Utilization of Cassava for Food

References

• Iwuoha , C.I. and Eke , O. S. 1998 . Nigerian indigenous fermented foods: their traditional process operation, inherent problems, improvements and current status . Food Research International , 29 ( 5–6 ) : 527 – 540 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cock , J.H. 1985 . Cassava: New potential for a neglected crop , 65 – 75 . Boulder , CO : Westview Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , S.K. and Keyser , J. 1985 . Cassava; A basic food of Africa, outlook on Agriculture Vol. 14 , 95 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , R.D. and Coursey , D. G. 1981 . “ Cassava: a major cynical containing food crop ” . In Cyanide in Biology , Edited by: Vennesland , B. , Conn , E.E. , Knowles , C.J. , Wesley , J. and Wissing , F. 93 – 114 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Akinrele , I.A. , Cook , A.S. and Holgate , R.A. 1965 . “ The manufacture of gari from cassava in Nigeria ” . In First International Congress of Food Science and Technology, 1962 , Edited by: Leitch , J.M. Vol. IV , 633 – 644 . New York : Sector, Gordon and Breach .
   Google Scholar
• Grace , M. 1971 . Cassava processing , 65 Rome : Bul. 8.; Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Agricultural Services .
   Google Scholar
• Onyimonyi , A.E. 2002 . Nutritional Evaluation of Cassava (Manihot Utillisima Pohl) Peel and Bambara (Voandzeia Subterrenea Thouars) Waste in Pig Diets , 111 – 123 . Ph.D Thesis, University of Nigeria, Nsukka (Unpublished) .
   Google Scholar
• Hahn , S.K. 1989 . “ An Overview of African Traditional Cassava Processing and Utilization ” . In Outlook of Agriculture , Vol. 18 , 110 – 118 . Nigeria : IITA, Ibadan . No. 3
   Google Scholar
• Ajav , E.A. 1998 . Loss assessment in traditional and modern methods of processing cassava into gari . Journal of Agricultural Mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin America , 29 ( 2 ) : 57 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Akosua , A. and Bani , R.J. 2007 . Loss assessment in the production of gari from cassava (Manihot esculenta) . Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment , 5 ( 2 ) : 55 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Obatolu , V.A. and Osho , S.M . 1992 . “ Nutritional Evaluation of staple foods in Lagos State (New project) ” . In Second year: Technical report. April 1, 1991 to April 30, 1992. IDRC/IITA Soybean Utilization project phase , Edited by: Osho , S.M. and Dashieal , K.E. 194 – 207 . Ibadan Nigeria : IITA .
   Google Scholar
• Miltal , J.P. 1983 . “ Agricultural Product Processing systems at village level in Northern Nig ” . In Rural Nigerian: Development and Quality of life Edited by: Igbozunke , U. and Roza , R. 28 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Bokanga, M. Cassava: Post-harvest operations. 2007 http://www.cgiar.org/iita (http://www.cgiar.org/iita)
   Google Scholar
• Hahn, S.K. An overview of traditional processing and utilization of cassava in Africa. 2007 http://agri.iiri.cgiar.org/library/docs/x5458E/x5458e05.htm (http://agri.iiri.cgiar.org/library/docs/x5458E/x5458e05.htm)
   Google Scholar
• Averre , C.W. 1967 . Vascular streaking of stored cassava roots . Proc. first Int. Symp. Trop. Root Crops: in Trinidad , 2 ( 4 ) : 31 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Booth , R. 1976 . Storage of fresh cassava (Manihot esculenta): I. Post-harvest deterioration and its control . Exptl. Agric. , 12 : 103 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montaldo , A. 1973 . Vascular Streaking of Cassava root tubers . Trop. Sci. , 15 : 39 – 46 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth , R.H. , De Bucle , T.S. , Cardenas , O.S. , Gomez , G. and Hervas , E. 1976 . Vhanges in quality of cassava roots during storage . J. Food Technol. , 11 : 245 – 264 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kojima , M. , Iwatsuki , N. , Data , E.S. , Villegas , C.D.V. and Uritani , I. 1983 . Changes of cyanide content and linamarase activity in wounded cassava roots . Plant Physiol. , 72 : 186 – 189 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balagopalan , C. , Padmaja , G. , Nanda , S.K. and Moorthy , S.M. 1988 . Cassava in food, feed, and industry , 205 Boca Raton , FL : CRC Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harborne , J.B. 1972 . “ Cyanogenic glucosides and their function ” . In Phytochemical ecology , 104 – 123 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harborne , J.B. 1993 . “ Plant toxins and their effects on animals ” . In Introduction to Ecological Biochemistry , 71 – 103 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harborne , J.B. 1986 . Recent Advances in Chemical Ecology . Nat. Prod. Rep , 4 : 324 – 344 .
   Google Scholar
• Conn , E.E. 1991 . The metabolism of a natural product: lesson learned from cyanogenic glycosides . Planta Medica , 57 : S1 – S9 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gruhnert , C. , Biehl , B. and Selmar , D. 1994 . Compartmentation of cyanogenic glucosides and their degrading enzymes . Planta , 195 : 36 – 42 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell , E.A. 1981 . The biochemistry of plant , 364 – 369 . New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cheeke , P.R. 1995 . Endogenous toxins and mycotoxin in forage grasses and their effects on livestock . J. Ani. Sci. , 73 : 909 – 918 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon , J.M. , White , W.L.B. and Sayre , R.T. 1995 . Cyanogenesis in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) . J. Exp. Bot. , 46 : 731 – 741 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahrstedt , A. 1992 . “ The biology of the cyanogenic glycosides: new developments ” . In Proceedings of the Phytochemical Society of Europe, Nitrogen Metabolism of Plants , 249 – 269 . New York : Marcel Dekker .
   Google Scholar
• Oomah , B.D. , Mazza , G. and Kenaschuk , E.O. 1992 . Cyanogenic compounds in flaxseed . Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 40 : 1346 – 1348 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper-Driver , G.A. and Swain , T. 1976 . Cyanogenic polymorphism in bracken in relation to herbivore predation . Nature , 260 : 604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheatley , C.C. and Schwabe , W.W. 1985 . Scopoletin involvement in post-harvest physiology deterioration of cassava roots. (Manihot esculenta Crantz) . J. Exptl. Bot. , 36 ( 166 ) : 273 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodhead , S. and Bernays , E. 1977 . Change in release rates of cyanide in relation to patability of Sorghum to insects . Nature , 270 : 235 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bokanga , M. 1995 . Microbiology and biochemistry of cassava fermentation , 48 – 55 . Ithaca , NY : Cornel University .
   Google Scholar
• Koch , B. , Nielsen , V.S. , Halkier , B.A. , Olsen , C.E. and Moller , B.L. 1992 . The biosynthesis of cyanogenic glucosides in seedling of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) . Archives Biochem- Biophysics , 292 : 141 – 150 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mkpong , O.E. , Yan , H. , Chism , G. and Sayre , R.T. 1990 . Purification, characterisation, and localisation of linamarase in cassava . Plant Physiol. , 93 : 176 – 181 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , R.D. 1978 . Enzymatic assay for total cyanide content of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 29 : 345 – 352 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oboh , G.O. and Akindahunsi , A.A. 2003 . Biochemical changes in cassava products (flour & gari) subjected to Saccharomyces cerevisae solid media fermentation . Food Chemistry , 82 : 599 – 602 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bokanga , M. 1994 . Distribution of cyanogenic potential in cassava germplasm . Acta Hort. , 375 : 117 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Essers , A.J.A. and Nout , M.J.R. 1993 . The safety of dark moulded cassava flour compared with white – A comparison of traditional dried cassava pieces in North East Mozambique . Tropical Science , 29 : 261 – 268 .
   Google Scholar
• Bolhuis , G.G. 1954 . The toxicity of cassava roots . Neth. J. Agric. Sci. , 2 : 176 – 185 .
   Google Scholar
• Coursey , D.G. 29–30 January 1973 . “ Cassava as food: toxicity and technology. Chronic cassava toxicity ” . In Proceedings of an interdisciplinary workshop , 29–30 January , 27 – 36 . London , , England : International Development Research Centre Monogr . IDRC-010e. International Research and Development Centre Ottawa, Canada, 1973
   Google Scholar
• Pereira , J.F. , Seigler , D.S. and Splittstoesser , W.E. 1981 . Cyanogenesis in sweet and bitter cultivars of cassava . Hortscience , 16 ( 6 ) : 776 – 777 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , N.L.R. and Bradbury , J.H. 1996 . Bitterness of cassava: Identification of a new apiosyl glucoside and other compounds that affect its bitter taste . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 68 : 223 – 230 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 22–28 Oct, 1995 1995 . “ Chiwona-Karltun. Reasons for use of ‘bitter’ cassava and mechanized milling: A priority in cassava processing in Malawi ” . In Proceedings of the sixth Triennial symposium of the International society for Tropicsal Roots –Africa Branch , 22–28 Oct, 1995 , Ibadan , , Nigeria : L. Longwe, Malawi. International Institute of tropical Agriculture .
   Google Scholar
• Ermans , A.M. , Bourdoux , P. , Kinthaert , J. , Lagasse , R. , Luvivila , K. , Mafuta , M. , Thilly , C.H. and Delange , F. 31 May–2 June, 1982 1983 . “ Role of cassava in the etiology of endemic goitre and cretinism ” . In Proceedings of workshop on cassava toxicity and thyroid: Research and public health issues , 31 May–2 June, 1982 , 9 – 16 . Ottawa , , Canada : International Development Res Center Monogr. IDRC-207e . International Development Research Centre: Ottawa, Canada 9–16
   Google Scholar
• Howlett , W.P. , Brubaker , G.R. , Mlingi , N. and Rosling , H. 1990 . Konzo, an epidemic upper motor neuron disease studied in Tanzania . Brain , 113 : 223 – 235 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osuntokun , B.O. 1972 . Chronic cyanide neurotoxicity and neuropathy in Nigerians . Qual. Plantg. Foods. Hum. Nutr. , 2 : 215 – 266 .
   Google Scholar
• 1984 . Mozambique Ministry of Health. Mantakassa: an epidemic of spastic paraparesis associated with chronic cyanide intoxication in a cassava staple area of Mozambique . Bull WHO , 62 ( 62 ) : 477 – 492 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cliff , J. , Lundquist , P. , Martensson , J. , Rosling , H. and Sorbo , B. 1985 . Association of high cyanide and low sulphur intake in cassava- induced spastic paraparesis . Lancet , 2 : 1211 – 1213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mlingi , N. , Poulter , N.H. and Rosling , H. 1992 . An outbreak of acute intoxications from consumption of insufficiently processed cassava in Tanzania . Nutrition Research , 12 : 677 – 687 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akintonwa , A. , Tunwashe , O. and Onifade , A. 1994 . Fatal and non-fatal acute poisoning attributed to cassava–based meal . Acta Horticulturae , 375 : 285 – 288 .
   Google Scholar
• Delange , F. , Ekpechi , L.O. and Rosling , H. 1994 . Cassava cyanogenesis and iodine deficiency disorders . Acta Horticulturae , 375 : 289 – 293 .
   Google Scholar
• Howlett , W.P. 1994 . Konzo; a new human disease entity . Acta Horticulturae , 375 : 323 – 329 .
   Google Scholar
• Cliff , J. 1994 . Cassava safety in times of war and drought in Mozambiwue . Acts Horticulture , 375 : 372 – 378 .
   Google Scholar
• Cliff , J. , Nicala , D. , Saute , F. , Givragy , R. , Azambuja , G. , Taela , A. , Chavane , L. and Howarth , J. 1997 . Konzo associated with war in Mozambique . Tropical Medicine and International Health , 2 : 1068 – 1074 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dufour , D.L. 1994 . Cassava in Amazonia: lessons in utilization and safety from native peoples . Acta Horticulturae , 375 : 175 – 182 .
   Google Scholar
• Osuntokun , B.O. and Osuntokun , O. 1971 . Tropical amblyopia in Nigerians . Am. J. Ophthalmol. , 71 : 708 – 716 .
   Google Scholar
• Osuntokun , B.O. 1981 . Cassava diet, chronic cyanide intoxication and neuropathy in the Nigerian Africans . World Rev. Nutr. Diet , 36 : 141 – 173 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Monekosso , G.L. and Ashby , P. 1963 . The natural history of an amblyopia syndrome in western Nigeria. West African. Medical . Journal , 12 : 226 – 233 .
   Google Scholar
• Oluwole , O.S.A. , Onabolu , A.O. and Sowunmi , A. 2002 . Exposure to cyanide following a meal of cassava food . Toxicology Letters , 135 : 19 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osuntokun , B.O. 1994 . Chronic cyanide intoxication of dietary origin and a degenerative neuropathy in Nigerians . Acta Horticulturae , 375 : 311 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Tuboku-Metzger , A. 1969 . Diet and neuropathy . Br. Med. J. , 4 : 239
   Google Scholar
• Cardoso , A.P. , Mirione , E. , Ernesto , M. , Massaza , F. , Cliff , J. , Haque , M.R. and Bradbury , J.H. 2005 . Processing of cassava roots to remove cyanogens . Journal of Food Composition and Analysis , 18 : 451 – 460 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onabolu , A.O. , Oluwole , O.S.A. , Bokanga , M. and Rosling , H. 2001 . Ecological variation of intake of cassava food and dietary cyanide load in Nigerian communities . Public Health Nutrition , 4 : 871 – 876 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onabolu , A.O. , Bokanga , M. and Rosling , H. 1999 . Processing factors affecting the level of residual cyanohydrins in gari . Tropical Science , 39 : 129 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Auriga , M. and Koj , A. 1975 . Protective effect of Rhodanese on the respiration of isolated mitochondria intoxicated with cyanide . Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. (Boil) , 11.23 ( 5 ) : 305 – 310 .
   Google Scholar
• Fomunyam , R.T. , Adegbola , A.A. and Oke , O.L. 1984 . Hydrolysis of linamarin by intestinal bacteria . Can. J. Microbiol. , 30 : 1530 – 1531 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bainbridge , Z. , Harding , S. , French , L. , Kapinga , R. and Westby , A. 1998 . A study of the role of tissue disruption in the removal of cyanogens during cassava root processing . Food Chem. , 62 : 291 – 297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oke , O.L. 1994 . Eliminating cyanogens from cassava through processing: technology and tradition . Acta Horticulturae , 375 : 163 – 174 .
   Google Scholar
• Aletor , V.A. 1993 . Cyanide in garri. 1. Distribution of total, bound and free hydrocyanic acid in commercial garri, and the effect of fermentation time on residual cyanide content . International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition , 44 : 281 – 287 .
   Google Scholar
• Adindu , M.N. , Olayemi , F.F. and Nze-Dike , O.U. 2003 . Cyanogenic potential of some cassava products in Port Harcourt markets in Nigeria . Journal of Food Composition and Analysis , 16 : 21 – 24 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernesto , M. , Cardoso , A.P. , Nicala , D. , Mirione , E. , Massaza , F. , Cliff , J. , Haque , M.R. and Bradbury , J.H. 2002 . Persistent konzo and cyanide toxicity from cassava in northern Mozambique . Acta Tropica , 82 : 357 – 362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , J.C. and De-Ruiter , D. 1961 . Bakery products with non-wheat flours . Baker's Digest , 43 : 59
   Google Scholar
• Ernesto , M. , Cardoso , A.P. , Cliff , J. and Bradbury , J.H. 2000 . Cyanogens in Cassava Flour and Roots and Urinary Thiocyanate Concentration in Mozambique . Journal of Food Composition and Analysis , 13 : 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Cardoso , A.P. , Ernesto , M. , Cliff , J. and Bradbury , J.H. 1999 . High levels of total cyanogens in cassava flour related to drought in Mozambique . Roots , 6 : 4 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Balagopalan , C. 2002 . “ Cassava Utilization in Food, Feed and Industry ” . In Cassava: Biology, Production and Utilization , Edited by: Hillocks , R.J. , Belloti , A. and Thresh , J.M. 301 – 318 . Wellington , , UK : CABI International .
   Google Scholar
• Hollesman , L.W.J. and Ates , A. 1956 . Processing of cassava and cassava products in rural industrial , Vol. 100 , Rome , , Italy : FAO . FAO Agricultural Development paper No. 54
   Google Scholar
• Adebowale , A.R. , Sanni , L. , Awonorin , S. , Daniel , I. and Ayoade , K. 2007 . Effect of cassava varieties on the sorption isotherm of tapioca grits . International Journal of Food Science and Technology , 42 : 448 – 452 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adebowale , A.A. , Sanni , L.O. and Kuye , A. 2006 . Effect of roasting methods on sorption isotherm of tapioca grits . Electronic Journal of Environmental, Agricultural and Food Chemistry , 5 ( 6 ) : 1649 – 1653 .
   Google Scholar
• Raji , A.O. , Kanwanya , N. , Sanni , L.A. , Asiru , W.B. , Dixon , A. and Ilona , P. 2008 . Optimisation of Cassava Pellet Processing Method . International Journal of Food Engineering , 4 ( 2 ) : 1 – 13 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onyekwere , P.S.N. , Ukpabi , U.J. and Ene , L.S.O. 1994 . “ A study on the Quality of Cassava Pellets Produced with a Machine Fabricated in Nigeria ” . In Root Crop for Food Security in Africa , Edited by: Akoroda , M.O. Proceedings of the Fifth Technical Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops, African Branch Held at Kampala, Uganda, 22–28 November 1992 .
   Google Scholar
• Rajamma , P. , McFarlane , J.A. and Poulter , N.H. 1994 . Susceptibility of Rhyzopertha Dominica (f.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) and Tribolium Castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) to Cyanogens in Dried Cassava Products . Tropical Science , 34 : 315 – 320 .
   Google Scholar
• Onabolu , A , Abass , A. and Bokanga , M. 1998 . New Food Products from Cassava , 25 – 30 . Ibadan , , Nigeria : IITA .
   Google Scholar
• Abass , A.B. 2006 . How to make High Quality Cassava Flour (HQCF) , 6 – 14 . Ibadan , , Nigeria : International Institute of Tropical Agriculture .
   Google Scholar
• Abraham , E.T. 1993 . Stabilization of paste viscosity of cassava by heat moisture treatment . Starch/Stärke , 45 ( 3 ) : 131 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Jyothi , A.N. , Kiran , K.S. , Wilson , B. , Moorthy , S.N. and Nambisan , B. 2007 . Wet Storage of Cassava Starch: Use of Sodium Metabisulphite and Acetic Acid and the Effect on Starch Properties . Starch/Stärke , 59 : 141 – 148 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srirotha , K. , Santisopasrib , V. , Petchalanuwatc , C. , Kurotjanawonga , K. , Piyachomkwand , K. and Oates , C.G. 1999 . Cassava starch granule structure-function properties: influence of time and conditions at harvest on four cultivars of cassava starch . Carbohydrate Polymers , 38 : 161 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Essers , A.J. 1994 . Making safe flour from bitter cassava by indigenous solid substrate fermentation . Acta Horticulturae , 375 : 217 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Kurup , G.T. 1994 . Tuber Crop Starches , Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India : Tech. Bulletin Series 18; Central Tuber Crops Research Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Padmaja , G. , George , M. and Moorthy , S.N. 1993 . Detoxification of cassava during fermentation with a mixed culture inoculum . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 63 : 473 – 481 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glicksman , M. 1969 . “ Starches ” . In Gum technology in the food industry , Edited by: Glicksman , M. 278 New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mat Hashim , D.B. , Moorthy , S.N. , Mitchell , J.R. , Hill , S.E. , Linfoot , K.J. and Blanshard , J.M.V. 1992 . The effect of low levels of antioxidants on the swelling and solubility of cassava starch. Stärke , 44 ( 12 ) : 471 – 475 .
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths , W.V. 1997 . Variations in the physico-chemical properties of cassava starches: How and why do they differ? Student Project Dissertation , 55 – 70 . UK : University of Nottingham .
   Google Scholar
• Mestres , C. , Rouau , X. , Zakhia , N. and Brabet , C. 1996 . “ Physicochemical properties of cassava sour starch ” . In Cassava Flour and Starch: Progress in Research and Development , Edited by: Dufour , D. , O'Brien , G.M. and Best , R. 143 – 149 . Cali , , Colombia : CIAT Publication .
   Google Scholar
• Sanni , L.O. , Onitilo , M. , Oyewole , O.B. , Dipeolu , A.O. , Adebayo , K. , Ayinde , I.A. , Tomlins , K. and Westby , A. May 2003 . Effects of Cassava Varieties and Processing Methods on the Qualities of Tapioca in Southwest Nigeria , May , Yaounde , , Cameroon : Paper presented at the Food Africa Initiative held at the Palais du Congress .
   Google Scholar
• Jekayinfa , S.O. and Olajide , J.O. 2007 . Analysis of energy usage in the production of three selected cassava-based foods in Nigeria . Journal of Food Engineering , 82 : 217 – 226 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osunsami , A.T. , Akingbala , J.O. and Oguntimehin , G.B. 1989 . Effect of storage on starch content and modification of cassava starch . Starch/Starke , 41 ( 2 ) : 54 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shittu , T.A. , Sanni , L.O. , Awonorin , S.O. , Maziya-Dixon , B. and Dixon , A. 2007 . Effect of genotype on the flour making properties of some CMD-resistant varieties of cassava . Food Chemistry , 101 : 1634 – 1643 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shittu , T.A. , Dixon , A. , Awonorin , S.O. , Sanni , L.O. and Maziya-Dixon , B. 2008 . Bread from composite cassava–wheat flour. II: Effect of cassava genotype and nitrogen fertilizer on bread quality . Food Research International , 41 : 569 – 578 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crabtree , J. , Kramer , E.C. and Baldrj , J. 1978 . Cassava harvesting and processing , 49 India : proc. Workshop, Cali .
   Google Scholar
• Defloor , I. , Nys , M. and Delcour , J.A. 1993 . Wheat starch, cassava starch, and cassava flour impairment of the bread making potential of wheat flour . Cereal Chemistry , 78 : 525 – 530 .
   Google Scholar
• Defloor , I. , De Geest , C. , Schellekens , M. , Martens , A. and Delcour , J.A. 1994 . Impact of genotype and crop age on the breadmaking and physiochemical properties of flour produced from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) planted in the dry season . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 66 : 193 – 202 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defloor , I. , Leijskens , R. , Bokanga , M. and Delcour , J.A. 1995 . Impact of genotype, crop age and planting season on the breadmaking and gelatinization properties of flour produced from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 68 : 167 – 174 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalil , A.H. , Mansour , E.H. and Dawood , F.M. 2000 . Influence of malt on rheological and baking properties of wheat-cassava composite flours . Lebensmittel Wissenchaf und Technologie , 33 : 159 – 164 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crabtree , J. , Kramer , E.C. and Baldry , J. 1978 . The breadmaking potential of products of cassava as partial replacements for wheat flour . Journal of Food Technology , 13 : 397 – 407 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogunsua , A.O. 1989 . Total cyanide levels in bread made from wheat cassava composite flours . International Journal of Food Science and Technology , 24 : 361 – 365 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardoso , A.P. , Ernesto , M. , Cliff , J. , Egan , S.V. and Bradbury , J.H. 1998 . Cyanogenic potential of cassava flour: field trial in Mozambique of a simple kit . International Journal Food Science and Nutrition , 49 : 93 – 99 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swinkels , J.J.M. 1985 . Composition and Properties of Commercial Native Starches . Nutrition Reports International , 21 ( 6 ) : 820 – 828 .
   Google Scholar
• Srinivas , T. 2007 . Industrial Demand for Cassava Starch in India . Starch/Stärke , 59 : 477 – 481 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dufour , D. , Larsonneur , S. , Alarcon , F. , Brabet , C. and Chuzel , G. 1996 . “ Improving the bread-making potential of cassava sour starch ” . In Cassava Flour and Starch : Progress in Research and Development , Edited by: Dufour , D. , O'Brien , G.M. and Best , R.˙. 133 – 142 . Cali , , Colombia : CIAT Publication .
   Google Scholar
• Tian , S.J. , Rickard , J.E. and Blanshard , J.M.V. 1991 . Physicochemical Properties of Sweet Potato Starch . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 57 : 459 – 491 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickard , J.R. , Asaoka , M.A. and Blanshard , J.M.V. 1991 . The Physicochemical Properties of Cassava Starch . Tropical Science , 31 : 189 – 207 .
   Google Scholar
• Hizukuri , S. 1969 . Effect of Environment Temperature of Plants on the Physicochemical Properties of Their Starches J . Jap. Soc Starch Sci. , 17 ( 1 ) : 73 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Onitilo , M.O. 2003 . Effect of casava varieties and processing methods on tapioca quality , Abeokuta , , Nigeria : An unpublished M.Sc. Dissertation, University of Agriculture .
   Google Scholar
• Blanshard , A.F.J. , Dahniya , M.T. , Poulter , N.H. and Taylor , A.J. 1994 . Fermentation of cassava into foofoo: Effect of time and temperature on processing and storage quality . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 66 ( 4 ) : 485 – 492 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oyewole , O.B. and Sanni , L.O. 1995 . “ Constraints in traditional cassava processing: the case of ‘fufu’ production ” . In Cassava Food Processing , Edited by: Agbor Egbe , T. , Brauman , A. , Griffon , T. and Treche , S. 523 – 529 . Paris : ORSTOM .
   Google Scholar
• Akingbala , J.O. , Oyewole , O.B. , Uzo-Peters , P.I. , Karim , R.O. and Baccus-Taylor , G.S.H. 2005 . Evaluating stored cassava quality in gari production . Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment , 3 ( 1 ) : 75 – 8 0 .
   Google Scholar
• Sanni , L.O. , Akingbala , J.O. , Oguntunde , A.O. , Bainbridge , Z.A. , Graffham , A.J. and Westby , A. 1998 . Processing of fufu from cassava in Nigeria: problems and prospects for development . Sci. Technol. Dev. , 16 : 58 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Oguntunde , A.O. and Orishagbemi , C.O. 14–17 October 1991 . Techniques and technologies of cassava tuber processing , 14–17 October , Ijebu-Ode , , Nigeria : Proceeding of National Workshop on Expanding Cassava Processing Options, RAIDS/DFRRI/ IFAD/NSS, Gateway .
   Google Scholar
• Akingbala , J.O. , Oguntimein , G.B. and Abass , A.B. 1991 . Effect of processing ethods on the quality and acceptability of fufu from low cyanide cassava . J. Sci. Food Agric. , 57 : 151 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanni , L.O. , Oyewole , O.B. and Olowogbade , D.V. 1997 . Effects of different drying methods on the qualities of lafun . Tropical Science , 37 : 1 – 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Tomlins , K. , Sanni , L. , Oyewole , O. , Dipeolu , A. , Ayinde , I. , Adebayo , K. and Westby , A. 2007 . Consumer acceptability and sensory evaluation of a fermented cassava product (Nigerian fufu) . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture , 87 : 1949 – 1956 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanni , L.O. 2001 . “ Trends in the drying of cassava products in Africa ” . In Proceedings of the Twelfth Symposium of The International Society for Tropical Root Crops: Potential of Root Crops for Food and Industrial Resources Edited by: Nakatani , M. and Komaki , K. 113 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Dipeolu , O.A. , Adebayo , K. , Ayinde , I.A. , Oyewole , O.B. , Sanni , L.O. White , J.L. 2001 . Fufu marketing systems in Southwest Nigeria , 25 Chatham , , UK : Report R2626; Natural Resources Institute .
   Google Scholar
• White , J.L. , Adebayo , K. , Dipeolu , O.A. , Ayinde , I.A. , Oyewole , O.B. Sanni , L.O. 2002 . Fufu processing and livelihoods in Ogun State, Nigeria , 62 Chatham , , UK : Report A0898; Natural Resources Institute .
   Google Scholar
• Sanni , L.O. and Akingbala , J.O. 2000 . Effect of drying methods on physicochemical and sensory qualities of fufu . Drying Technology , 18 ( 1 & 2 ) : 421 – 431 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osuji , G.O. 1983 . The effects of glutathione on the cohesiveness of pounded cassava, cocoyam, gari and yam . Food Technology , 18 : 265 – 270 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phan , T.H. and Mercier , C. 1984 . Improvement of the composition and texture of the traditional African dish “foufou” by the addition of monoglycerides to cassava . Sci. Aliments , 4 : 109 – 120 .
   Google Scholar
• Sanni , L.O. , Kosoko , S.B. , Adebowale , A.A. and Adeoye , R.J. 2004 . The Influence of Palm Oil and Chemical Modification on the Pasting and Sensory Properties of Fufu Flour . International Journal of Food Properties , 7 ( 2 ) : 229 – 237 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obilie , E.M. , Tano-Debrah , K. and Amoa-Awua , W.K. 2003 . Microbial modification of the texture of grated cassava during fermentation into akyeke . International Journal of Food Microbiology , 89 : 275 – 280 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amoa-Awua , W.K.A. and Jakobsen , M. 1995 . The role of Bacillus species in cassava fermentation . J. Appl. Bacterial. , 79 : 250 – 256 .
   Google Scholar
• Sefa-Dedeh , S. 1995 . Process and product characteristics of agbelima a fermented cassava product . Trop. Sci. , 35 : 359 – 364 .
   Google Scholar
• Amoa-Awua , W.K.A. , Appoh , F.E. and Jakobsen , M. 1996 . Lactic acid fermentation of cassava dough into Agbelima . International Journal of Food Microbiology , 31 : 87 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nweke , F. 1992 . Processing potential for cassava production growth in Africa , 23 – 28 . Ibadan , , Nigeria : COSCA Working Paper no. 11; IITA .
   Google Scholar
• Okafor, N. An integrated bio-system for the disposal of cassava wastes, integrated bio-systems in zero emissions applications. In Proceedings of the Internet Conference on Integrated Bio-Systems. 1998 http://www.ias.unu.edu/proceedings/icibs (http://www.ias.unu.edu/proceedings/icibs)
   Google Scholar
• Ukpabi , U.J. and Dafe , M. 1998 . Quality Evaluation of gari from major producing areas of Delta and Edo States of Nigeria . AJRTC , 3 ( 2 ) : 11 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Aiyeleye , F.B and Eleyinmi , A.F. 1997 . “ Improved Traditional Processing Technqiues for Selected Tropical Food Commodities ” . In A Practical Approach Fadcol Educational Press , 28 – 37 . Akure : Ondo State .
   Google Scholar
• Setyona , A. , Damardjati , D. and Malian , H. 1991 . “ Sweet potato and cassava development: present status and future prospects in Indonesia ” . In Product development for Root and Tuber crops , Edited by: Scott , G.J. , Wiersema , S. and Ferguson , P.I. 29 – 40 . Lima , , Peru : CIP .
   Google Scholar
• Igbeka , J.C , Jory , M. and Gaffon , D. 1992 . Selective mechanization for cassava processing . Journal of agricultural mechanization in Asia, Africa and Latin American (MMA) , 22 : 45 – 50 .
   Google Scholar
• Sanni , A.I. 1993 . The need for process optimization of African fermented foods and beverages . International Journal of Food Microbiology , 18 : 85 – 95 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holzapfel , W.H. 2002 . Appropriate starter cultures technologies for small scale fermentation in developing countries . International Journal of Food Microbiology , 76 : 197 – 212 .
   Google Scholar
• Oguntoyinbo , F.A. 2007 . Identification and functional properties of dominant lactic acid bacteria isolated at different stages of solid state fermentation of cassava during traditional gari production . World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. , 23 : 1425 – 1432 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tubman , A.F. “ Development of cassava processing and preservation facilities in Liberia ” . In Proceedings of the 4th Triemial L. Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops (African Branch). Kinshasa, Zaire, 5–8 Dec, 1989 Edited by: Akoroda , I.H. and Arene , M.O. 229 – 234 .
   Google Scholar
• Sanni , M.O. and Sobamiwa , A.O. 1993 . Processing and characteristics of soybean fortified gari . World Journal of Microbiology and Technology , 10 : 268 – 270 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trevelyan , W.E. 1974 . The enrichment of cassava with protein by moist solids fermentation . Trop. Sci. , 16 : 179 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strasser , J.H. 1971 . Enrichment of mechanically processed gari with single cell protein , 22 – 37 . Oshodi, Lagos , , Nigeria : A feasibility study for the Federal Institute of Industrial Research . NO FIIRO, NIG 062-B
   Google Scholar
• Banjo , N.O. 1995 . Evaluation of thiamin and riboflavin in fermenting cassava mash fortified with Geotricum candidum, Candidum tropicalis (C. tropicalo) and soybean (Glycine max L. (Merrill)) respectively . Nigerian Food Journal , 13 : 18 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Reade , A.E. and Gregory , K.F. 1975 . High temperature protein enriched feed from cassava fungi . Applied Microbiology , 30 : 897 – 907 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vlavonou , B.M. 1988 . “ Cassava processing technologies in Africa ” . In Praise of cassava , Edited by: Hahn , N.D. 19 – 25 . UNICEF/IITA: Ibadan, Nigeria .
   Google Scholar
• Akindahunsi , A.A. , Oboh , G. and Oshodi , A.A. 1999 . Effect of fermenting cassava with Rhizopus oryzae on the chemical composition of its flour and gari . Riv. Ital. Sostanze Grasse , 76 : 437 – 440 .
   Google Scholar
• Oboh , G.O. and Akindahunsi , A.A. 2003 . Biochemical changes in cassava products (flour & gari) subjected to Saccharomyces cerevisae solid media fermentation . Food Chemistry , 82 : 599 – 602 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oboh , G. and Akindahunsi , A.A. 2005 . Nutritional and toxicological evaluation of Saccharomyces cerevisae fermented cassava flour . Journal of Food Composition and Analysis , 18 : 731 – 738 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olanrewaju , O.C. 1975 . Boszoemenyi, Z. The process of detoxification and residual cyanide content of commercial gari sample . W. Afr. J. Biol. Appl. Chem. , 18 : 7 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Messina , M. 1995 . Modern applications for an ancient bean; soy beans and the prevention and treatment of chronic disease . J. Nutr. , 125 : 567S – 569S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gunstone , F.D. , Harwood , J.L. and Padley , F.B. 1986 . The lipid handbook , 76 – 78 . London : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Eka , O.U. 1979 . Chemical evaluation of nutritive value of soya-paps and porridges, the Nigerian weaning food . Food Chemistry , 3 : 199 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edem , D.O. , Ayatse , J.O.I. and Itam , E.H. 2001 . Effect of soy protein supplementation on the nutritive value of ‘gari’ (farina) from Manihot esculenta . Food Chemistry , 75 : 57 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , R.L. and Wolf , W.J. 1995 . Compositional changes in trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, saponins and isoflavones related to soy bean processing . Journal of Nutrion , 125 : 581S – 588S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakade , M.L. , Hoffa , D.E. and Liener , I.E. 1973 . Contribution of trypsin inhibitors to the deleterious effects of unheated soy beans fed to rats . J. Nutr. , 103 : 1772 – 1778 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter , S.M. 1995 . Overview of proposed mechanisms for the hypocholesterolemic effect of soy . Journal of Nutrition , 125 : 606S – 611S .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potter , S.M. , Bakhit , R.M. , Essex-Sorlie , D. , Weingartner , K. , Chapman , K. , Winter , L. , Nelson , A. , Nelson , R. , Ham , J.O. , Savage , W. , Prabhudesai , M. and Erdman , J.W. 1993 . Depression of plasma cholesterol in men by consumption of baked products containing soy protein . American Journal of Clinical Nutrition , 58 : 504 – 506 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akinrele , I.A. 1967 . Nutrient Enrichment of gari . W. Afri. J. Biol. Appl. Chem. , 10 : 19 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Akinrele , I.A. , Cook , A.S. and Holgate , R.A. 1962 . “ The manufacture of gari from cassava in Nigeria ” . In Proceedings of the First International Congress Ed. Tech 633 – 644 . London
   Google Scholar
• Baily , G.G. , Moore , C.B. , Essayag , S.M. , de Wit , S. , Burnie , J.P. and Denning , D.W. 1997 . Candida inconspicua, a fluconazole-resistant pathogen in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clinical Infectious Diseases , 25 : 161 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Faryna , P.J. 1982 . Soy beans in the Nigerian diets. Extension Bulletin No. 21: Home Economics Series No. 1 , 15 – 26 . Zaria , , Nigeria : Agricultural Extension and Research Liason Services, Ahamdu Bello University .
   Google Scholar
• Umoh , I.B and Oke , O.L. 1977 . The supplementary role of leaf protein concentrate in some tropical and sub-tropical foods in rats . Nutr. Rep. Int. , 16 : 29 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Oluwole , O.S.A. , Onabolu , A.O. and Sowunmi , A. 2002 . Exposure to cyanide following a meal of cassava food . Toxicology Letters , 135 : 19 – 23 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim , J.C. and De-Ruiter , D. 1961 . Bakery products with non-wheat flours . Baker's Digest , 43 : 59
   Google Scholar
• Youngh , G. , Slim , T. and Greeve , H. 1967 . Bread without gluten . Baker's Digest , 42 : 24
   Google Scholar
• De-Ruiter , D. 1970 . “ Bread making with non-wheat flour ” . In Proceedings of the Symposium on the use of non-wheat flour in bread and baked foods manufacture 7 London
   Google Scholar
• Ekundayo , J.A. 1980 . “ The production of pito a Nigerian Fermented beverage ” . In Fungal Biotechnology , Edited by: Smith , J.E. , Berry , D.R. and Kristiasen , B. 244 – 270 . London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Obadina , A.O. , Oyewole , O.B. , Sanni , L.O. and Tomlins , K.I. 2006 . Bio-preservative activities of Lactobacillus plantarum strains in fermenting Casssava ‘fufu’ . African Journal of Biotechnology , 5 ( 8 ) : 620 – 623 .
   Google Scholar
• Sanni , L.O. Sept. 10 - 16th 2000 . Trends in the drying of cassava products in Africa , Sept. 10 - 16th , In Crops (ISTRC). Potential of Root Crops for Food and Industrial Resources .
   Google Scholar
• Chokov , B.A. 1981 . A humanistic philosophy for environmental management , Benin : In Paper presented at the Departmental Seminar, Department of Geography and Regional Planning, University of Benin .
   Google Scholar
• Tweyongyere , R. and Katongole , I. 2002 . Cyanogenic potential of cassava peels and their detoxification for utilization as livestock feed . Veterinary and Human Toxicology , 44 ( 6 ) : 366 – 369 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Oboh , G. 2006 . Nutrient enrichment of cassava peels using a mixed culture of Saccharomyces cerevisae and Lactobacillus spp. Solid media fermentation techniques. Electron . J. Biotechnol. , 9 ( 1 )
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oboh , G. , Akindahunsi , A.A. and Oshodi , A.A. 2000 . Nutrient and anti-nutrient content of Aspergillus niger fermented cassava products (flour and garri) . J. Food Compos. Anal. , 15 ( 5 ) : 617 – 622 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manilal , V.B. , Naryanan , C.S. and Balagopalan , C. 1991 . Cassava starch factory effluent treatment with concomitant SCP production . World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology , 7 : 185 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balagopalan , C. and Rajalekshmy , L. 1998 . Cyanogen accumulation in environment during processing of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) for starch and sago . Water, Air and Solid Pollution , 102 : 407 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abiona , O.O. , Sanni , L.O. and Awonorin , S.O. 2004 . Chemical properties of water sources for cassava processing in selected areas of Southwest Nigeria . Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment , 2 ( 3&4 ) : 223 – 224 .
   Google Scholar
• Balagopalan , C. , Ray , R.C. , Sheriff , J.T. and Rajalakshmy , L. 1994 . “ Biotechnology for the value addition of waste waters and residues from cassava processing industries ” . In Proceedings of the second International Scientific Meeting of the Cassava Biotechnology Network , 690 – 701 . Cali , , Colombia : Bogor, Indonesia, 22–26 August; CBN .
   Google Scholar
• Mlingi , N.L.V. and Bainbridge , Z. 1994 . Reduction of cyanogen levels during sun-drying of cassava in Tanzania . Acta Horticulturae , 375 : 233 – 239 .
   Google Scholar
• Nambisan , B. and Sundaresan , S. 1985 . Effect of processing on the cyanoglucoside content of cassava . Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. , 36 : 1197 – 1203 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ernesto , M. , Cardoso , A.P. , Nicala , D. , Mirione , E. , Massaza , F. , Cliff , J. , Haque , M.R. and Bradbury , J.H. 2002 . Strategy for the elimination of konzo in Mozambique . Roots. , 8 ( 1 ) : 8 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Nambisan , B. 1994 . Evaluation of the effect of various processing techniques on cyanogen content reduction in cassava . Acta Horticulturae. , 375 : 193 – 201 .
   Google Scholar
• Cardenas , O.S. and de Bucklet , T.S. 1980 . Sour cassava starch production: a preliminary study . Journal of Food Protection. , 45 : 1509 – 1512 .
   Google Scholar
• Idowu , M.A and Akindele , S. A. 1994 . Effect of storage of cassava roots on the chemical composition and sensory qualities of gari and fufu . Food Chemistry , 51 : 421 – 424 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IIT , A. 1990 . Cassava in Tropical Africa. A Reference Manual , 15 – 16 . Ibadan : IITA .
   Google Scholar