Review of nonsurgical and surgical treatment and the role of insulin-sensitizing agents in the management of infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome

References

• Knochenhauer ES, Key TJ, Kahsar-Miller M, Waggoner W, Boots LR, Azziz R. Prevalence of the polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected black and white women of the southeastern United States: a prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 3078–82.
   Google Scholar
• Hull MG. Infertility and ovarian disease. Endocrinological and demographic studies. Gynecol Endocrinol 1987; 1: 235–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 853–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank S, Adams J, Mason H. Ovulatory disorders in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1985; 12: 605–32.
   Google Scholar
• Fagan TO. The cardiovascular dysmetabolic syndrome. Am J Med 1998; 105 (Suppl 1A): 77S–82S.
   Google Scholar
• Nestler JE. Insulin and ovarian androgen excess. In: Azziz R, Nestler JE, Dewailly D, eds. Androgen Excess Disorders in Women. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997: 473–83.
   Google Scholar
• Dunaif A. Insulin resistance and the polycystic ovary syndrome. Mechanisms and implications for pathogenesis. Endocr Rev 1997; 18: 774–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talbott E, Clerici A, Berga SL, Kuller L, Guzick D, Detre K et al. Adverse lipid and coronary heart disease risk profiles in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome: results of a case-control study. J Clin Epidemiol 1998; 51: 415–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legro RS, Kunselman AR, Dodson WC, Dunaif A. Prevalence and predictors of risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance in polycystic ovary syndrome: a prospective, controlled study in 254 affected women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 165–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polson DW, Adams J, Wadsworth J, Franks S. Polycystic ovaries - a common finding in normal women. Lancet 1988; 1: 870–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zawadesky JK, Dunaif A. Diagnostic criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome: towards a rational approach. In: Dunaif A, Givens JR, Haseltine FP, Merriam GR, eds. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Scientific, 1992: 377–84.
   Google Scholar
• Yen SSC, Vela P, Rankin J. Inappropriate secretion of follicle- stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in polycystic ovarian disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1970; 30: 435–42.
   Google Scholar
• Barnes R, Rosenfield RL. The polycystic ovary syndrome: pathogenesis and treatment. Ann Intern Med 1989; 101: 386–99.
   Google Scholar
• McKenna TJ. Pathogenesis and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 558–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poretsky L, Piper B. Insulin resistance, hypersecretion of LH and a dual defect hypothesis for the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome. Obstet Gynaecol 1994; 84: 613–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobo RA. The role of the adrenal in the polycystic ovary syndrome. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 1984; 2: 215–62.
   Google Scholar
• Gilling-Smith C, Willis DS, Beard RW, Franks S. Hypersecretion of androstenedione by isolated thecal cells from polycystic ovaries. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994; 79: 1158–65.
   Google Scholar
• Burghen GA, Givens JR, Kitabochi AE. Correlation of hyperandrogenism with hyperinsulinism in polycystic ovarian disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1980; 50: 113–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Change RJ, Nakamura RM, Judd HL, Kaplan SA. Insulin resistance in nonobese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1983; 57: 356–9.
   Google Scholar
• Saleh A, Morris D, Tan SL, Tulandi T. Effects of laparoscopic ovarian drilling on adrenal steroids in polycystic ovary syndrome patients with and without hyperinsulinemia. Fertil Steril 2001; 75: 501–4.
   Google Scholar
• Legro RS, Finegood D, Dunaif A. A fasting glucose to insulin ratio is a useful measure of insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998; 83: 2694–8.
   Google Scholar
• Homburg R. Should patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome be treated with metformin? A note of cautious optimism. Hum Reprod 2002; 17: 853–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasquali R, Casimirri F, Balestra V, Flamia R, Melchionda N, Fabbri R et al. The relative contribution of androgen and insulin in deterring abdominal fat distribution in premenopausal women. J Endocrinol Invest 1991; 14: 839–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson S, Kiddy D, Gelding SV, Willis D, Niththyananthan R, Bush A et al. The relationship of insulin sensitivity to menstrual pattern in women with hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1993; 39: 351–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter SJ, Garvey WT. Insulin action and insulin resistance: disease involving defects in insulin receptors, signal transduction, and the glucose transport effector system. Am J Med 1998; 105: 331–45.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cara JF, Rosenfield RL. Insulin-like growth factor I and insulin potentiate luteinizing-hormone-induced androgen synthesis by rat ovarian thecal-interstitial cells. Endocrinology 1988; 123: 733–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernandez ER, Resnick CE, Svoboda ME, Van Wyk JJ, Payne DW, Adashi EY. Somatomedian C/insulin-like growth factor I as an enhancer of androgen biosynthesis by cultured rat ovarian cells. Endocrinology 1988; 122: 1603–12.
   Google Scholar
• Agrawal R, Sladkevicius P, Engmann L, Conway GS, Pyane NN, Bekis J et al. Serum vascular endothelial growth factor concentration and ovarian stromal blood flow increased in women with polycystic ovaries. Hum Reprod 1998; 13: 651–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goalstone ML, Natarayan R, Standley PR, Walsh MF, Leitner JW, Scott CK et al. Insulin potentiates platelet-derived growth factor action in vascular smooth muscle cells. Endocrinology 1998; 139: 4067–72.
   Google Scholar
• Lu M, Amano S, Miyamoto K, Garland R, Keogh K, Qin W. et al. Insulin-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression in retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1999; 40: 3281–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Futterweit W. An endocrine approach to obesity. In: Simopoulos AP, Vanltallie TB, Gullo SP, Futterweit W, eds. Obesity: New Directions in Assessment and Management. New York: Charles Press, 1994: 96–121.
   Google Scholar
• Kiddy DS, Hamilton-Fairley D, Bush A, Short F, Anyaoku V, Reed M et al. Improvement in endocrine and ovarian function during dietary treatment of obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1992; 36: 105–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasquali R, Antenucci D, Casimirri F, Venturoli S, Paradisi R, Fabbri R et al. Clinical and hormonal characteristics of obese and amenorrheic hyperandrogenic women before and after weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1989; 68: 173–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holte J, Bergh T, Berne C, Wide L, Lithell H. Restored insulin sensitivity but persistently increased early insulin secretion after weight loss in obese women with polycystic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995; 80: 2586–93.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson P, Seljeflot I, Abdelnoor M, Arnesen H, Dale PO, Lovik A et al. Increased insulin sensitivity and fibrinolytic capacity after dietary intervention in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism 1995; 44: 611–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lobo RA, Paul L, Granger L. Clomiphene and dexamethasone in women unresponsive to clomiphene alone. Obstet Gynecol 1982; 60: 497–501.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia J, Jones GS, Wentz AC. The use of clomiphene citrate. Fertil Steril 1977; 28: 707–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan SL, Farhi J, Homburg R, Jacobs HS. Induction of ovulation in clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovary syndrome with pulsatile GnRH. Obstet Gynecol 1996; 88: 221–6.
   Google Scholar
• Bailey CJ, Turner RC. Metformin. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 574–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patane G, Piro S, Rabuazzo AM, Anello M, Vigneri R, Purrello F. Metformin restores insulin secretion altered by chronic exposure to free fatty acids or high glucose; a direct metformin effect on pancreatic beta cells. Diabetes 2000; 49: 735–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velazquez EM, Mendoza S, Hamer T, Sosa F, Glueck CJ. Metformin therapy in polycystic ovary syndrome reduces hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and systolic blood pressure, while facilitating normal menses and pregnancy. Metabolism 1994; 43: 647–54.
   Google Scholar
• Nestler JE, Jakubowicz DJ. Decreases in ovarian cytochrome P450c17 activity and serum free testosterone after reduction in insulin secretion in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 617–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamanti-Kandarakis E, Kouli C, Tsianateil T, Bergiele A. Therapeutic effects of metformin on insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in polycystic ovary syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 1998; 138: 269–74.
   Google Scholar
• Nestler JE, Jakubowicz DJ, Evans WS, Pasquali R. Effects of metformin on spontaneous and clomiphene-induced ovulation in the polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1876–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandermolen DT, Patts VS, Evans WS. Metformin increases the ovulatory rate and pregnancy rate from clomiphene citrate in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome who are resistant to clomiphene citrate alone. Fertil Steril 2001; 75: 310–15.
   Google Scholar
• Yu Ng EH, Sun Wat NM, Ho PC. Effects of metformin on ovulation rate, hormonal and metabolic profiles in women with clomiphene-resistant polycystic ovaries: a randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. Hum Reprod 2001; 16: 1625–31.
   Google Scholar
• Amer SAK, Li TC, Cooke ID. Laparoscopic ovarian diathermy in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: a retrospective study on the influence of the amount of energy used on the outcome. Hum Reprod 2002; 17: 1046–51.
   Google Scholar
• Amer SAK, Gopalan V, Li TC, Ledger WL, Cooke ID. Long term follow-up of patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome after laparoscopic ovarian drilling: clinical outcome. Hum Reprod 2002; 17: 2035–42.
   Google Scholar
• Kocak M, Caliskan E, Simsir C, Haberal A. Metformin therapy improves ovulatory rates, cervical scores, and pregnancy rates in clomiphene citrate-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 2002; 77: 101–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amer SAK, Banu Z, Li TC, Cooke ID. Long term follow-up of patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome after laparoscopic ovarian drilling: endocrine and ultrasonographic outcomes. Hum Reprod 2002; 17: 2851–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Leo V, la Marca A, Ditto A, Morgante G, Cianci A. Effects of metformin on gonadotropin-induced ovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 1999; 72: 282–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stadtmauer LA, Toma SK, Riehl RM, Talbert LM. Metformin treatment of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome undergoing in vitro fertilization improves outcomes and is associated with modulation of insulin-like growth factors. Fertil Steril 2001; 75: 505–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein IF, Leventhal ML. Amenorrhea associated with bilateral polycystic ovaries. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1935; 29: 181–91.
   Google Scholar
• Kistner RW. Peritubal and periovarian adhesions subsequent to wedge resection of the ovaries. Fertil Steril 1969; 20: 35–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gjonnaess H. Polycystic ovarian syndrome treated by ovarian electrocautery through the laparoscope. Fertil Steril 1984; 4: 20–5.
   Google Scholar
• Tulandi T., Tulandi T, ed. Atlas of Laparoscopic and Hystero- scopic Techniques for Gynecologists. London: W.B. Saunders, 1999: 93–5.
   Google Scholar
• Daniel JF, Miller W. Polycystic ovaries treated by laparoscopic laser vaporization. Fertil Steril 1989; 51: 232–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Felemban A, Tan SL, Tulandi T. Laparoscopic treatment of polycystic ovaries with insulated needle cautery: a reappraisal. Fertil Steril 2000; 73: 266–9.
   Google Scholar
• Kovacs G, Buckler H, Gangah M, Burger H, Healy D, Baker G et al. Treatment of anovulation due to polycystic ovarian syndrome by laparoscopic ovarian cautery. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991; 98: 30–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tulandi T, Saleh A, Payne N, Jacobs H, Tan SL. Effects of laparoscopic ovarian drilling on serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and on insulin responses to oral glucose tolerance test. Fertil Steril 2000; 74: 585–8.
   Google Scholar
• Li TC, Saravelos H, Chow MS, Chisabingo R, Cooke ID. Factors affecting the outcome of laparoscopic ovarian drilling for polycystic ovarian syndrome in women with anovulatory infertility. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105: 338–44.
   Google Scholar
• Greenblatt EM, Casper RF. Endocrine changes after laparoscopic ovarian cautery in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 156: 279–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armar NA, McGarrigle HG, Holownia P, Jacobs HS, Lacheline GCL. Laparoscopic ovarian diathermy in the management of anovulatory infertility in women with polycystic ovaries: endocrine changes and clinical outcome. Fertil Steril 1990; 53: 45–9.
   Google Scholar
• Gurgan T, Kisnisci H, Yarali H, Develioglu O, Zeyneloglu H, Aksu T. Evaluation of adhesion formation after laparoscopic treatment of polycystic ovarian disease. Fertil Steril 1991; 56: 1176–8.
   Google Scholar
• Naether OGJ, Baukloh V, Fischer R, Kowalczyk T. Long term follow up in 206 infertility patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome after laparoscopic electrocautery of the ovarian surface. Hum Reprod 1994; 9: 2342–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merchant RN. Treatment of polycystic ovary disease with laparoscopic low-watt bipolar electrocoagulation of the ovaries. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 1996; 3: 503–8.
   Google Scholar
• Pelosi MA, Pelosi MA. Laparoscopic electrosurgical furrowing technique for the treatment of polycystic ovaries. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 1996; 4: 57–60.
   Google Scholar
• Tulandi T, Watkin K, Tan SL. Reproductive performance and three dimensional ultrasound volume determination of polycystic ovaries following laparoscopic ovarian drilling. Int J Fertil 1997; 42: 436–40.
   Google Scholar
• Huber J, Hosmann J, Spona J. Endoscopic laser incision of the polycystic ovary. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 1989; 49: 37–40.
   Google Scholar
• Kojima E, Yanagibori A, Otaka K. Ovarian wedge resection with contact Nd:YAG laser irradiation used laparoscopically. J Reprod Med 1989; 34: 444–6.
   Google Scholar
• Yanagibori A, Kojima E, Ohtaka K, Morita M, Hirakawa S. Nd:YAG laser therapy for infertility with a contact-type probe. J Reprod Med 1989; 34: 456–60.
   Google Scholar
• Keckstein G, Rossmanith W, Spatzier K, Schneider V, Borchers K, Steiner R. The effect of laparoscopic treatment of polycystic ovarian disease by CO2-laser or Nd:YAG laser. Surg Endosc 1990; 4: 103–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossmanith WG, Keckstein J, Spatzier K, Lauritzen C. The impact of ovarian laser surgery on the gonadotropin secretion in women with polycystic ovarian disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1991; 34: 223–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurgan T, Urman B, Aksu T, Yarali H, Develioglu O, Kisnisci HA. The effect of short-interval laparoscopic lysis of adhesions on pregnancy rate following Nd:YAG laser photocoagulation of polycystic ovaries. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 45–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrzenski A. Endoscopic carbon dioxide laser ovarian wedge resection in resistant polycystic ovarian disease. Int J Fertil 1992; 37: 295–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heylen SM, Puttemans PJ, Brosens IA. Polycystic ovarian disease treated by laparoscopic argon laser capsule drilling: comparison of vaporization versus perforation technique. Hum Reprod 1994; 9: 1038–42.
   Google Scholar
• Felemban A, Tulandi T. Laparoscopic treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome-related infertility. Infertil Reprod Med Clin North Am 2000; 11: 49–60.
   Google Scholar
• Nestler JE, Jakubowicz DJ. Lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome respond to insulin reduction with decrease in ovarian P450c17alpha activity and serum androgens. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997; 82: 4075–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• la Marca A, Morgante G, Paglia T, Ciotta L, Cianci A, De Leo V. Effects of metformin on adrenal steroidogenesis in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 1999; 72: 985–9.
   Google Scholar
• Yarali H, Yildiz BO, Demirol A, Zeyneloglu HB, Yigit N, Bukulmez O et al. Co-administration of metformin during rFSH treatment in patients with clomiphene citrate-resistance polycystic ovarian syndrome: a prospective randomized trial. Hum Reprod 2002; 17: 289–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gjonnaess H. Late endocrine effects of ovarian electrocautery in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 1998; 69: 697–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farquhar C, Vandekerckhove P, Lilford R. Laparoscopic drilling by diathermy or laser for ovulation induction in anovulatory polycystic ovary syndrome. In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 4. Oxford: Update Software, 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Morin-Papunen LC, Koivunen RM, Ruokonen A, Martikainen HK. Metformin therapy improves the menstrual pattern with minimal endocrine and metabolic effects in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil Steril 1998; 69: 691–6.
   Google Scholar
• Glueck CJ, Wang P, Fontaine R, Tracy T, Sieve-Smith L. Metformin-induced resumption of normal menses in 39 of 43 (91%) previously amenorrheic women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Metabolism 1999; 48: 511–19.
   Google Scholar
• Glueck CJ, Wang P, Fontaine R, Tracy T, Sieve-Smith L. Metformin to restore normal menses in oligo-amenorrheic teenage girl with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). J Adolesc Health 2001; 29: 160–9.
   Google Scholar