Toxicology of Nutmeg Abuse

REFERENCES

• Weil A T. Nutmeg as a psychoactive drug. Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs, D H Efron, B Holmstedt, N S Kline. US Goverment Printing Office, Washington 1967; 202–214
   Google Scholar
• Williams E Y, West F. The use of nutmeg as a psychotropic drug. Report of two cases. J Natl Med Assoc 1968; 60: 289–290
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fras I, Friedman J J. Hallucinogenic effects of nutmeg in adolescent. NY State J Med 1969; 69: 463–465
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Panayotopoulos D J, Chisholm D D. Hallucinogenic effect of nutmeg. Br Med J 1970; 1: 754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Painter J C, Shanor S P, Winek C L. Nutmeg poisoning — A case report. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1971; 4: 1–4
   Google Scholar
• Dinakar H S. Acute psychosis associated with nutmeg toxicity. Med Times 1977; 105: 63–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Abernethy M K, Becker L B. Acute nutmeg intoxication. Am J Emerg Med 1992; 10: 429–430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quin G I, Fanning N F, Plunkett P K. Nutmeg intoxication. J Accid Emerg Med 1998; 15: 287–288
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sjoholm A, Lindberg A, Personne M. Acute nutmeg intoxication. J Intern Med 1998; 243: 329–331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulgin A T, Sargent T, Naranjo C. The chemistry and psychopharmacology of nutmeg and of several related phenylisopropylamines. Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs, D H Efron, B Holmstedt, N S Kline. US Government Printing Office, Washington 1967; 202–214
   Google Scholar
• Shulgin A T. Possible implication of myristicin as a psychotropic substance. Nature 1966; 210: 380–384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulgin A T, Sargent T, Naranjo C. The chemistry and psychopharmacology of nutmeg and of several related phenylisopropylamines. Psychopharm Bull 1967; 4: 13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Truitt E B, Callaway E, Braude M C, Krantz J C. The pharmacology of myristicin: A contribution to the psychopharmacology of nutmeg. J Neuropsychiat 1961; 2: 205–210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung O L, Lewin N A, Howland M A. Herbal preparations. Goldfrank's Toxicologic Emergencies, L R Goldfrank, N E Flomenbaum, N A Lewin, R S Weisman, M A Howland, R S Hoffman. Appleton and Lange, Stamford CT 1998; 1228
   Google Scholar
• Shepherd S M, Jagoda A S. Phencyclidine and the hallucinogens. Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose, L M Haddad, J F Winchester. WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia 1990; 767
   Google Scholar
• Braun U, Kalbhen D A. Evidence for the biogenic formation of amphetamine derivatives from components of nutmeg. Pharmacology 1973; 9: 312–316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oswald E O, Fishbein L, Corbett B J, Walker M P. Urinary excretion of tertiary amino methoxy methylenedioxy propiophenones as metabolites of myristicin in the rat and guinea pig. Biochim Biophys Acta 1971; 244: 322–328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallstrom H, Thuvander A. Toxicological evaluation of myristicin. Nat Toxins 1997; 5: 186–192
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Low L K, Castagnoli N. Metabolic changes of drugs and related organic compounds. Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, J N Delgad, W A Remers. JB Lippincott Co., Philadelphia 1991; 45–127
   Google Scholar
• Solheim E, Scheline R R. Metabolism of alkenebenzene derivatives in the rat. II. Eugenol and isoeugenol methylethers. Xenobiotica 1976; 6: 137–150
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solheim E, Scheline R R. Metabolism of alkenebenzene derivatives in the rat. III. Elemicin and isoelemicin methylethers. Xenobiotica 1980; 10: 371–380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo G, Qato M K, Guenthner T M. Hydrolysis of the 2', 3' -allylic epoxides of allylbenzene, estragole, eugenol and safrole by both microsomal and cytosolic epoxide hydrolases. Drug Metab Dispos 1992; 20: 440–445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee H S, Jeong T C, Kim J H. In vitro and in vivo metabolism of myristicin in the rat. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl 1998; 705: 367–372
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benedetti M S, Malnoe A, Broillet A L. Absorption, metabolism and excretion of safrole in the rat and man. Toxicology 1977; 7: 69–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer I U, von Unruh GE, Dengler H J. The metabolism of eugenol in man. Xenobiotica 1990; 20: 209–222
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• , http//:www.expasy.ch/cgi-bin/enzyme-search-de?aminotransferase
   Google Scholar
• Baldessarini R J, Fischer J E. Neuropsychiatric illness and the metabolism of aromatic amino acids, trace amines, and substitute neurotransmitters. Neuroregulators and Psychiatric Disorders, E Usdin, D A Hamberg, J D Barchas. Oxford University Press, New York 1977; 46–56
   Google Scholar
• Shulgin A T, Sargent T, Naranjo C. Structure — Activity relationships of one–ring psychotomimetics. Nature 1969; 221: 537–541
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Mello A C, Carlini E A, Dressler K, Green J P, Kang S, Margolis S. Behavioral observations on compounds found in nutmeg. Psychopharmacologia 1973; 31: 349–363
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Engelbrecht J A, Long J P, Nichols D E, Barfknecht C F. Pharmacologic evaluation of 3,4– dimethoxyphenylpropanediols. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1972; 2: 226–244
   Google Scholar
• Truitt E B, Duritz G, Ebersberger E M. Evidence of monoamine oxidase inhibition by myristicin and nutmeg. Proc Soc Exper Biol Med 1963; 112: 647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glennon R A. Do classical hallucinogens act as 5-HT2 agonists or antagonists?. Neuropsychopharmacology 1990; 3: 509–517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chairungsrilerd N, Furukawa K I, Ohta T, Nozoe S, Ohizumi Y. Gamma-mangostin, a novel type of 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor antagonist. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1998; 357: 25–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shulgin A T, Sargent T. Psychotrophic phenylisopropylamines derived from apiole and dillapiole. Nature 1967; 215: 1494–1495
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe K, Watanabe K, Goto Y. et al, Pharmacological properties of magnolol and honokiol extracted from Magnolia officinalis: Central depressant effects. Planta Med 1983; 49: 103–108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magura E I, Kopanista M V, Gleitz J, Peters T, Krishtal O A. Kava extract ingredients, (+)- methysticin and (+/−)-kavain inhibit voltage-operated Na (+)-channels in rat CA1 hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience 1997; 81: 345–351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Budvari S, O'Neil M J, Smith A, Heckelman P E, Kinneary J F. The Merck Index. Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ 1996; 809
   Google Scholar
• Millet Y, Jouglard J, Steinmetz M D, Tognetti P, Joanny P, Arditti J. Toxicity of some essential plant oils. Clinical and experimental study. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1981; 12: 1485–1498
   Google Scholar
• Hold K M, Sirisoma N S, Ikeda T, Narahashi T, Casida J E. Alpha-thujone (the active component of absinthe): Gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor modulation and metabolic detoxification. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000; 97: 3826–3831
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De-Oliveira A C, Ribeiro-Pinto L F, Paumgartten J R. In vitro inhibition of CYP2B1 monooxygenase by beta-myrcene and other monoterpenoid compounds. Toxicol Lett 1997; 92: 39–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• , Psychoactive drug files at http://www.erowid.org/psychoactives)
   Google Scholar
• , Psychoactive drug files at http://www.totse.com)
   Google Scholar
• Duke J A. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 1992
   Google Scholar