Deinstitutionalisation in Australia Part I: Historical Perspective

REFERENCES

• Anderson, L. L., Lakin, K. C., Mangan, T. W and Prouty, R. W. (1998). State institutions: Thirty years of depopulation and closure. Mental Retardation, 36, 431–443.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ashaye, O., Fernando, L., Kohen, D., Mathew, G. and Orrell, M. (1998). A five year followup study of older longstay clients with intellectual disability using the Disability Assessment Schedule. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 131–136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashman, A. F., Young, L., Roach, G. and van Kraayenoord, C. (1991). A history of intellectual disability in Australia. Unpublished manuscript, Fred and Eleanor Schonell Special Education Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson, D., Broughton, J., Charlesworth, S., Furlong, M. and May, A. (1980). A study of mentally handicapped clients in the community, British Journal of Mental Subnormality, XXVI, 67–80.
   Google Scholar
• Beecham, J., Knapp, M., McGilloway, S., Donnelly, M., Kavanagh, S., Fenyo, A. and Mays, N. (1997). The costeffectiveness of community care for adults with learning disabilities leaving longstay hospital in Northern Ireland. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 41, 30–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conroy, J. W. (1996). The small ICF/MR program: Dimensions of quality and cost. Mental Retardation, 34, 13–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Conroy, J. W. and Adler, M. (1998). Mortality among Pennhurst class members, 1978 to 1989: A brief report. Mental Retardation, 36, 380–385.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cullen, C., Whoriskey, M., Mackenzie, K., Mitchell, W, Ralston, K., Shreeve, S. and Stanley, A. (1995). The effects of deinstitutionalisation on adults with learning disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 39, 484–494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummins, R. A. (1993). On being returned to the community: Imposed ideology versus quality of life. Australian Disability Review, 2, 64–72.
   Google Scholar
• Cummins, R. A. and Dunt, D. (1988). Evaluation of a deinstitutionalization program in Australia: The St Nicholas project. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 11, 395–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummins, R. A. and Dunt, D. (1990). The deinstitutionalisation of St Nicholas Hospital: II. Lifestyle, community contact and family attitudes. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 16, 19–32.
   Google Scholar
• Cummins, R. A., Polzin, U. and Theobold, T. (1990a). The deinstitutionalisation of St Nicholas Hospital: III. Four year follow-up of life-skill development. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 16, 219–232.
   Google Scholar
• Cummins, R. A., Polzin, U. and Theobold. T. (1990b). The deinstitutionalisation of St Nicholas Hospital: IV. A four year follow-up of resident lifestyle. Australia and New Zea land Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 16, 305–321.
   Google Scholar
• Dagnan, D., Howard, B. and Drewitt, R. F. (1994). A move from hospital to community based homes for people with learning dis-abilities: Activities outside the home. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 38, 567–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagnan, D., Ruddick, L. and Jones, J. (1998). A longitudinal study of the quality of life of older people with intellectual disability after leaving hospital. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 112–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeKock, U., Saxby, H., Thomas, M. and Felce, D. (1988). Community and family contact: An evaluation of small community homes for adults with severe and profound mental handicaps. Mental Handicap Research, 1, 127–140.
   Google Scholar
• Dunt, D. and Cummins, R. A. (1990). The deinstitutionalisation of St Nicholas Hospital: I. Adaptive behaviours and physical health. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 16, 5–17.
   Google Scholar
• Edgerton, R. B., Bollinger, M. and Herr, B. (1984). The cloak of competence: After two decades. American Journal of Mental Defi-ciency, 88, 345–351.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Emerson, E. and Hatton, C. (1996). Deinstitu-tionalisation in the UK and Ireland: Out-comes for service users. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 21, 17–37.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emerson, E., Robertson, J., Gregory, N., Hatton, C., Kessissoglou, S., Hallam, A., Knapp, M., Jarbrink, K., Walsh, P. N. and Netten, A. (2000). Quality and costs of community based residential supports, village communities, and residential campuses in the United Kingdom. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 105, 81–102.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Felce, D. (1998). The determinants of staff and resident activity in residential services for people with severe intellectual disability: Moving beyond size, building design, loca-tion and number of staff. Journal of Intellec-tual and Developmental Disability, 23, 103–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felce, D. and Repp, A. (1992). The behavioural and social ecology of community houses. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 13, 27–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernando, L., Kohen, D., Sebaratnam, N. P and Mathew, G. (1997). Disability assessment in a population with learning disabilities in the community: A follow-up study. The British Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 43, 15–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine, M. A., Tangeman, P. J. and Woodard, J. (1990). Changes in adaptive behaviour of older adults with intellectual disability fol-lowing deinstitutionalisation. American Jour-nal on Mental Retardation, 94, 661–668.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hatton, C., Emerson, E. and Kiernan, C. (1995). People in Institutions in Europe. Mental Re-tardation, 33, 132.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heller, T., Factor, A., Hsieh, K. and Hahn, J. E. (1998a). Impact of age and transitions out of nursing homes for adults with develop-mental disabilities. American Journal on Men-tal Retardation, 103, 236–248.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Heller, T., Miller, A. B. and Factor, A. (1998b). Environmental characteristics of nursing homes and community based settings, and the well-being of adults with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Re-search, 42, 418–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemming, H., Lavender, T. and Pill, R. (1981). Quality of life of mentally retarded adults transferred from large institutions to new small units. American Journal of Mental Defi-ciency, 86, 157–169.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Holt, G., Costello, H., Bouras, N., Diareme, S., Hillery, J., Moss, S., Rodriguez-Blazquez, C., Salvadore, L., Tsiantis, J., Weber, G. and Diimitrakalci, C. (2000). Service provision for adults with intellectual disability: A Eu-ropean comparison. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 44, 685–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen, C. G. C., Vreeke, G. J., Resnick, S. and Stolk, J. (1999). Quality of life of people with intellectual disability - Residential ver-sus community living. The British Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 45, 3–15.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones, E., Perry, J., Lowe, K., Felce, D., Toogood, S., Dunstand, F., Allen, D. and Pagler, J. (1999). Opportunity and the pro-motion of activity among adults with severe intellectual disability living in community residences: The impact of train-ing staff in active support. Journal of Intel-lectual Disability Research, 43, 164-178.26
   Google Scholar
• Kim, S., Larson, S. A. and Lakin, K. C. (2001). Behavioural outcomes of deinstitutionalisa-tion for people with intellectual disability: A review of US studies conducted between 1980 and 1999. Journal of Intellectual and De-velopmental Disability, 26, 35–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knobbe, C. A., Carey, S. P., Rhodes, L. and Horner, R. H. (1995). Benefitcost analysis of community residential versus institu-tional services for adults with severe intel-lectual disability and severe challenging behaviours. American Journal on Mental Re-tardation, 99, 533–541.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lakin, K. C., Prouty, R., Polister, B. and Anderson, L. (2000). Over three quarters of all residential service recipients in commu-nity settings as of June 1999. Mental Retarda-tion, 38, 378–379.
   Google Scholar
• Larson, S. and Lakin, K. C. (1989). Deinstitutionalisation of persons with intellectual disability: Behavioural outcomes. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handi-caps, 14, 324–332.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lister Brook, S. and Bowler, D. M. (1995). Community adjustment of mobile people with learning difficulties after total hospital closure: A preliminary report. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 38, 177–185.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord, J. and Pedlar, A. (1991). Life in the community: Four years after the closure of an institution. Mental Retardation, 29, 213–221.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lowe, K., Felce, D., Perry, J., Baxter, H. and Jones, E. (1998). The characteristics and resi-dential situations of people with severe in-tellectual disability and the most severe challenging behaviour in Wales. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 42, 375–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe, K., de Paiva, S. and Flece, D. (1993). Effects of a community based service on adaptive and maladative behaviours: A lon-gitudinal study. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 37, 3–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisto, A. A. and Hughes, E. (1995). Adaptation to group home living for adults with intellectual disability as a function of previ-ous residential placement. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 39, 15–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molony, H. and Taplin, J. E. (1990). The deinstitutionalisation of people with a develop-mental disability under the Richmond program: 1. Changes in adaptive behaviour. Australia and New Zealand Journal of Develop-mental Disabilities, 16, 149–159.
   Google Scholar
• Mount, B. A. (1987). Personal futures planning: Finding directions for change. (Doctoral disser-tation, University of Georgia) Ann Arbour, MI: UMI Dissertation Information Service.
   Google Scholar
• Nihira, K., Leland, H. and Lambert, N. (1993). Adaptive Behaviour Scale - Residential and Community (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: American Association on Mental Retardation.
   Google Scholar
• Nirje, B. (1985). The basis and logic of the normalisation principle. Australia and New Zea-land Journal of Developmental Disabilities, 11, 65–68.
   Google Scholar
• Nottestad, J. A. and Linaker, O. M. (1999). Psychiatric health needs and services before and after complete deinstitutionalisation of people with intellectual disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 43, 523–530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Owen, L., Cooper, B. K., Barber, J. G., Picton, C. and Frederico, M. (1994). Relocation of people with intellectual disabilities in Victoria. Final report. Melbourne: La Trobe Univer-sity, Human Resource Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Schalock, R. L. (1986). Placement from community based mental retardation programs: How well do clients do after 8 to 10 years? American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 90, 669–676.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stancliffe, R. J. and Abery, B. H. (1997). Longitudinal study of deinstitutionalisation and the exercise of choice. Mental Retardation, 35, 159–169.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stancliffe, R. J. and Lakin, K. C. (1998). Analysis of expenditures and outcomes of resi-dential alternatives for persons with developmental disabilities. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 102, 552–568.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stancliffe, R. J. and Lakin, K. C. (1999). A longitudinal comparison of day program serv-ices and outcomes of people who left institutions and those who stayed. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handi-caps, 24, 44–57.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stancliffe, R. J., Hayden, M. F., Larson, S. A. and Lakin, K. C. (2002). Longitudinal study on the adaptive and challenging behaviours of deinstitutionalized adults with mental retardation. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 107, 302–320.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stone, J. A. (1990). Returning to the community: A nine year experience. Adult Residen-tial Care Journal, 4, 21–27.
   Google Scholar
• Tossebro, J. (1995). Impact of size revisited: Relation of number of residents to self-deter-mination and deprivization. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 100, 59–67.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Young, L., Ashman, A., Sigafoos, J. and Grevell, E (2001). Closure of Challinor Cen-tre: II. An extended report on 95 individuals after 12 months of community living. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Dis-ability, 26, 51–66.
   Google Scholar
• Young, L., Sigafoos, J., Suttie, J., Ashman, A. and Grevell, P. (1998). Deinstitutionalisa-tion of persons with intellectual disabilities: A review of Australian studies. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 23, 155–167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar