Psychosocial Stress and the Duration of Cocaine Use in Non‐treatment Seeking Individuals with Cocaine Dependence

References

• Sarnyai Z. Neurobiology of stress and cocaine addiction. Studies on corticotropin‐releasing factor in rats, monkeys, and humans. Ann NY Acad Sci 1998; 851: 371–387
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace B C. Psychological and environmental determinants of relapse in crack cocaine smokers. J Subst Abuse Treat 1989; 6(2)95–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koob G F, Le Moal M. Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology 2001; 24(2)97–129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha R, Fuse T, Aubin L R, O'Malley S S. Psychological stress, drug‐related cues and cocaine craving. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2000; 152(2)140–148
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinha R. How does stress increase risk of drug abuse and relapse?. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 2001; 158(4)343–359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goeders N E. Stress and cocaine addiction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 301(3)785–789
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goeders N E. The HPA axis and cocaine reinforcement. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2002; 27(1–2)13–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Markou A, Weiss F, Gold L H, Caine S B, Schulteis G, Koob G F. Animal models of drug craving. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1993; 112(2–3)163–182
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Self D W. Neural substrates of drug craving and relapse in drug addiction. Ann Med 1998; 30(4)379–389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaham Y, Erb S, Stewart J. Stress‐induced relapse to heroin and cocaine seeking in rats: a review. Brain Res Rev 2000; 33(1)13–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erb S, Shaham Y, Stewart J. The role of corticotropin‐releasing factor and corticosterone in stress‐and cocaine‐induced relapse to cocaine seeking in rats. J Neurosci 1998; 18(14)5529–5536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed S H, Koob G F. Cocaine‐but not food‐seeking behavior is reinstated by stress after extinction. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1997; 132(3)289–295
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goeders N E, Guerin G F. Non‐contingent electric footshock facilities the acquisition of intravenous cocaine self‐administration in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1994; 114(1)63–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haney M, Maccari S, Le Moal M, Simon H, Piazza P V. Social stress increases the acquisition of cocaine self‐administration in male and female rats. Brain Res 1995; 698(1–2)46–52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maccari S, Piazza P V, Deminiere J M, Angelucci L, Simon H, Le Moal M. Hippocampal type I and type II corticosteroid receptor affinities are reduced in rats predisposed to develop amphetamine self‐administration. Brain Res 1991; 548(1–2)305–309
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schenk S, Lacelle G, Gorman K, Amit Z. Cocaine self‐administration in rats influenced by environmental conditions: implications for the etiology of drug abuse. Neurosci Lett 1987; 81(1–2)227–231
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coping and Substance Abuse, S Shiffman, T A Wills. Academic Press, Orlando 1985
   Google Scholar
• Brown S A, Vik P W, Patterson T L, Grant I, Schuckit M A. Stress, vulnerability and adult alcohol relapse. J Stud Alcohol 1995; 56(5)538–545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McQuaid J R, Brown S A, Aarons G A, Smith T L, Patterson T L, Schuckitt M A. Correlates of life stress in an alcohol treatment sample. Addict Behav 2000; 25(1)131–137
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarnyai Z, Shaham Y, Heinrichs S C. The role of corticotropin‐releasing factor in drug addiction. Pharmacol Rev 2001; 53(2)209–243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDougle C J, Black J E, Malison R T, Zimmermann R C, Kosten T R, Heninger G R, Price L H. Noradrenergic dysregulation during discontinuation of cocaine use in addicts. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1994; 51(9)713–719
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sofuoglu M, Nelson D, Babb D A, Hatsukami D K. Intravenous cocaine increases plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine in humans. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2001; 68(3)455–459
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Koob G F. Drug addiction: the yin and yang of hedonic homeostasis. Neuron 1996; 16(5)893–896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelson J H, Sholar M, Mello N K, Teoh S K, Sholar J W. Cocaine tolerance: behavioral, cardiovascular, and neuroendocrine function in men. Neuropsychopharmacology 1998; 18(4)263–271
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elman I, Breiter H C, Gollub R L, Krause S, Kantor H L, Baumgartner W A, Gastfriend D R, Rosen B R. Depressive symptomatology and cocaine‐induced pituitary‐adrenal axis activation in individuals with cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 1999; 56(1)39–45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kreek M J, Koob G F. Drug dependence: stress and dysregulation of brain reward pathways. Drug Alcohol Depend 1998; 51(1–2)23–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon R B, Christy N P. On the various forms of corticosteroid withdrawal syndrome. Am J Med 1980; 68(2)224–230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger S P, Hall S, Mickalian J D, Reid M S, Crawford C A, Delucchi K, Carr K. Haloperidol antagonism of cue‐elicited cocaine craving. Lancet 1996; 347(9000)504–508
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sinha R, Catapano D, O'Malley S. Stress‐induced craving and stress response in cocaine dependent individuals. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 1999; 142(4)343–351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piazza P V, Le Moal M L. Pathophysiological basis of vulnerability to drug abuse: role of an interaction between stress, glucocorticoids, and dopaminergic neurons. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1996; 36: 359–378
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss F, Ciccocioppo R, Parsons L H, Katner S, Liu X, Zorrilla E P, Valdez G R, Ben‐Shahar O, Angeletti S, Richter R R. Compulsive drug‐seeking behavior and relapse. Neuroadaptation, stress, and conditioning factors. Ann NY Acad Sci 2001; 937: 1–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall S M, Havassy B E, Wasserman D A. Effects of commitment to abstinence, positive moods, stress, and coping on relapse to cocaine use. J Consult Clin Psychol 1991; 59(4)526–532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll K M, Rounsaville B J. Contrast of treatment‐seeking and untreated cocaine abusers. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49(6)464–471
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhoades H M, Grabowski J, Elk R, Cowan K. Factor stationarity and invariance of the POMS in cocaine patients. Psychopharmacol Bull 1993; 29(2)263–267
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donham G W, Ludenia K. Cross‐validation of the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory with an alcoholic population. J Clin Psychol 1984; 40(2)629–631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handbook of Stress. Theoretical and Clinical Aspects, L Goldberger, B Bresnitz. Free Press, New York 1982
   Google Scholar
• Singh N, Squier C, Sivek C, Wagener M M, Yu V L. Psychological stress and depression in older patients with intravenous drug use and human immunodeficiency virus infection: implications for intervention. Int J STD AIDS 1997; 8(4)251–255
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brown R A, Monti P M, Myers M G, Martin R A, Rivinus T, Dubreuil M E, Rohsenow D J. Depression among cocaine abusers in treatment: relation to cocaine and alcohol use and treatment outcome. Am J Psychiatry 1998; 155(2)220–225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breiter H C, Gollub R L, Weisskoff R M, Kennedy D N, Makris N, Berke J D, Goodman J M, Kantor H L, Gastfriend D R, Riorden J P, Mathew R T, Rosen B R, Hyman S E. Acute effects of cocaine on human brain activity and emotion. Neuron 1997; 19(3)591–611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLellan A T, Luborsky L, Woody G E, O'Brien C P. An improved diagnostic evaluation instrument for substance abuse patients. The Addiction Severity Index. J Nerv Ment Dis 1980; 168(1)26–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lex B W, Griffin M L, Mello N K, Mendelson J H. Alcohol, marijuana, and mood states in young women. Int J Addict 1989; 24(5)405–424
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanof P D, Aronson M J, Ness R. Organic mood syndrome associated with detoxification from methadone maintenance. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150(3)423–428
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Profile of Mood States Manual, D M McNair, M Lorr, L F Droppleman. Educational and Industrial Testing Service, San Diego, CA 1992
   Google Scholar
• Manual for the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory, C D Spielberger, R L Gorsuch, R E Lushene. Consulting Psychologists Press, Palo Alto, CA 1983
   Google Scholar
• Charlesworth E A, Dempsey G. Trait anxiety reductions in a substance abuse population trained in stress management. J Clin Psychol 1982; 38(4)764–768
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schoeneman S Z, Reznikoff M, Bacon S J. Personality variables in coping with the stress of a spouse's chronic illness. J Clin Psychol 1983; 39(3)430–436
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song C, Kenis G, van Gastel A, Bosmans E, Lin A, de Jong R, Neels H, Scharpe S, Janca A, Yasukawa K, Maes M. Influence of psychological stress on immune‐inflammatory variables in normal humans. Part II. Altered serum concentrations of natural anti‐inflammatory agents and soluble membrane antigens of monocytes and T lymphocytes. Psychiatry Res 1999; 85(3)293–303
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fukuda M, Hata A, Niwa S, Hiramatsu K, Honda H, Nakagome K, Iwanami A. Plasma vanillylmandelic acid level as an index of psychological stress response in normal subjects. Psychiatry Res 1996; 63(1)7–16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sanders K A, Bruce N W. Psychosocial stress and treatment outcome following assisted reproductive technology. Hum Reprod 1999; 14(6)1656–1662
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maes M, Van Der Planken M, Van Gastel A, Bruyland K, Van Hunsel F, Neels H, Hendriks D, Wauters A, Demedts P, Janca A, Scharpe S. Influence of academic examination stress on hematological measurements in subjectively healthy volunteers. Psychiatry Res 1998; 80(3)201–212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagabhushan M, Mathews H L, Witek‐Janusek L. Aberrant nuclear expression of AP‐1 and NFkappaB in lymphocytes of women stressed by the experience of breast biopsy. Brain Behav Immun 2001; 15(1)78–84
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Araujo L, Goldberg P, Eyma J, Madhusoodanan S, Buff D D, Shamim K, Brenner R. The effect of anxiety and depression on completion/withdrawal status in patients admitted to substance abuse detoxification program. J Subst Abuse Treat 1996; 13(1)61–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faustman W O, Faull K F, Whiteford H A, Borchert C, Csernansky J G. CSF 5‐HIAA, serum cortisol, and age differentially predict vegetative and cognitive symptoms in depression. Biol Psychiatry 1990; 27(3)311–318
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elman I, Karlsgodt K H, Gastfriend D R. Gender differences in cocaine craving among non‐treatment‐seeking individuals with cocaine dependence. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2001; 27(2)193–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor S E, Lichtman R R, Wood J V. Attributions, beliefs about control, and adjustment to breast cancer. J Pers Soc Psychol 1984; 46(3)489–502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elman I, Karlsgodt K H, Gastfriend D R, Chabris C F, Breiter H C. Cocaine‐primed craving and its relationship to depressive symptomatology in individuals with cocaine dependence. J Psychopharmacol 2002; 16(2)163–167
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wasserman D A, Havassy B E, Boles S M. Traumatic events and post‐traumatic stress disorder in cocaine users entering private treatment. Drug Alcohol Depend 1997; 46(1–2)1–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon R C. Personality, stress, and social support in cocaine relapse prediction. J Subst Abuse Treat 2001; 21(2)77–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar