1,722
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

<Redirecting> the diaspora: China's united front work and the hyperlink networks of diasporic Chinese websites in cyberspace

ORCID Icon &

References

  • Adamson, F. B., and M. Demetriou. 2007. “Remapping the Boundaries of ‘State’ and ‘National Identity’: Incorporating Diasporas Into IR Theorizing.” European Journal of International Relations 13 (4): 489–526. doi:10.1177/1354066107083145.
  • Anderson, B. 1998. The Spectre of Comparisons: Nationalism, Southeast Asia and the World. London: Verso Books.
  • Bahar, D., and E. Talvi. 2018. How Can Developing Countries use Their Diaspora Capital? Washington DC: Brookings Institution.
  • Barabantseva, E. 2005. “Trans-nationalising Chineseness: Overseas Chinese Policies of the PRC’s Central Government.” ASIEN 96 (1): 7–28. doi:10.11588/asien.2005.96.19709.
  • Bradshaw, S., and P. N. Howard. 2019. The Global Disinformation Order: 2019 Global Inventory of Organised Social Media Manipulation. Oxford: Oxford Internet Institute.
  • Brady, A.-M. 2017. Magic Weapons: China’s Political Influence Activities Under Xi Jinping. Washington DC: Wilson Center.
  • Brainard, L. A., and J. M. and Brinkerhoff. 2004. “Lost in Cyberspace: Shedding Light on the Dark Matter of Grassroots Organizations.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 33 (3): 32–53. doi:10.1177/0899764004265436.
  • Brettell, C. B. 2006. “Introduction: Global Spaces/Local Places: Transnationalism, Diaspora, and the Meaning of Home.” Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 13 (3): 327–334. doi:10.1080/10702890600837987.
  • Callahan, W. A. 2005. “Nationalism, Civilization and Transnational Relations: The Discourse of Greater China.” Journal of Contemporary China 43 (1): 269–289. doi:10.1080/10670560500065629.
  • Callahan, W. A. 2020. Sensible Politics: Visualizing International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Carr, M. 2015. “Power Plays in Global Internet Governance.” Paper presented at GigaNet: Global Internet Governance Academic Network, Annual Symposium 2015, João Pessoa, November 9.
  • Castells, M. 2013. Communication Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Ceccagno, A., and M. Thunø. 2022. “Digitized Diaspora Governance During the COVID-19 Pandemic: China’s Diaspora Mobilization and Chinese Migrant Responses in Italy.” Global Networks 23 (1): 90–105. doi:10.1111/glob.12389.
  • Chen, L. L. 2015. “When Does ‘Diaspora’ end and ‘Sinophone’ Begin?” Postcolonial Studies 18 (1): 52–66. doi:10.1080/13688790.2015.1050975.
  • China Digital Times. 2013. “Xi Jinping’s 19 August speech revealed? (Translation).” Translated and edited by Rogier Creemers, December 22. Accessed 8 August 2020. https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2013/11/12/xi-jinpings-19-august-speech-revealed-translation/.
  • China National Radio. 2013. 习近平出席马来西亚各界华侨华人欢迎午宴 [Chairman Xi Jinping attends luncheon hosted by Overseas Chinese in Malaysia]. Accessed 18 June 2020. http://news.cnr.cn/native/gd/201310/t20131004_513747518.shtml.
  • Chong, C.-K. C. 2015. “Politics of Homeland: Hegemonic Discourses of the Intervening Homeland in Chinese Diasporic Newspapers in the Netherlands.” In Media and Communication in the Chinese Diaspora, edited by W. Sun, and J. Sinclair, 109–129. London: Routledge.
  • Cohen, R. 2008. Global Diasporas: An Introduction. New York: Routledge.
  • Creemers, R. 2017. “Cyber China: Upgrading Propaganda, Public Opinion Work and Social Management for the Twenty-First Century.” Journal of Contemporary China 26 (103): 85–100. doi:10.1080/10670564.2016.1206281.
  • Dai, N. 2015. “Unique Past and Common Future: Chinese Immigrants and Chinese-Language Media in France.” In Media and Communication in the Chinese Diaspora, edited by W. Sun, and J. Sinclair, 87–108. London: Routledge.
  • Digital Methods Initiative. 2013. Right-wing Formations in Europe and Their Counter-Measures. Amsterdam: Digital Methods Initiative.
  • Ding, S. 2008. “Digital Diaspora and National Image Building: A New Perspective on Chinese Diaspora.” Pacific Affairs 80 (4): 627–648.
  • Ding, S. 2014. Chinese Soft Power and Public Diplomacy: An Analysis of China’s New Diaspora Engagement Policies in the Xi Era. Korea: The East Asia Institute.
  • Economy, E. C. 2018. The Third Revolution: Xi Jinping and the New Chinese State. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Franklin, M. I. 2014. Digital Dilemmas: Power, Resistance, and the Internet. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Gambe, A. R. 2000. Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurship and Capitalist Development in Southeast Asia. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Gamlen, A., M. E. Cummings, and P. M. Vaaler. 2019. “Explaining the Rise of Diaspora Institutions.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 45 (4): 492–516. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2017.1409163.
  • Georgiou, M. 2006. Diaspora, Identity and the Media: Diasporic Transnationalism and Mediated Spatialities. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.
  • Giles, K. 2016. Russia’s ‘New’ Tools for Confronting the West: Continuity and Innovation in Moscow’s Exercise of Power. London: Chatham House.
  • Godin, M. 2018. “Intersectionalizing Diaspora Studies.” In Routledge Handbook of Diaspora Studies, edited by R. Cohen, and C. Fischer, 154–162. New York: Routledge.
  • Gross, A., and M. Murgia. 2020. “China and Huawei Propose Reinvention of the Internet.” Financial Times, March 28. Accessed 7 August 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/c78be2cf-a1a1-40b1-8ab7-904d7095e0f2.
  • Hafner-Burton, E. M., M. Kahler, and A. H. Montgomery. 2009. “Network Analysis for International Relations.” International Organization 63 (3): 559–592. doi:10.1017/S0020818309090195.
  • Halavais, A. 2009. Search Engine Society. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Hsu, C.-l., and H. W. Park. 2010. “Sociology of Hyperlink Networks of Web 1.0, Web 2.0, and Twitter: A Case Study of South Korea.” Social Science Computer Review 29 (3): 354–368. doi:10.1177/0894439310382517.
  • ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers). 2014. “Affirmation of Multistakeholder Model for Internet Governance by World Leaders.” ICANN, June 23. Accessed 7 August 2020. https://www.icann.org/news/announcement-2014-06-23-en.
  • Ip, M., and H. Yin. 2015. “Cyber China and Evolving Transnational Identities: The Case of New Zealand.” In Media and Communication in the Chinese Diaspora, edited by W. Sun, and J. Sinclair, 165–183. London: Routledge.
  • Italian Prato Chinese Chamber of Commerce. 2020. 意大利华人要是确诊新冠肺炎 中国专家如何帮 [Should Chinese-Italians contract the novel coronavirus, here’s how Chinese experts can help]. March 28. Accessed 18 June 2020. http://www.italiapratohuashanghui.com/a/info/2020/0328/511.html.
  • Johnson, D. R., and D. Post. 1996. “Law and Borders – The Rise of Law in Cyberspace.” Stanford Law Review 48 (5): 1367–1402. doi:10.2307/1229390.
  • Keane, M., H. Yu, E. J. Zhao, and S. Leong. 2021. China’s Digital Presence in the Asia-Pacific: Culture, Technology and Platforms. London: Anthem Press.
  • Leblang, D. 2010. “Familiarity Breeds Investment: Diaspora Networks and International Investment.” American Political Science Review 104 (3): 584–600. doi:10.1017/S0003055410000201.
  • Leblang, D. 2017. “Harnessing the Diaspora: Dual Citizenship, Migrant Return Remittances.” Comparative Political Studies 50 (1): 75–101. doi:10.1177/0010414015606736.
  • Liu, J. M. 2022. “When Diaspora Politics Meet Global Ambitions: Diaspora Institutions Amid China’s Geopolitical Transformations.” International Migration Review 56 (4): 1255–1279. doi:10.1177/01979183211072824.
  • Liu, W刘维涛, and Y. 王. Wang. 2014. “共同的根共同的魂共同的梦共同书写中华民族发展新篇章 [Shared Root, Shared Soul, Shared Dream, Writing the New Chapter of the Chinese Nation’s Development Together].” 人民网 [People’s Daily], June 7.
  • MacKinnon, R. 2012. Consent of the Networked: The Worldwide Struggle for Internet Freedom. New York: Basic Books.
  • Mathiason, J., M. Mueller, H. Klein, M. Holitscher, and L. McKnight. 2004. Internet Governance: The State of Play. New York: The Internet Governance Project.
  • Nadell, P. S. 2019. “Anti-Semitism in the US Today is a Variation on an Old Theme.” The Conversation, November 7. Accessed 8 August 2020. https://theconversation.com/anti-semitism-in-the-us-today-is-a-variation-on-an-old-theme-123250.
  • Newman, M. 2008. The Mathematics of Networks. Ann Arbor: Center for the Study of Complex Systems, University of Michigan.
  • Pal, N. 2015. ““New Migrants” from the PRC and the Transformation of Chinese Media: The Case of Cambodia.” In Media and Communication in the Chinese Diaspora, edited by W. Sun, and J. Sinclair, 15–31. London: Routledge.
  • Pan, L. 2000. Sons Of The Yellow Emperor: A History Of The Chinese Diaspora. New York: Kodansha America.
  • Park, H. W. 2003. “Hyperlink Network Analysis: A New Method for the Study of Social Structure on the Web.” Connections 25 (1): 49–61.
  • Park, H. W., and N. W. Jankowski. 2008. “A Hyperlink Network Analysis of Citizen Blogs in South Korean Politics.” Journal of the European Institute for Communication and Culture 15 (2): 57–74. doi:10.1080/13183222.2008.11008970.
  • PLA National Defence University. 2015. “Information Technology Development Trends and Ideological Security.” Translated and edited by Rogier Creemers, January 1. Accessed 18 June 2020. https://chinacopyrightandmedia.wordpress.com/2015/01/01/information-technology-development-trends-and-ideological-security/.
  • Portes, A., L. E. Guarnizo, and P. Landolt. 1999. “The Study of Transnationalism: Pitfalls and Promise of an Emergent Research Field.” Ethnic and Racial Studies 22 (2): 217–237. doi:10.1080/014198799329468.
  • PRC State Council Information Office. 2010. “The Internet in China.” June 8. Accessed 18 June 2020. http://www.china.org.cn/government/whitepaper/node_7093508.htm.
  • ProPublica. 2019. “Public Records of Tax Returns Filled by the Chinese American Federation for Fiscal Year Ending Dec 2018.” June 21. Accessed 8 August 2020. https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/202635537/201901739349200100/full.
  • Qiushi 求是. 2017. “深入贯彻习近平总书记网络强国战略思想 扎实推进网络安全和信息化工作 [A Deep Look into Xi Jinping General Secretary Internet Governance Strategy Solid Push for Cyber Security and Informatization Work].” Accessed 18 June 2020. http://www.qstheory.cn/dukan/qs/2017-09/15/c_1121647633.htm.
  • Qiushi 求是. 2018. “共同的“根、魂、梦”,习近平这样谈新时代侨务工作 [Shared Root, Soul, Dream, This is how Xi Jinping Discusses Work Pertaining Overseas Chinese in the New Era].” Accessed 18 June 2020. http://www.qstheory.cn/zhuanqu/2018-08/30/c_1123355859.htm.
  • Quinlan, J. 2007. “Insight: China’s capital targets Asia’s bamboo network” Financial Times, November 14. Accessed 18 June 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/67554d8a-920f-11dc-8981-0000779fd2ac.
  • Rathmell, A. 2001. “Controlling Computer Network Operations.” Information & Security 7 (1): 121–144. doi:10.11610/isij.0707.
  • Ren, N., and H. Liu. 2022. “Southeast Asian Chinese Engage a Rising China: Business Associations, Institutionalised Transnationalism, and the Networked State.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 48 (4): 873–893. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2021.1983952.
  • Rogers, R. 2013. “Mapping Public Web Space with the Issuecrawler.” In Digital Cognitive Technologies, edited by B. Reber, and C. Brossaud, 89–99. London: Wiley.
  • Schneider, F. 2018. China’s Digital Nationalism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Segal, A. 2018. “When China Rules the Web.” Foreign Affairs, September/October 2018. Accessed 18 June 2020. https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2018-08-13/when-china-rules-web.
  • Smart, A., and J.-Y. Hsu. 2004. “The Chinese Diaspora, Foreign Investment and Economic Development in China.” The Review of International Affairs 3 (4): 544–566. doi:10.1080/1475355042000241511.
  • Smith, M. P., and L. E. Guarnizo. 1998. Transnationalism from Below. New York: Routledge.
  • Stenberg, J. 2015. “An Overseas Orthodoxy? Shifting Toward Pro-PRC Media in Chinese-Speaking Brazil.” In Media and Communication in the Chinese Diaspora, edited by W. Sun, and J. Sinclair, 48–68. London: Routledge.
  • Sun, W., and J. Sinclair. 2015. “Introduction: Rethinking Chinese Diasporic Media.” In Media and Communication in the Chinese Diaspora, edited by W. Sun, and J. Sinclair, 1–14. London: Routledge.
  • Suryadinata, L. 2017. “Blurring the Distinction Between Huaqiao and Huaren: China’s Changing Policy Towards the Chinese Overseas.” Southeast Asian Affairs 2017: 101–113.
  • Suzuki, T. 2018. “Embodying Belonging: Diaspora’s Racialization and Cultural Citizenship.” In Routledge Handbook of Diaspora Studies, edited by R. Cohen, and C. Fischer, 63–70. New York: Routledge.
  • Suzuki, T. 2019. “China’s United Front Work in the Xi Jinping era – Institutional Developments and Activities.” Journal of Contemporary East Asia Studies 8 (1): 83–98. doi:10.1080/24761028.2019.1627714.
  • Thunø, M. 2018. “China’s New Global Position: Changing Policies Towards the Chinese Diaspora in the 21st Century.” In China’s Rise and the Chinese Overseas, edited by B. Wong, and C.-B. Tan, 184–208. New York: Routledge.
  • To, J. J. H. 2014. Qiaowu: Extra-Territorial Policies for the Overseas Chinese. Leiden: Brill.
  • United Nations. 2005. Tunis Agenda for the Information Society. Tunis: World Summit on the Information Society.
  • U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission. 2018. China’s Overseas United Front Work: Background and Implications for the United States. Washington DC: U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission.
  • Wade, G. 2019. “The Uses of ‘Chinese Heritage’: Foreign Policy of the People’s Republic of China in the Contemporary Indo-Pacific World.” In Travelling Pasts: The Politics of Cultural Heritage in the Indian Ocean World, edited by B. Schnepel, and T. Sen, 169–194. Leiden: Brill Publishers.
  • Walker, C. 2018. “What Is “Sharp Power?”.” Journal of Democracy 29 (3): 9–23. doi:10.1353/jod.2018.0041.
  • Walker, C., S. Kalathil, and J. Ludwig. 2020. “The Cutting Edge of Sharp Power.” Journal of Democracy 31 (1): 124–137. doi:10.1353/jod.2020.0010.
  • Werbner, P. 1999. “Global Pathways: Working Class Cosmopolitans and the Creation of Transnational Ethnic Worlds.” Social Anthropology 7 (1): 17–35. doi:10.1017/S0964028299000026.
  • Wong, L. 2003. “Belonging and Diaspora: The Chinese and the Internet.” First Monday 8 (4), doi:10.5210/fm.v8i4.1045.
  • Yang, G. 2003. ““The Internet and the Rise of a Transnational Chinese Cultural Sphere.” Media, Culture & Society 25 (4): 469–490. doi:10.1177/01634437030254003.
  • Yang, G. 2012. “A Chinese Internet? History, Practice, and Globalization.” Chinese Journal of Communication 5 (1): 49–54. doi:10.1080/17544750.2011.647744.
  • Yu, H., and W. Sun. 2019. “Introduction: Social Media and Chinese Digital Diaspora in Australia.” Media International Australia 173 (1): 17–21. doi:10.1177/1329878X19875854.
  • Zhou, M. 2021. “Family, Gender, Ethnicity, and Pragmatism in Contemporary Diasporic Chinese Entrepreneurship.” Journal of Chinese Overseas 17 (2): 225–238. doi:10.1163/17932548-12341443.