Assessment of women with urinary incontinence

References

• Sundhedstyrelsen 1992: Referenceprogrammer – en vej til kvalitet.
   Google Scholar
• Vejtorp M, Fischer-Rasmussen W, Blaabjerg J. Diagnostik og behandling af kvinder med urin-inkontinens på danske gynækologiske afdelinger. Ugeskr Læger 1990; 152: 2098–101.
   Google Scholar
• Milsom I, Fall M, Ekelund P Urininkontinens en kostnadskrævende folksjukdom. Lækartidn 1992; 89: 1772–4.
   Google Scholar
• Fall M, Frankenberg S, Frisén M, Larsson B, Petrén M. 456.000 Svenskar kan ha urininkontinens. Endast var fjar- de søker hjælp før besværen. Lækartidn 1985; 22: 2054–9.
   Google Scholar
• Hellstrøm L, Ekelund P, Milsom I, Mellstrøm D. The prevalence of urinary incontinence and incontinence aids in 85-year old men and women. Age ageing 1990; 19: 383–9.
   Google Scholar
• Molander U. Urinary incontinence and related urogenital symptoms in elderly women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1993; suppl 158, vol. 72.
   Google Scholar
• Abrams P, Blaivas JG, Stanton SL, Andersen JT. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1988; suppl 114: 5–19.
   Google Scholar
• Hørding U, Pedersen KH, Sidenius K, Hedegaard L. Uri-nary incontinence in 45-year old women. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1986; 20: 183–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam GW, Foldspang A, Elving LB, Mommsen S. Urininkontinens hos 30–59-årige kvinder. Ugeskr Læg 1990; 152: 3244–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mouritsen L. Pelvic floor exercises for female stress urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J 1994; 5: 44–51.
   Google Scholar
• Klarskov OP Pædagogiske behandlingsprincipper ved urininkontinens. Ugeskr Læger 1989; 151: 290–3.
   Google Scholar
• Olah KS, Bridges N, Farrar D. The conservative management of genuine stress incontinence. Int Urogynecol J 1991; 2: 161–7.
   Google Scholar
• Summit RL, Stowall TG, Bent AE, Ostergard DR. Urinary incontinence: Correlation of history and brief office evaluation with multichannel urodynamic testing. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166: 1835–44.
   Google Scholar
• Largo-Janssen ALM, Debruyne FMJ, Van Weel C. Value of the patient’s case history in diagnosing urinary incontinence in general practice. Br J Urol 1991; 67: 569–72.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer-Rasmussen W, Hansen RI, Stage P Predictive values of diagnostic tests in the evaluation of female urinary stress incontinence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1986; 65: 291–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thind P, Lose G. Symptomer og urodynamiske fund hos kvinder med dysfunktion af nedre urinveje. Ugeskr Læger 1984; 146: 1118–20.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen JK, Nielsen FR, Ostergard DR. The role of patient history in the diagnosis of urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 83: 904–10.
   Google Scholar
• Ramsay I. A randomised controlled trial of urodynamic investigations prior to conservative treatment of urinary incontinence in the female. Neurourol Urodyn 1994; 13: 455–6.
   Google Scholar
• Nielsen IK, Mouritsen L, Berget A. Afvikling afventeliste for kvinder med incontinentia urinae og/ eller descensus genitalis. Ugeskr Læger 1995; 157: 2012–14.
   Google Scholar
• Lose G, Andersen JT. De nedre urinvejes fysiologi og kliniske farmakologi. Ugeskr Læger 1986; 148: 163–7.
   Google Scholar
• Ingelmann-Sundberg A. Urininkontinens hos kvinnan. Nord Med 1953; 50: 1149–52.
   Google Scholar
• Brocklehurst JC. Urinary incontinence in the community – analysis of the MORI-poll. B M J 1993; 306: 832–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyman JF, Harkins SW, Choi SC, Taylor JR, Fantl JA. Psychosocial impact of urinary incontinence in women. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 70: 378–81.
   Google Scholar
• Uebersax JS, Wyman JF, Shumaker SA, McClish DK, Fantl JA, and the Continence Program for Women Research Group. Short forms to assess life quality and symptoms of distress for urinary incontinence in women: the incontinence impact questionnaire and the urogenital distress inventory. Neurourol Urodyn 1995; 14: 131–9.
   Google Scholar
• Larsson G. The frequency/Volume chart. Thesis, Uppsala Universitet, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Larsson G, Victor A. Micturition patterns in a healthy population, studied with a frequency/volume chart. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1988; Suppl 114: 53–7.
   Google Scholar
• Boedker A, Lendorf A, Holm-Nielsen A, Glahn B. Micturition patterns assessed by the frequency/volume chart in a healthy population of men and women. Neurourol Urodyn 1989; 8: 421–2.
   Google Scholar
• Klevmark B. Miktionslistens parametre. Nord Med 1987; 102: 340–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siltberg H, Larsson G, Victor A. Frequency/volume chart: the basic tool for investigating urinary symptoms. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; suppl 166: 24–7.
   Google Scholar
• Bruce AW, Reid G. Acute and recurrent symptomatic urinary tract infections in women. Int Urogynecol J 1993; 240–2.
   Google Scholar
• Schouenborg L, Fischer A, Schrøder SS. Påvisning af bakteriuri ved kombineret nitrit og leucocytstix. Ugeskr Læger 1988; 148: 1809–11.
   Google Scholar
• Frimodt-Moller N, Larsen B, Vejlsgaard R. Screening for bakteriuri i laboratoriet: Autotrak, teststrimler og mikroskopi sammenlignet med dyrkning. Ugeskr Læger 1989; 151: 3062–4.
   Google Scholar
• Skoner M, Thompson WD, Caron VA. Factors associated with risk of stress urinary incontinence in women. Nurs Res 1994; 43: 301–6.
   Google Scholar
• Fantl AJ, Cardozo L, McClish DK. Estrogen therapy in the management of urinary incontinence in postmenopausal women: a metaanalysis. First report on the hormones and urogenital therapy committee. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 83: 12–18.
   Google Scholar
• Felding C, Mikkelsen AL, Sidenius K, Clausen HV, Loft A, Larsen LG. Preoperative treatment with oestradiol in women scheduled for vaginal operation for genital prolapse. A randomised, double-blind trial. Maturitas 1992; 15: 241–9.
   Google Scholar
• McLennan MT, McLennan CE. Estrogenic status of menstruating and menopausal women assessed by cervicovaginal smears. Obstet Gynecol 1971; 37: 325–31.
   Google Scholar
• Semmens JP, Wagner G. Estrogen deprivation and vaginal function in postmenopausal women. JAMA 1982; 248: 445–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardy M, Kozminski M, DeLancey J, Elkins T, McGuire EJ. Stress incontinence and cystoceles. J Urol 1991; 145: 1211–13.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenzweig BA, Pushkin S, Blumenfeld D, Bhatia NN. Prevalence of abnormal urodynamic test results in continent women with severe genitourinary prolapse. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 79: 539–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weil A, Giononi RD et al. The risk of postoperative urinary incontinence of surgical treatment of genital prolapse. Int Urogynecol J 1993; 4: 74–9.
   Google Scholar
• Beecham CT. Classification of vaginal relaxation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1980; 136: 957–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bump rC, Mattiasson A, Bo K, Brubaker LP, Delancey JOL, Klarskov P et al. The standardisation of terminology of female genital prolapse and pelvic floor dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 175: 10–17.
   Google Scholar
• Athanasion S, Hill S, Gleeson C, Anders K, Cardozo L. Validation of the ICS proposed pelvic organ prolapse descriptive system. Neurourol Urodyn 1995; 14: 414–15.
   Google Scholar
• Schussler B, Peschers U. Standardisation of terminology of female genital prolapse according to the ICS-criteria: interexaminer reproducibility. Neurourol Urodyn 1995; 14: 437–8.
   Google Scholar
• Jørgensen L, Lose G, Andersen JT. One-hour padweighing test for the objective assessment of female urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69: 39–42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mouritsen L, Berild G, Hertz J. Comparison of different methods for quantification of urinary leakage in incontinent women. Neurourol Urodyn 1989; 8: 579–87.
   Google Scholar
• Wall LL, Wiskind AK, Taylor PA. Simple bladder filling with a cough stress test compared with subtracted cystometry for the diagnosis of urinary incontinence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994; 171: 1472–4.
   Google Scholar
• Miglioni GD, Glenning PP Bonney’s test – fact or fiction? Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987; 94: 157–9.
   Google Scholar
• Langer L, Rom-El R, Neuman M, Herman A, Buskowsky I, Caspi E. The value of simultaneous hysterectomy during Burch colposuspension for urinary stress incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 72: 866–9.
   Google Scholar
• Vervest HAM. Changes in the function of the lower urinary tract after hysterectomy. Int Urogynecol J 1993; 4: 350–5.
   Google Scholar
• Brink C, Sampsell C et al: A digital test for pelvic muscle strength in older women with urinary incontinence. Nurs Res 1989; 38: 196–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bø K, Larsen S. Knowledge about and ability to correct pelvic floor muscle exercises in women with urinary stress incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 1988; 7: 261–2.
   Google Scholar
• Bump R, Hurt G. Assessment of Kegel pelvic muscle exercise performance after brief verbal instruction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991; 165: 322–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kegel A. Progressive resistance exercises in the functional restration of the perineal muscles. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1948; 56: 238–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bø K. Pelvic floor exercises for the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence. Disputats, Oslo Universitet 1989, s 25–26.
   Google Scholar
• Mouritsen L, Frimodt-Møller C, Møller M. Long-term effect of pelvic floor exercises on female urinary incontinence. Br J Urol 1991; 68: 32–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lose G, Colstrup H. Urethral pressure and power generation during coughing and voluntary contraction of the pelvic floor in healthy females. Br J Urol 1991; 67: 573–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lose G. Urethral pressure and power generation during coughing and voluntary contraction of the pelvic floor in females with genuine stress incontinence. Br J Urol 1991; 67: 580–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mouritsen L, Rasmussen A. Bladder neck mobility evaluated by vaginal ultrasonography. Br J Urol 1993; 71: 166–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bernstein I, Juul N, Grønvall B, Bonde B, Klarskov P Pelvic floor muscle thickness measured by perineal ultrasonography. Scand J Urol Nephrol suppl 1991; 137: 131–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klarskov P, Jensen T, Dorph S. Reliability of voiding colpo-cysto-urethrography in female stress incontinence before and after treatment. Acta Radiol 1988; 29: 685–8.
   Google Scholar
• Lose G, Andersen JT, Kristensen JK. Disposable vaginal surface electrode for urethral sphincter electromyography. Br J Urol 1987; 59: 408–13.
   Google Scholar
• Glavind K, Nohr S, Walter S. Pelvic floor training using biofeedback for muscle awareness in the treatment of stress urinary incontinence: Preliminary results. Int Urogynecol J 1992; 3: 288–91.
   Google Scholar
• Dougherty M, Bishop K, Mooney R, Gimotty P, Williams B. Graded pelvic muscle exercise. Effect on stress urinary incontinence. J Reprod Med 1993; 38: 684–91.
   Google Scholar
• Bø K. Vaginal weight cones. Theoretical framework, effect on pelvic floor muscle strength and female stress urinary incontinence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1995; 74: 87–92.
   Google Scholar
• Lose G, Versi E. Pad-weighing tests in the diagnosis and quantification of urinary incontinence. Int Urogynecol J 1992; 3: 324–8.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen A, Mouritsen L, Dalgaard A, Frimodt-Møller C. Twenty-four hour pad-weighing test: reproducibility and dependency of activity level and fluid intake. Neurourol Urodyn 1994; 13: 261–5.
   Google Scholar
• Bjarnesen J, Lose G. Postoperativ urinretention. Ugeskr Læger 1991; 153: 1920–4.
   Google Scholar
• Dunsmuir WD, Feneley M, Correy DA, Bryan J, Kirby RS. The day-to-day variation (test-retest reliability) of residual urine measurement. Br J Urol 1996; 77: 192–3.
   Google Scholar
• Pedersen JF. Bestemmelse af residualurin ved ultralyd. Ugeskr Læger 1979; 141: 649–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fischer-Rasmussen W. Treatment of stress urinary incontinence. Ann Med 1990; 22: 455–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jørgensen L, Lose G. The Burch colposuspension for urinary incontinence in patients with stable and unstable detrusor function. Neurourol Urodyn 1988; 7: 435–41.
   Google Scholar
• Jorgensen L, Lose G, Andersen JT. H₂O or CO₂ as filling medium? A literature survey of the influence of the filling medium on the qualitative and quantitative cystometric parameters. Neurourol Urodyn 1988; 7: 343–50.
   Google Scholar
• Sørensen S, Gregersen H, Sørensen SM. Long term reproducibility of urodynamic investigations in healthy fertile females. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1988; suppl 114: 35–41.
   Google Scholar
• Sand PK, Hill R, Ostergard DR. Supine urethroscopic and standing cystometry as screening methods for the detection of detrusor instability. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 70: 57–60.
   Google Scholar
• Arnold EP. Cystometry – postural effects in incontinent women. Urol Int 1974; 29: 185–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad SA, McGinnis RH. Factors that influence the incidence of detrusor instability in women. J Urol 1983; 130: 114–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsden PD, Smith JC, Pierce JM, Ardran GM. The unstable bladder – fact or artefact? Br J Urol 1977; 49: 633–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Venrooij GEPM, Kamphuis ET, Wolfhagen JHM. Diuresis cystometry versus filling cystometry: The diagnostic value of diuresis cystometry in patients with frequency, urgency, and/or urge incontinence complaints. Neurourol Urodyn 1987; 1: 29–36.
   Google Scholar
• Bhatia NN, Bradley WE, Haldeman S. Urodynamics: Continuous monitoring. J Urol 1982; 128: 963–8.
   Google Scholar
• Coolsaet BLRA, Blok C, Van Verrooij GEPM, Tan B. Subtreshold detrusor instability. Neurourol Urodyn 1985; 4: 309–11.
   Google Scholar
• Waalwijk Van Doorn ESC, Remmers A, Janknegt RA. Conventional and extramural ambulatory urodynamic testing of the lower urinary tract in female volunteers. J Urol 1992; 47: 1319–26.
   Google Scholar
• Mayo ME. Pelvic floor function in women with detrusor instability, in Female incontinence. 1981; 91–9.
   Google Scholar
• Petros PPE, Ulmsten U. Tests for ‘‘detrusor instability’’ in women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1993; 72: 661–7.
   Google Scholar
• McGuire E. Bladder instability and stress incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 1988; 7: 563–7.
   Google Scholar
• McGuire EJ, Savastano JA. Stress incontinence and detrusor instability/urge incontinence. Neurourol Urodyn 1985; 4: 313.
   Google Scholar
• Cardozo LD, Stanton SL, Williams JE. Detrusor instability following surgery for genuine stress incontinence. Br J Urol 1979; 51: 204–7.
   Google Scholar
• Geirsson G, Fall M, Lindstrom S. Cystometric subtypes of bladder overactivity: a retrospective analysis of 501 patients. Int Urogynecol J 1993; 4: 186–93.
   Google Scholar
• Bergman A, Bhatia NN. Urodynamics: effect of urinary tract infection on urethral and bladder function. Obstet Gynecol 1985; 66: 366–71.
   Google Scholar
• Haylen BT et al. Maximum and average urine flow rates in normal male and female populations – the Liverpool nomograms. Br J Urol 1989; 64: 330–8.
   Google Scholar
• Sørensen S. Urodynamic investigations and their reproducibility in healthy postmenopausal females. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1988; suppl 114: 42–7.
   Google Scholar
• Lose G et al. Voiding difficulties after colposuspension. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69: 33–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diokno AC. Diagnostic categories of incontinence and the role of urodynamic testing. JAGS 1990; 38: 300–5.
   Google Scholar
• Sand PK, Bowen LW et al. The low pressure urethra as a factor in failed retropubic urethropexy. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 69: 399–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koonings PP, Bergman A, Ballard CA. Low urethral pressure and stress urinary incontinence in women: Risk factors for failed retropubic surgical procedure. Urology 1990; 36: 245–8.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson JD, Lamensdorf H et al. Use of transvaginal endosonography in the evaluation of women with stress urinary incontinence. J Urol 1992; 147: 421–5.
   Google Scholar
• Bergman A, Ballard CA et al. Ultrasonic evaluation of urethrovesical junction in women with stress urinary incontinence. J Clin Ultrasound 1988; 16: 295–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koelb H, Bernascheck G, Wolf G. A comparative study of perineal ultrasound scanning and urethrocystography in patients with genuine stress incontinence. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1988; 244: 39–45.
   Google Scholar
• Mouritsen L, Strandberg C, Frimodt-Moller C. Bladder neck anatomy and mobility. Effect of vaginal ultrasound probe. Br J Urol 1994; 74: 749–52.
   Google Scholar
• Brown M, Wicknam JEA. The urethral pressure profile. Br J Urol 1969; 41: 211–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Enhørning G. Simultanous recording of intravesical and intraurethral pressure. Acta Chir Scand 1961, suppl 276: 4–68.
   Google Scholar
• Versi E, Cardozo LD et al. Evaluation of urethral pressure profilometry for the diagnosis of genuine stress incontinence. World J Urol 1986; 4: 6–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksson L, Andersson KE, Ulmsten U. The urethral pressure profiles in continent and stress-incontinent women. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1979; 13: 5–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Geelen JH, Doesburg WH, Martin CB. Female urethral pressure profile: reproducibility, axial variation and effects of low dose oral contraceptives. J Urol 1984; 131: 394–8.
   Google Scholar
• Hilton P, Stanton SL. Urethral pressure measurement by microtransducer: an analysis of variance. Proceedings of ICS’s annual meeting, Lund, 1981.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson DA. Reduction of urethral pressure in relation to stress: Relationship to urethral mobility. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 155: 20–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schussler B, Hesse U, Lentsch P. Artefakte bei der auzeichnung des stressprofils und deren klinische bedeutung. Urologe 1987; 26: 112–13.
   Google Scholar
• Sørensen S. Urethral pressure variation in healthy and incontinent women. Neurourol Urodyn 1992; 11: 9–11.
   Google Scholar
• Kulseng-Hansen S. Urethral pressure variations. Int Urogynecol J 1993; 4: 366–72.
   Google Scholar
• Summitt RL, Stowall TG. Urethral diverticula: evaluation by urethral pressure profilometry, cystourethroscopy, and the voiding cystourethrogram. Obstet Gynecol 1992; 80: 695–9.
   Google Scholar
• Horbach NS, Ostergard DR. Predicting intrinsic urethral sphincter dysfunction in women with stress urinary incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 1994; 84: 188–92.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flink R. Clinical neurophysiological methods for investigating the lower urinary tract in patients with micturition disorders. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997; suppl 166; 76: 50–8.
   Google Scholar
• Mouritsen L, Bernstein I. Vaginal ultrasonography: a diagnostic tool for urethral diverticulum. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996; 75: 188–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green TH. Urinary stress incontinence: differential diagnosis, pathophysiology and management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1975; 122: 368–400.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman A, McKenzie C et al. Role of cystourethrography as a diagnostic aid in stress incontinence. J Reprod Med 1988; 33: 372–6.
   Google Scholar
• Drutz HP, Shapiro BJ, Mandel F. Do static cystourethrograms have a role in the investigation of female incontinence? Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978; 130: 516–20.
   Google Scholar
• Fantl JA, Beackley MC et al. Beadchain cystourethrography: an evaluation. Obstet Gynecol 1981; 58: 237–40.
   Google Scholar
• Olesen KP Descent of the female urinary bladder. Disputats, Københavns universitet, 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Stage P, Fischer-Rasmussen W, Hansen RI. The value of colpo-cystourethrography in female stress – and urge incontinence and following operations. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1986; 65: 401–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klarskov P, Jensen PV Dorph S. Reliability of voiding colpo-cysto-urethrography in female urinary stress incontinence before and after treatment. Acta Radiol 1988; 29: 685–8.
   Google Scholar
• Thind P, Lose G et al. Vurdering af miktionscystourethrografi. Ugeskr Læger 1991; 153: 338–40.
   Google Scholar
• Mouritsen L, Strandberg C et al. Inter- and intraobserver variability of colpo-cysto-urethrography diagnoses. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1993; 69: 55–9.
   Google Scholar
• Barnick CG, Cardozo LD, Benness C. Use of routine videocystourethrography in the evaluation of female lower urinary tract dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn 1989; 8: 447–9.
   Google Scholar
• Klutke C, Golomb J et al. The anatomy of stress urinary incontinence: Magnetic resonance imaging of the female bladder neck and urethra. J Urol 1990; 143: 563–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirschner-Hermanns R, Wein B et al. The contribution of magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvic floor to the understanding of urinary incontinence. Br J Urol 1993; 72: 715–18.
   Google Scholar
• Richardson DA, Bent AE, Ostergard DR. The effect of uterovaginal prolapse on urethrovesical pressure dynamics. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 155: 20–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman A, Koonings PP, Ballard CA. Primary stress urinary incontinence and pelvic relaxation: prospective randomized comparison of three different operations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1989; 161: 97–101.
   Google Scholar
• Borstad E, Rud T. The risk of developing stress incontinence after vaginal repair in continent women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1989; 68: 545–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck RP, McCormick S, Nordstrom L. A 25 year experience with 519 anterior colporrhaphy procedures. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 78: 1011–18.
   Google Scholar
• Bergman A, Koonings P et al. Ultrasonic prediction of stress urinary incontinence development in surgery for severe pelvic relaxation. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1988; 26: 66–72.
   Google Scholar
• Bergman A, Koonings PP, Ballard CA. Predicting postoperative urinary incontinence development in women undergoing operation for genitourinary prolapse. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 158: 1171–5.
   Google Scholar
• Fianu A, Kjaeldgaard A, Larsson B. Preoperative screening for latent stress incontinence in women with cystocele. Neurourol Urodyn 1985; 4: 3–7.
   Google Scholar
• Bump RC, Fantl AJ, Hurt GW. The mechanism of urinary continence in women with severe uterovaginal prolapse: Results of barrier studies. Obstet Gynecol 1988; 72: 291–5.
   Google Scholar