan, I., Maricuţoiu, L.-P., & Sava, F.-A. (2021). Strategies to detect invalid performance in cognitive testing: An updated and extended meta-analysis. Current Psychology, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-01659-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler, L., Greenacre, M., Abeare, C. A., Sirianni, C. D., Roth, R. M., & Erdodi, L. (2022). Multivariate models provide an effective psychometric solution to the variability in classification accuracy of D-KEFS Stroop performance validity cutoffs. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 1–33. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2022.2073914
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, J. J. (2014). Further consideration of advanced clinical solutions word choice: Comparison to the recognition memory test-words and classification accuracy in a clinical sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 28(8), 1278–1294. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2014.975844
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Carvalho, L. F., Reis, A., Colombarolli, M. S., Pasian, S. R., Miguel, F. K., Erdodi, L. A., Viglione, D. J., & Giromini, L. (2021). Discriminating feigned from credible PTSD symptoms: A validation of a Brazilian version of the inventory of problems-29 (IOP-29). Psychological Injury and Law, 14(1), 58–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-021-09403-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deloria, R., Kivisto, A. J., Swier-Vosnos, A., & Elwood, L. (2021). Optimal per test cutoff scores and combinations of failure on multiple embedded performance validity tests in detecting performance invalidity in a mixed clinical sample. Applied Neuropsychology Adult, Advance online publication 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2021.1973005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denning, J. H. (2012). The efficiency and accuracy of the test of memory malingering trial 1, errors on the first 10 items of the test of memory malingering, and five embedded measures in predicting invalid test performance. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 27(4), 417–432. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acs044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn, A., Pyne, S., Tyson, B., Roth, R., Shahein, A., & Erdodi, L. (2021). Critical item analysis enhances the classification accuracy of the logical memory recognition trial as a performance validity indicator. Developmental Neuropsychology, 46(5), 327–346. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2021.1956499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdodi, L. A. (2019). Aggregating validity indicators: The salience of domain specificity and the indeterminate range in multivariate models of performance validity assessment. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 26(2), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2017.1384925
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdodi, L. A. (2021). Five shades of gray: Conceptual and methodological issues around multivariate models of performance validity. NeuroRehabilitation, 49(2), 179–213. https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-218020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdodi, L. A. (2022). Multivariate models of performance validity: The erdodi index captures the dual nature of non-credible responding (Continuous and categorical). Assessment, 10731911221101910. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/10731911221101910
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdodi, L. A., & Abeare, C. A. (2020). Stronger together: The Wechsler adult intelligence scale-fourth edition as a multivariate performance validity test in patients with traumatic brain injury. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 35(2), 188–204. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acz032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdodi, L. A., Dunn, A. G., Seke, K. R., Charron, C., McDermott, A., Enache, A., Maytham, C., & Hurtubise, J. L. (2018). The Boston naming test as a measure of performance validity. Psychological Injury and Law, 11(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-017-9309-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdodi, L. A., Hurtubise, J. H., Brantuo, M., Cutler, L., Kennedy, A., & Hirst, R. (2021). Old vs new: The classic and D-KEFS Trails as embedded performance validity indicators and measures of psychomotor speed/executive function. Archives of Assessment Psychology, 11(1), 137–161.
   Google Scholar
• Erdodi, L. A., Kirsch, N. L., Lajiness-O’Neill, R., Vingilis, E., & Medoff, B. (2014). Comparing the recognition memory test and the word choice test in a mixed clinical sample: Are they equivalent? Psychological Injury. and Law 7, 255–263, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-014-9197-8
   Google Scholar
• Erdodi, L. A., Kirsch, N. L., Sabelli, A. G., & Abeare, C. (2018). The grooved pegboard test as a validity indicator—A study on psychogenic interference as a confound in performance validity research. Psychological Injury and Law, 11(4), 307–324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-018-9337-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdodi, L. A., & Lichtenstein, J. D. (2017). Invalid before impaired: An emerging paradox of embedded validity indicators. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 31(6–7), 1029–1046. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2017.1323119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdodi, L. A., & Lichtenstein, J. D. (2021). Information processing speed tests as performance validity tests. In K. B. Boone (Ed.), Assessment of feigned cognitive impairment: A neuropsychological perspective (pp. 218–247). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Erdődi, L. A., Seke, K. R., Shahein, A., Tyson, B. T., Sagar, S., & Roth, R. M. (2017). Low scores on the grooved pegboard test are associated with invalid responding and psychiatric symptoms. Psychology & Neuroscience, 10(3), 325–344. https://doi.org/10.1037/pne0000103
   Google Scholar
• Erdodi, L. A., Tyson, B. T., Abeare, C. A., Lichtenstein, J. D., Pelletier, C. L., Rai, J. K., & Roth, R. M. (2016). The BDAE Complex Ideational Material – a measure of receptive language or performance validity?. Psychological Injury and Law, 9, 112–120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-016-9254-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etherton, J. L., Bianchini, K. J., Greve, K. W., & Ciota, M. A. (2005). Test of memory malingering performance is unaffected by laboratory-induced pain: Implications for clinical use. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 20(3), 375–384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2004.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gegner, J., Erdodi, L. A., Giromini, L., Viglione, D. J., Bosi, J., & Brusadelli, E. (2022). An Australian study on feigned mTBI using the Inventory of Problems – 29 (IOP-29), its memory module (IOP-M), and the Rey Fifteen Item Test (FIT). Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 29(5), 1221–1230. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2020.1864375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giromini, L., & Viglione, D. J. (2022). Assessing negative response bias with the inventory of problems-29 (IOP-29): A quantitative literature review. Psychological Injury and Law, 15(1), 79–93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-021-09437-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giromini, L., Viglione, D. J., Zennaro, A., Maffei, A., & Erdodi, L. A. (2020). SVT meets PVT: development and initial validation of the inventory of problems – Memory (IOP-M). Psychological Injury and Law, 13(3), 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-020-09385-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giromini, L., Young, G., & Sellbom, M. (2022). Assessing negative response bias using self-report measures: New articles, new issues. Psychological Injury and Law, 15(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-022-09444-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, P. (2003). Manual for the word memory test.
   Google Scholar
• Greve, K. W., & Bianchini, K. J. (2004). Setting empirical cutoffs on psychometric indicators of negative response bias: A methodological commentary with recommendation. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19(4), 533–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2003.08.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greve, K. W., Bianchini, K. J., Black, F. W., Heinly, M. T., Love, J. M., Swift, D. A., & Ciota, M. (2006). Classification accuracy of the test of memory malingering in persons reporting exposure to environmental and industrial toxins: Results of a known-groups analysis. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 21(5), 439–448. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acn.2006.06.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greve, K. W., Bianchini, K. J., & Brewer, S. T. (2013). The assessment of performance and self-report validity in persons claiming pain-related disability. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 27(1), 108–137. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2012.739646
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greve, K. W., Etherton, J. L., Ord, J., Bianchini, K. J., & Curtis, K. L. (2009). Detecting malingered pain-related disability: Classification accuracy of the test of memory malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16(2), 179–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040902828272
   Google Scholar
• Greve, K. W., Springer, S., Bianchini, K. J., Black, F. W., Heinly, M. T., Love, J. M., Swift, D. A., & Ciota, M. A. (2007). Malingering in toxic exposure: Classification accuracy of reliable digit span and WAIS-III digit span scaled scores. Assessment, 14(1), 12–21. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191106295095
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grimes, D. A., & Schulz, K. F. (2005). Refining clinical diagnosis with likelihood ratios. The Lancet, 365(9469), 1500–1505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guilmette, T. J., Sweet, J. J., Hebben, N., Koltai, D., Mahone, E. M., Spiegler, B. J., Stucky, K., Westerveld, M., & Participants, C. (2020). American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology consensus conference statement on uniform labeling of performance test scores. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 34(3), 437–453. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2020.1722244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heaton, R. K., Miller, S. W., Taylor, M. J., & Grant, I. (2004). Revised comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead Reitan battery: Demographically adjusted neuropsychological norms for African American and caucasian adults. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Heinly, M. T., Greve, K. W., Bianchini, K., Love, J. M., & Brennan, A. (2005). WAIS digit-span-based indicators of malingered neurocognitive dysfunction: Classification accuracy in traumatic brain injury. Assessment, 12(4), 429–444. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073191105281099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holcomb, M., Pyne, S., Cutler, L., Oikle, D. A., & Erdodi, L. A. (2022). Take their word for it: The inventory of problems provides valuable information on both symptom and performance validity. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1–11. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2022.2114358
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holcomb, M. J., Roth, R. M., Tyson, B. T., & Erdodi, L. A. (2022). Critical item (CR) analysis expands the classification accuracy of performance validity tests based on the forced choice paradigm—Replicating previously introduced CR cutoffs within the word choice test. neuropsychology. Neuropsychology(), 683–694. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000834
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurtubise, J., Baher, T., Messa, I., Cutler, L., Shahein, A., Hastings, M., Carignan-Querqui, M., & Erdodi, L. A. (2020). Verbal fluency and digit span variables as performance validity indicators in experimentally induced malingering and real world patients with TBI. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 9(4), 337–354. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2020.1719409
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iverson, G. L., & Tulsky, D. S. (2003). Detecting malingering on the WAIS-III. unusual digit span performance patterns in the normal population and in clinical groups. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/18.1.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, A. (2013). Test of memory malingering: Cutoff scores for psychometrically defined malingering groups in a military sample. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 27(6), 1043–1059. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2013.804949
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulas, J. F., Axelrod, B. N., & Rinaldi, A. R. (2014). Cross-validation of supplemental test of memory malingering scores as performance validity measures. Psychological Injury and Law, 7(3), 236–244. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-014-9200-4
   Google Scholar
• Langeluddecke, P. M., & Lucas, S. K. (2003). Quantitative measures of memory malingering on the Wechsler memory scale–Third edition in mild head injury litigants. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 18(2), 181–197. https://doi.org/10.1076/clin.17.2.273.16499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrabee, G. J. (1992). On modifying recognition memory tests for detection of malingering. Neuropsychology, 6(1), 23–27. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0894-4105.6.1.23
   Google Scholar
• Larrabee, G. J. (2003). Detection of malingering using atypical performance patterns on standard neuropsychological tests. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17(3), 410–425. https://doi.org/10.1076/clin.17.3.410.18089
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrabee, G. J., Rohling, M. L., & Meyers, J. E. (2019). Use of multiple performance and symptom validity measures: Determining the optimal per test cutoff for determination of invalidity, analysis of skew, and inter-test correlations in valid and invalid performance groups. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 33(8), 1354–1372. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2019.1614227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lichtenstein, J. D., Greenacre, M. K., Cutler, L., Abeare, K., Baker, S. D., Kent, K. J., Ali, S., & Erdodi, L. A. (2019). Geographic variation and instrumentation artifacts: In search of confounds in performance validity assessment in adults with mild TBI. Psychological Injury and Law, 12(2), 127–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-019-09354-w
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link, J. S., Lu, L. H., Armistead-Jehle, P., & Seegmiller, R. A. (2021) Validation of grooved pegboard cutoffs as an additional embedded measure of performance validity. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.1942556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin, P. K., & Schroeder, R. W. (2020). Base rates of invalid test performance across clinical non-forensic contexts and settings. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 35(6), 717–725. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messa, I., Holcomb, M., Lichtenstein, J. D., Tyson, B. T., Roth, R. M., & Erdodi, L. A. (2021) They are not destined to fail: A systematic examination of scores on embedded performance validity indicators in patients with intellectual disability. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/00450618.2020.1865457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nussbaum, S., May, N., Cutler, L., Abeare, C. A., Watson, M., & Erdodi, L. A. (2022). Failing performance validity cutoffs on the Boston Naming Test (BNT) is specific, but insensitive to non-credible responding. Developmental Neuropsychology, 47(1), 17–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2022.2038602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ord, J. S., Greve, K. W., & Bianchini, K. J. (2008). Using the Wechsler Memory Scale-III to detect malingering in mild traumatic brain injury. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 22(4), 689–704. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854040701425437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ord, A. S., Shura, R. D., Sansone, A. R., Martindale, S. L., Taber, K. H., & Rowland, J. A. (2021). Performance validity and symptom validity tests: Are they measuring different constructs? Neuropsychology, 35(3), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1037/neu0000722
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson. (2009). Advanced clinical solutions for the WAIS-IV and WMS-IV – Technical manual.
   Google Scholar
• Rai, J. K., An, K. Y., Charles, J., Ali, S., & Erdodi, L. A. (2019). Introducing a forced choice recognition trial to the Rey Complex Figure Test. Psychology & Neuroscience, 12(4), 451–472. https://doi.org/10.1037/pne0000175
   Google Scholar
• Rai, J. K., & Erdodi, L. A. (2021). Impact of criterion measures on the classification accuracy of TOMM-1. Applied Neuropsychology Adult, 28(2), 185–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2019.1613994
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, R. (2008). Detection strategies for malingering and defensiveness. In R. Rogers (Ed.), Clinical assessment of malingering and deception (pp. 14–35). Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, R., Velsor, S. F., & Williams, M. M. (2020). A detailed analysis of SIRS versus SIRS-2 critiques. Psychological Injury and Law, 13(3), 275–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-020-09379-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabelli, A. G., Messa, I., Giromini, L., Lichtenstein, J. D., May, N., & Erdodi, L. A. (2021). Symptom versus performance validity in patients with mild TBI: Independent sources of non-credible responding. Psychological Injury and Law, 14(1), 17–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-021-09400-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder, R. W., Buddin, W. H., Jr, Hargrave, D. D., VonDran, E. J., Campbell, E. B., Brockman, C. J., Heinrichs, R. J., & Baade, L. E. (2013). Efficacy of test of memory malingering trial 1, trial 2, the retention trial, and the Albany consistency index in a criterion group forensic neuropsychological sample. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 28(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acs094
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder, R. W., & Martin, P. K. (2022). Validity assessment within the memory disorders/dementia clinic. In R. W. Schroeder & P. K. Martin (Eds.), Validity assessment in clinical neuropsychological practice: Evaluating and managing noncredible performance (pp. 254–279). The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, R. W., Martin, P. K., Heindrichs, R. J., & Baade, L. E. (2019). Research methods in performance validity testing studies: Criterion grouping approach impacts study outcomes. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 33(3), 466–477. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2018.1484517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shura, R. D., Martindale, S. L., Taber, K. H., Higgins, A. M., & Rowland, J. A. (2020). Digit Span embedded validity indicators in neurologically-intact veterans. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 34(5), 1025–1037. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2019.1635209
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Šömen, M. M., Lesjak, S., Majaron, T., Lavopa, L., Giromini, L., Viglione, D., & Podlesek, A. (2021). Using the Inventory of Problems-29 (IOP-29) with the Inventory of Problems Memory (IOP-M) in malingering-related assessments: A study with a Slovenian sample of experimental feigners. Psychological Injury and Law, 14(2), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-021-09412-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugarman, M. A., Holcomb, E. M., Axelrod, B. N., Meyers, J. E., & Liethen, P. C. (2016). Embedded measures of performance validity in the Rey complex figure test in a clinical sample of veterans. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 23(2), 105–114. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2015.1014557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweet, J. J., Heilbronner, R. L., Morgan, J. E., Larrabee, G. J., Rohling, M. L., Boone, K. B., Kirkwood, M. W., Schroeder, R. W., Suhr, J. A., & Participants, C. (2021). American Academy of Clinical Neuropsychology (AACN) 2021 consensus statement on validity assessment: Update of the 2009 AACN consensus conference statement on neuropsychological assessment of effort, response bias, and malingering. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 35(6), 1053–1106. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2021.1896036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tombaugh, T. N. (1996). Test of Memory Malingering (TOMM). Multi-Health Systems.
   Google Scholar
• Tyson, B. T., Shahein, A., Abeare, C. A., Baker, S. D., Kent, K., Roth, R. M., & Erdodi, L. A. 2022. Replicating a meta-analysis: The search for the optimal word choice test cutoff continues. Assessment.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viglione, D. J., & Giromini, L. (2020). Inventory of problems–29: Professional manual. IOP-Test, LLC.
   Google Scholar
• Viglione, D. J., Giromini, L., & Landis, P. (2017). The development of the Inventory of Problems–29: A brief self-administered measure for discriminating bona fide from feigned psychiatric and cognitive complaints. Journal of Personality Assessment, 99(5), 534–544. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2016.1233882
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteside, D. M., Caraher, K., Hahn-Ketter, A., Gaasedelen, O., & Basso, M. R. (2019). Classification accuracy of individual and combined executive functioning embedded performance validity measures in mild traumatic brain injury. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 26(5), 472–481. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2018.1443935
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiteside, D. M., Kogan, J., Wardin, L., Phillips, D., Franzwa, M. G., Rice, L., Basso, M., & Roper, B. (2015). Language-based embedded performance validity measures in traumatic brain injury. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 37(2), 220–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2014.1002758
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitney, K. A., Davis, J. J., Shepard, P. H., Bertram, D. M., & Adams, K. M. (2009). Digit Span age scaled score in middle-aged military veterans: Is it more closely associated with TOMM failure than reliable digit span?. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24(3), 263–272. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acp034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, G. (2015). Malingering in forensic disability-related assessments: Prevalence 15 ± 15 %. Psychological Injury and Law, 8(3), 188–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12207-015-9232-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, J. C., Sawyer, R. J., Roper, B. L., & Baughman, B. C. (2012). Expansion and re-examination of Digit Span effort indices on the WAIS-IV. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 26(1), 147–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zuccato, B. G., Tyson, B. T., & Erdodi, L. A. (2018). Early bird fails the PVT? The effects of timing artifacts on performance validity tests. Psychological Assessment, 30(11), 14911498. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000596
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar