Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)-induced toxic leukoencephalopathy: a case report

References

• Gowing LR, Henry-Edwards SM, Irvine RJ, et al. The health effects of ecstasy: a literature review. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2002;21(1):53–63. doi: 10.1080/09595230220119363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly PAT. Does recreational ecstasy use cause long-term cognitive problems? West J Med. 2000;173:129–130. doi: 10.1136/ewjm.173.2.129
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Kampen J, Katz M. Persistent psychosis after a single ingestion of “ecstasy”. Psychosomatics. 2001;42(6):525–527. doi: 10.1176/appi.psy.42.6.525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ricaurte GA, McCann UD, Szabo Z, et al. Toxicodynamics and long-term toxicity of the recreational drug, 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”). Toxicol Lett. 2000;112–113:143–146. doi: 10.1016/S0378-4274(99)00216-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinney AM, Kieffer SA, Paylor RT, et al. Acute toxic leukoencephalopathy: potential for reversibility clinically and on MRI with diffusion-weighted and FLAIR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(1):192–206. doi: 10.2214/AJR.08.1176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freudenmann RW, Öxler F, Bernschneider-Reif S. The origin of MDMA (ecstasy) revisited: the true story reconstructed from the original documents. Addiction. 2006;101(9):1241–1245. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01511.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardman HF, Haavik CO, Seevers MH. Relationship of the structure of mescaline and seven analogs to toxicity and behavior in five species of laboratory animals. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 1973;25:299–309. doi: 10.1016/S0041-008X(73)80016-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biniecki S, Krajewski E. Production of d,1-N-methyl-beta- (3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-isopropylamine and d,1-nmethyl-beta-(3,4-dimthoxyphenyl)-isopropylamine. Acta Polon Pharm. 1960;17:421–425.
   Google Scholar
• Shulgin AT, Nichols DE. Characterization of three new psychotomimetics. In: Stillman RC, Willette RE, editor. The psychopharmacology of the hallucinogens. New York (NY): Pergamon Press; 1978. p. 74–83.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson GMIII, Braun G, Braun U, et al. Absolute configuration and psychotomimetic activity. “QuaSAR” research monograph. Natl Inst Drug Abuse. 1978;20:8–15.
   Google Scholar
• Chakraborty K, Neogi R, Basu D. Club drugs: review of the “rave” with a note of concern for the Indian scenario. Indian J Med Res. 2011;133(6):594–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bron B, Ruttenberg BA. Delirium and ecstasy. The phenomenon of toxic ecstasy in young men. Confin Psychiatr. 1975;18(2):61–72.
   Google Scholar
• Bertram M, Egelhoff T, Schwarz S, et al. Toxic leukencephalopathy following “ecstasy” ingestion. J Neurol. 1999 Jul;246(7):617–618. doi: 10.1007/s004150050416
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alciati A, Scaramelli B, Fusi A, et al. Three cases of delirium after “ecstasy” ingestion. J Psychoactive Drugs. 1999;31(2):167–170. doi: 10.1080/02791072.1999.10471740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks J, Ray MJ, Williams S, et al. Fatal toxic leukoencephalopathy secondary to overdose of a new psychoactive designer drug 2C-E (“Europa”). Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2012;25(4):374–376. doi: 10.1080/08998280.2012.11928883
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Narang RK, Jadun CK, Carr B. A case of MDMA toxicity with unusual clinical and neuroradiological features 2CO1. J Intensive Care Soc. 2014;15(1):70–73. doi: 10.1177/175114371401500116
   Google Scholar
• Ginat DT. MRI of toxic leukoencephalopathy syndrome associated with methylenedioxymethamphetamine. Neurology. 2015;17;84(7):757. doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalant H. The pharmacology and toxicology of “ecstasy” (MDMA) and related drugs. CMAJ. 2001;2;165(7):917–928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Offiah C, Hall E. Heroin-induced leukoencephalopathy: characterization using MRI, diffusion-weighted imaging, and MR spectroscopy. Clin Radiol. 2008;63(2):146–152. doi: 10.1016/j.crad.2007.07.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert JW, Xu N, Zhou W, et al. Clinical and MRI characteristics of levamisole-induced leukoencephalopathy in 16 patients. J Neuroimaging. 2011;21:e188. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2010.00466.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Duarte A, Williams R. Cocaine-induced recurrent leukoencephalopathy. Neuroradiol J. 2013;26(5):511–513. doi: 10.1177/197140091302600503
   Google Scholar
• Vosoughi R, Schmidt BJ. Multifocal leukoencephalopathy in cocaine users: a report of two cases and review of the literature. BMC Neurol. 2015;15:208. doi: 10.1186/s12883-015-0467-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AbdelRazek MA, Albrecht A, Han C, et al. A case of cocaine-induced toxic leukoencephalopathy With severe radiologic but mild clinical disease. Addict Disord Their Treat. 2017;16(2):59–63. doi: 10.1097/ADT.0000000000000102
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Odia MY, Jinka M, Ziai WC. Severe leukoencephalopathy following acute oxycodone intoxication. Neurocrit Care. 2010;13(1):93–97. doi: 10.1007/s12028-010-9373-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salgado RA, Jorens PG, Baar I, et al. Methadone-induced toxic leukoencephalopathy: MR imaging and MR proton spectroscopy findings. Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31(3):565–566. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A1889
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerase A, Leonini S, Bellini M, et al. Methadone-induced toxic leukoencephalopathy: diagnosis and follow-up by magnetic resonance imaging including diffusion-weighted imaging and apparent diffusion coefficient maps. J Neuroimaging. 2011;21(3):283–286. doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6569.2010.00530.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar