RISK BEHAVIORS AMONG INJECTING DRUG USERS IN NORTHERN IRELAND

REFERENCES

• Hachey T. E. Britain and Irish Separatism: From the Fenians to the Free State, 1867–1922. Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D.C. 1984
   Google Scholar
• Kennedy-Pipe C. The Origins of the Present Troubles in Northern Ireland. Longman, New York 1997
   Google Scholar
• Bruce S. The Red Hand: Protestant Paramilitaries in Northern Ireland. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1992
   Google Scholar
• Coogan T. P. The I.R.A. HarperCollins, London 1995
   Google Scholar
• Justice Under Fire: The Abuse of Civil Liberties in Northern Ireland, A. Jennings. Pluto, London 1990
   Google Scholar
• Curtis L. Ireland, The Propaganda War: The Media and the “Battle for Hearts and Minds”. Pluto, London 1984
   Google Scholar
• Smyth M., Fay M-T. Personal Accounts from Northern Ireland's Troubles: Public Conflict, Private Loss. Pluto, London 2000
   Google Scholar
• Bloody Sunday: Massacre in Northern Ireland: The Eyewitness Accounts, D. Mullan, J. Scally. Roberts Rinehart, Niwot, Colorado 1997, (Comp.)
   Google Scholar
• Rolston B. Unfinished Business: State Killings and the Quest for Truth. Beyond the Pale, Belfast 2000
   Google Scholar
• O'Clery C. The Greening of the White House. Gill and Macmillan, DublinIreland 1996
   Google Scholar
• Northern Ireland Affairs Committee. Illicit Drug Use in Northern Ireland. HMSO, London 1996, House of Commons, Session 1996–97
   Google Scholar
• Miller P., Plant M. Drinking, Smoking, and Illicit Drug Use among 15 and 16 Year Olds in the United Kingdom. Br. Med. J. 1996; 313: 394–397
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Northern Ireland Office. Patterns of Drug Use in Northern Ireland—Some Recent Survey Findings, 1996–1997. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Branch, Belfast, Northern Ireland 1998
   Google Scholar
• Korf D. J. Comparison of Different Estimation Methods in the Netherlands. Estimating the Prevalence of Problem Drug Use in Europe. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg 1997; 199–214
   Google Scholar
• Ramsay M., Percy A. A National Household Survey of Drug Misuse in Britain: A Decade of Development. Addiction 1997; 92: 931–937
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Health and Social Services. Northern Ireland Drug Addicts' Statistical Information Bulletin, 31 December 1998. Department of Health and Social Services, Dundonald, Northern Ireland 1998
   Google Scholar
• Mott J. Notification and the Home Office. Heroin Addiction and Drug Policy: The British System, J. Strang, M. Gossop. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1984; 270–291
   Google Scholar
• Public Health Laboratory Service. AIDS and HIV Infection in the United Kingdom: Monthly Report. Commun. Disease Rep. 2000; 10(34)309–310
   Google Scholar
• Public Health Laboratory Service. Personal Communication with Author 2000, 21 February
   Google Scholar
• Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Mid-year Population Estimates in Northern Ireland—Validation and Extension to Local Government Districts. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency, Belfast, Northern Ireland 1998
   Google Scholar
• Public Health Laboratory Service. Personal Communication with Author 2000, 21 February
   Google Scholar
• Higgins K., McElrath K. The Trouble with Peace: The Cease-fires and their Impact on Drug Use among Youth in Northern Ireland. Youth Society 2000; 32(1)29–59
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEvoy K., McElrath K., Higgins K. Does Ulster Still Say No? Drugs, Politics, and Propaganda in Northern Ireland. J. Drug Issues 1998; 28: 127–154
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McElrath K. Heroin Use in Northern Ireland, Final Report. Belfast: Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency, Belfast, Northern Ireland 2000
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths P., Gossop M., Strang J. Chasing the Dragon: The Development of Heroin Smoking in the United Kingdom. Heroin Addiction and Drug Policy: The British System, J. Strang, M. Gossop. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1984; 121–133
   Google Scholar
• Strang J., Griffiths P., Gossop M. Heroin Smoking by ‘Chasing the Dragon’: Origins and History. Addiction 1997; 92(6)673–683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biernacki P., Waldorf D. Snowball Sampling: Problems and Techniques of Chain Referral Sampling. Sociol. Methods Res. 1981; 10: 141–163
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fountain J., Griffiths P. Synthesis of Qualitative Research on Drug Use in the European Union: Report on an EMCDDA Project. Eur. Addict. Res. 1999; 5: 4–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aitken C., Brough R., Crofts N. Injecting Drug Use and Blood-borne Viruses: A Comparison of Rural and Urban Victoria, 1990–95. Drug Alcohol Rev. 1999; 18: 47–52
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haw S., Higgins K. A Comparison of the Prevalence of HIV Infection and Injecting Risk Behaviour in Urban and Rural Samples in Scotland. Addiction 1998; 93: 855–863
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter G. M., Donoghoe M. C., Stimson G. V. Crack Use and Injection on the Increase among Injecting Drug Users in London. Addiction 1995; 90: 1397–1400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tewksbury R., Gagné P. Assumed and Presumed Identities: Problems of Self-presentation in Field Research. Extreme Methods: Innovative Approaches to Social Science Research, J. M. Miller, R. Tewksbury. Allyn and Bacon, Needham Heights, Massachusetts 2001; 72–93
   Google Scholar
• Shapshak P., McCoy C. B., Rivers J. E., Chitwood D. D., Mash D. C., Weatherby N. L., Inciardi J. A., Shah S. M., Brown B. S. Inactivation of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 at Short Time Intervals using Undiluted Bleach. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 1993; 6: 218–219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman S. R., Des Jarlais D. C., Neaigus A., Abdul-Quader A., Sotheran J. L., Sufian M., Tross S., Goldsmith D. AIDS and the New Drug Injector. Nature 1989; 339: 333–334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koester S. K. Copping, Running, and Paraphernalia Laws: Contextual Variables and Needle Risk Behavior among Injection Drug Users in Denver. Hum. Organ 1994; 53: 287–295
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKeganey N., Barnard M. AIDS, Drugs and Sexual Risk: Lives in the Balance. Open University Press, Buckingham 1992
   Google Scholar
• Coutinho R. A. HIV and Hepatitis C among Injecting Drug Users: Success in Preventing HIV has not been Mirrored for Hepatitis C. Br. Med. J. 1998; 317: 424–425
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• British Medical Association. The Misuse of Drugs. Harwood Academic Publishers, Amsterdam 1997
   Google Scholar
• Wodak A. The Connection between Drugs Policy and HIV Infection in Injecting Drug Users. Reducing the Harm from Drug Use, P. O'Hare, R. Newcombe, E. Buning, E. Drucker, A. Matthews. Routledge, London 1992; 49–61
   Google Scholar
• Des Jarlais D. C., Choopanya K., Vanichseni S., Friedmann P., Raktham S., Friedman S. R. High HIV Seroprevalence Epidemics among Injecting Drug Users: New York City and Bangkok. J. Drug Issues 1997; 27: 87–95
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conviser R., Rutledge J. H. Can Public Polices Limit the Spread of HIV among IV Drug Users?. J. Drug Issues 1989; 19: 113–128
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson R. The Arrival of HIV. Heroin Addiction and Drug Policy: The British System, J. Strang, M. Gossop. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1994; 91–101
   Google Scholar
• Gossop M. Living with Drugs. 4th Ed., Ashgate, Aldershot 1998
   Google Scholar
• Naik T. N., Sarker S., Singh H. L., Bhunia S. C., Singh Y. I., Singh P. K., Pal S. C. Intravenous Drug Users—A New High Risk Group for HIV Infection in India. AIDS 1991; 5: 117–118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wodak A., Lurie P. A Tale of Two Countries: Attempts to Control HIV among Injecting Drug Users in Australia and the United States. J. Drug Issues 1996; 27: 117–134
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurley S. F. Effectiveness of Needle-exchange Programmes for Prevention of HIV Infection. Lancet 1997; 349: 1797
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations International Drug Control Programme. World Drug Report. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1997
   Google Scholar
• Robson P., Bruce M. A Comparison of ‘Visible’ and ‘Invisible’ Users of Amphetamine, Cocaine and Heroin: Two Distinct Populations?. Addiction 1997; 92: 1729–1736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar