Prevalence of refractive error, presbyopia and spectacle coverage in Kahama District, Tanzania: a rapid assessment of refractive error

References

• Pascolini D, Mariotti SP. Global estimates of vision impairment:2010. Br J Ophthalmol 2012; 96: 614–618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden BA, Fricke TR, Ho SM, Wong R, Schlenter G, Cronje S, Burnett A et al. Global vision impairment due to uncorrected presbyopia. Arch Ophthalmol 2008; 126: 1731–1739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuper H, Polack S, Eusebio C, Mathenge W, Wadud Z, Foster A. A case‐control study to assess the relationship between poverty and vision impairment from cataract in Kenya, the Phillipines and Bangaladesh. Plos Med 2008; 5: e224.
   Google Scholar
• Naidoo K. Poverty and blindness in Africa. Clin Exp Optom 2007; 90: 415–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gooding K. Poverty and Blindness: A survey of the literature. Sightsavers International. www.sightsavers.org/in_depth/policy_and_research/health/13064_Stregthening%20eye%20heallth%20‐%20a%20focus%20for%20health%20system.pdf [Accessed 14 February 2013].
   Google Scholar
• VISION 2020: World Health Organization. Global Initiative for the Elimination of Avoidable Blindness. Action Plan 2006–2011. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/blindness/Vision2020_report.pdf [Accessed on 11 September 2013].
   Google Scholar
• Wedner SH, Ross DA, Todd J, Anemona A, Balira R, Foster A. Myopia in secondary school students in Mwanza City, Tanzania: the need for a national screening programme. Br J Ophthalmol 2002; 86: 1200–1206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wedner S, Masanja H, Bowman R, Todd J, Gilbert C. Two strategies for correcting refractive errors in school students in Tanzania: randomized comparison with implications for screening programme. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 92: 19–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wedner SH, Ross DA, Balira R, Kaji L, Foster A. Br J Ophthalmol 2000; 84: 1291–1297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habiyakire C, Kabona G, Courtright P, Lewallen S. Rapid assessment of avoidable blindness and cataract surgical services in Kilimanjaro region, Tanzania. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2010; 17: 90–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan V, Mebrahtu G, Ramson P, Wepo M, Naidoo KS. Prevalence of refractive error and spectacle coverage in Zoba Ma'ekel, Eritrea. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2013; 20: 131–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo H, Pohl E, Gerokostopoulos A. Determining the right sample size for your test: theory and application. 2013 Annual Reliability and Maintainability Symposium. Available from http://www.reliasoft.com/pubs/2013_RAMS_determining_right_sample_size.pdf [Accessed on 5 June 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Shinyanga Regional Socio Economic Profile. Ministry of Planning, Economy and Empowerment. United Republic of Tanzania. July 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Eyekit: Lens material explained. 2011. http://www.eyekit.co/information/lenses/lens‐materials‐explained.html (Accessed 4 February 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Wilson D, Stenersen S. Practical Optical Dispensing. Centre for learning Innovation 2007. p 59–151.
   Google Scholar
• Odedra N, Susanne HW, Zachayo SS, Kija N, Gilbert C. Barriers to spectacle use in Tanzanian secondary school students. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2008; 15: 410–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abdulkabir AA, Feyi GA, Rashidat OA, Morgan RE. Challenges, attitudes and practices of the spectacle wearers in a resource‐limited economy. Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol 2010; 17: 83–87.
   Google Scholar
• West SK, Duncan DD, Muñoz B, Rubin G, Fried L, Bandeen‐roche K, Schein O. Sunlight exposure and risk of lens opacities in a population‐based study. JAMA 1998; 280: 714–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cruickshanks KJ, Klein BE, Klein R. Ultraviolet light exposure and lens opacities: the Beaver Dam Eye Study. Am J Public Health 1992; 82: 1658–1662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leske MC, Chylack LT Jr, Wu SY. The Lens Opacities Case‐Control Study. Risk factors for cataract. Arch Ophthalmol 1991; 109: 244–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West SK, Rosenthal FS, Bressler NM, Bressler SB, Muñoz B, Fine SL, Taylor HR. Exposure to sunlight and other risk factors for age‐related macular degeneration Arch Ophthalmol 1989; 107: 875–879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor HR, West SK, Rosenthal FS, Muñoz B, Newland HS, Abbe H, Emmett EA. Effect of ultraviolet radiation on cataract formation. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1429–1433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forst L, Lacey S, Chen HY, Jimenez R,, Bauer S, Skinner S, Alvarado R et al. Effectiveness of community health workers for promoting use of safety eyewear by Latino farm workers. Am J Ind Med 2004; 46: 607–613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dannenberg AL, Parver LM, Brechner RJ, Khoo L. Penetrating eye injuries in the workplace: The National Eye Trauma System Registry Arch Ophthalmol 1992; 110: 843–848.
   Google Scholar
• Vasu U, Vasnaik A, Battu RR, Kurian M, George S. Occupational open globe injuries. Indian J Ophthalmol 2001; 49: 43–47.
   Google Scholar
• Blackburn C. Poverty and Health: Working with Families. Maidenhead, United Kingdom: Open University Press, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Leino‐arjas P, Liira J, Mutanen P, Malmivaara A, Matikainen E. Predictors and consequences of unemployment among construction workers: prospective cohort study. BMJ 1999; 319: 600–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkeles T, Seifert W. Unemployment and health impairments. Eur J Public Health 1993; 3: 28–37.
   Google Scholar
• Jin RL, Shah CH, Svoboda TJ. The impact of unemployment on health: a review of the evidence. CMAJ 1995; 153: 529–540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathers CD, Schofield DJ. The health consequences of unemployment: the evidence. Med J Aust 1998; 168: 178–182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartley M. Unemployment and ill health: understanding the relationship. J Epidemiol Community Health 1994; 48: 333–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poropat AE. A meta‐analysis of the five‐factor model of personality and academic performance. Psychol Bull 2009; 135: 322–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodds AG, Bailey P, Pearson A, Yates L. Psychological factors in acquired vision impairment: The development of a scale of adjustment. J Vis Impair Blindness 1991; 85: 306–310.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlsson JS. Self‐reports of psychological distress in connection with various degrees of vision impairment. J Vis Impair Blindness 1998; 92: 483–490.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmamula S, Keefe JE, Raman U, Rao GN. Population based cross‐sectional study of barriers to utilization of refraction services in South India: Rapid Assessment of Refractive Errors (RARE) Study. BMJ Open 2011; 1; e000172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke AG, Patel I, Muñoz B, Kayongoya A, Mchiwa W, Shwarzwalder AW, West SK. Population‐based study of presbyopia in rural Tanzania. Ophthalmology 2006; 113: 723–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherwin JC, Keefe EJ, Kuper H, Islam FMA, Müller A, Mathenge W. Functional presbyopia in a rural Kenyan population: the unmet presbyopic need. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol 2008; 36: 245–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laviers HR, Omar F, Jecha H, Kassim G, Gilbert C. Presbyopic spectacle coverage, willingness to pay for near correction and the impact of correcting uncorrected presbyopia in adults in Zanzibar, East Africa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2010; 50: 1234–1241.
   Google Scholar
• Patel I, West SK. Presbyopia: prevalence, impact and interventions. Community Eye Health 2007; 20: 40–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar