The Mediation Effect of Posttraumatic Perception between Self-esteem and PTSD among Student Veterans

References

• Alschuler, M., & Yarab, J. (2018). Preventing student veteran attrition: What more can we do? Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice, 20(1), 47–66. doi:10.1177/1521025116646382
   Google Scholar
• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). The DSM–5 self-rated level 1 cross-cutting symptom measure—adult. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Bamber, M. D., & Kraenzle Schneider, J. (2016). Mindfulness-based meditation to decrease stress and anxiety in college students: A narrative synthesis of the research. Educational Research Review, 18, 1–32. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2015.12.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Krueger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4(1), 1–44. doi:10.1111/1529-1006.01431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Hutton, D. G. (1989). Self‐presentational motivations and personality differences in self-esteem. Journal of Personality, 57(3), 547–579. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.1989.tb02384.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T., & Salkovskis, P. M. (1996). Frontiers of cognitive therapy.
   Google Scholar
• Bravo, A. J., Villarosa-Hurlocker, M. C., & Pearson, M. R. (2018). College student mental health: An evaluation of the DSM–5 self-rated level 1 cross-cutting symptom measure. Psychological Assessment, 30(10), 1382. doi:10.1037/pas0000628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, J. D., & Marshall, M. A. (2006). The three faces of self-esteem. Self-esteem: Issues and Answers, 4–9.
   Google Scholar
• Center for Collegiate Mental Health (CCMH). (2021). https://ccmh.psu.edu/assets/docs/2021CCMH-Annual-Report.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Clark, D. M. (1999). Anxiety disorders: Why they persist and how to treat them. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37(1), S5. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00048-0
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155–159. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crocker, J., & Knight, K. M. (2005). Contingencies of self-worth. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(4), 200–203. doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00364.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Currier, J. M., McDermott, R. C., & McCormick, W. H. (2017). Mental health treatment-related stigma and professional help seeking among student veterans. Psychological Services, 14(4), 531. doi:10.1037/ser0000129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunkley, D. M., & Grilo, C. M. (2007). Self-criticism, low self-esteem, depressive symptoms, and over-evaluation of shape and weight in binge eating disorder patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(1), 139–149. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.01.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dye, H. (2018). The impact and long-term effects of childhood trauma. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 28(3), 381–392. doi:10.1080/10911359.2018.1435328
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagle, D. R., Iwanaga, K., Kaya, C., Muller, V., Lee, B., Rumrill, S., … Chan, F. (2022). Assessing self-stigma of help-seeking in student veterans: A psychometric validation study. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 36(3), 226–240. doi:10.1080/87568225.2020.1806163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(4), 319–345. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00123-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellison, M. L., Mueller, L., Smelson, D., Corrigan, P. W., Torres Stone, R. A., Bokhour, B. G., & Drebing, C. (2012). Supporting the educational goals of post-9/11 veterans with self-reported PTSD symptoms: A needs assessment. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 35(3), 209–217. doi:10.2975/35.3.2012.209.217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdfelder, E., Faul, F., & Buchner, A. (1996). GPOWER: A general power analysis program. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 28(1), 1–11. doi:10.3758/BF03203630
   Google Scholar
• Feiring, C., Taska, L., & Lewis, M. (2002). Adjustment following sexual abuse discovery: The role of shame and attributional style. Developmental Psychology, 38(1), 79. doi:10.1037/0012-1649.38.1.79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Ehlers, A., Clark, D. M., Tolin, D. F., & Orsillo, S. M. (1999). The posttraumatic cognitions inventory (PTCI): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 11(3), 303. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.11.3.303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Huppert, J. D., & Cahill, S. P. (2006). Emotional processing theory: An update. In B. O. Rothbaum (Ed.), Pathological anxiety: Emotional processing in etiology and treatment (pp. 3–24). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1991). Emotional processing: Theory, research, and clinical implications for anxiety disorders. In Safran, J. D., Greenberg, L. S. (Eds.), Emotion, Psychotherapy, and Change (pp. 21-49). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Foa, E. B., Rothbaum, B. O., Riggs, D. S., & Murdock, T. B. (1991). Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in rape victims: A comparison between cognitive-behavioral procedures and counseling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59(5), 715. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.59.5.715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorrese, A., & Ruggieri, R. (2013). Peer attachment and self-esteem: A meta-analytic review. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(5), 559–568. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.04.025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hales, D. (2009). An invitation to health (13th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning.
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F. (2020). The PROCESS for SPSS, SAS, and r. http://www.processmacro.org/download.html
   Google Scholar
• Hayes, A. F., & Scharkow, M. (2013). The relative trustworthiness of inferential tests of the indirect effect in statistical mediation analysis: Does method really matter? Psychological Science, 24(10), 1918–1927. doi:10.1177/0956797613480187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyt, W. T., Imel, Z. E., & Chan, F. (2008). Multiple regression and correlation techniques: Recent controversies and best practices. Rehabilitation Psychology, 53(3), 321–339. doi:10.1037/a0013021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingram, R. E., Miranda, J., & Segal, Z. V. (1998). Cognitive vulnerability to depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Inoue, C., Shawler, E., Jordan, C. H., & Jackson, C. A. (2022, May 23). Veteran and military mental health issues. In StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. 2022 January. PMID: 34283458.
   Google Scholar
• Jordan, C. H., Zeigler-Hill, V., & Cameron, J. J. (2020). Self-esteem. In V. Zeigler-Hill & T. K. Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of personality and individual differences (pp. 4738–4748). Cham: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1169
   Google Scholar
• Kashdan, T. B., Uswatte, G., Steger, M. F., & Julian, T. (2006). Fragile self-esteem and affective instability in posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(11), 1609–1619. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2005.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane, T. M., Caddell, J. M., & Taylor, K. L. (1988). Mississippi scale for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: Three studies in reliability and validity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(1), 85. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.56.1.85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolubinski, D. C., Frings, D., Nikčević, A. V., Lawrence, J. A., & Spada, M. M. (2018). A systematic review and meta-analysis of CBT interventions based on the Fennell model of low self-esteem. Psychiatry Research, 267, 296–305. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucksted, A., Drapalski, A., Calmes, C., Forbes, C., DeForge, B., & Boyd, J. (2011). Ending self-stigma: Pilot evaluation of a new intervention to reduce internalized stigma among people with mental illnesses. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 35(1), 51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muldoon, O. T., Haslam, S. A., Haslam, C., Cruwys, T., Kearns, M., & Jetten, J. (2019). The social psychology of responses to trauma: Social identity pathways associated with divergent traumatic responses. European Review of Social Psychology, 30(1), 311–348. doi:10.1080/10463283.2020.1711628
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy, S., Shevlin, M., Armour, C., Elklit, A., & Christoffersen, M. N. (2014). Childhood adversity and PTSD experiences: Testing a multiple mediator model. Traumatology, 20(3), 225. doi:10.1037/h0099838
   Google Scholar
• Paladino, D. A., Gonzalez, L. M., & Watson, J. C. (2020). College counseling and student development: Theory, practice, and campus collaboration. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.
   Google Scholar
• Reavley, N. J., McCann, T. V., Cvetkovski, S., & Jorm, A. F. (2014). A multifaceted intervention to improve mental health literacy in students of a multicampus university: A cluster randomized trial. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 49(10), 1655–1666. doi:10.1007/s00127-014-0880-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Measures Package, 61(52), 18.
   Google Scholar
• Rumann, C. B., & Hamrick, F. A. (2010). Student veterans in transition: Re-enrolling after war zone deployments. The Journal of Higher Education, 81(4), 431–458. doi:10.1080/00221546.2010.11779060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuelson, K. W., Bartel, A., Valadez, R., & Jordan, J. T. (2017). PTSD symptoms and perception of cognitive problems: The roles of posttraumatic cognitions and trauma coping self-efficacy. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 9(5), 537–544. doi:10.1037/tra0000210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sayer, N. A., Carlson, K. F., & Frazier, P. A. (2014). Reintegration challenges in US service members and veterans following combat deployment. Social Issues and Policy Review, 8(1), 33–73. doi:10.1111/sipr.12001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiraldi, G. R., & Brown, S. L. (2001). Primary prevention for mental health: Results of an exploratory cognitive-behavioral college course. Journal of Primary Prevention, 22(1), 55–67. doi:10.1023/A:1011040231249
   Google Scholar
• Shea, K. P., & Fishback, S. J. (2012). Impact of cumulative combat stress on learning in an academic environment. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 136(136), 53–63. doi:10.1002/ace.20035
   Google Scholar
• Teneva, N., & Lemay, E. P. (2020). Projecting loneliness into the past and future: Implications for self-esteem and affect. Motivation and Emotion, 44(5), 772–784. doi:10.1007/s11031-020-09842-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2016). Measuring the success of student veterans and active-duty military students. The NASPA Research and Policy Institute.
   Google Scholar
• van den Berk Clark, C., Moore, R., Secrest, S., Tuerk, P., Norman, S., Myers, U., … Scherrer, J. F. (2019). Factors associated with receipt of cognitive-behavioral therapy or prolonged exposure therapy among individuals with PTSD. Psychiatric Services, 70(8), 703–713. doi:10.1176/appi.ps.201800408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vayshenker, B., Mulay, A. L., Gonzales, L., West, M. L., Brown, I., & Yanos, P. T. (2016). Participation in peer support services and outcomes related to recovery. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 39(3), 274. doi:10.1037/prj0000178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells, A., & King, P. (2006). Metacognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: An open trial. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 37(3), 206–212. doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2005.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinger, L., & Cohen, A. (2010). Veterans returning from war into the classroom: How can colleges be better prepared to meet their needs. Contemporary Issues in Education Research, 3(1), 39.
   Google Scholar