Nanoparticles and stem cells – has targeted therapy for aneurysms finally arrived?

References

• Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, Huston J3rd, Meissner I, Brown RD Jr, Piepgras DG, et al. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: natural history, clinical outcome, and risks of surgical and endovascular treatment. Lancet. 2003;362(9378):103–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly E, Rabinstein AA, Carhuapomo JR, Derdeyn CP, Dion J, Higashida RT, et al. Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2012;43:1711–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly E, Solomon R. Management of unruptured aneurysms. In: Roux P L, HR H W, Newell D, editors. Management of cerebral aneurysms. Philadelphia: Saunders; 2004. p. 271–85.
   Google Scholar
• Brown RD, Broderick JP. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms: epidemiology, natural history, management options, and family screening. Lancet Neurol. 2014;13:393–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston SC, Selvin S, Gress DR. The burden, trends, and demographics of mortality from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology. 1998;50(5):1413–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg MS. SAH and aneurysms. In: Greenberg M, editor. Handbook of neurosurgery, 7th edn. New York: Thieme Medical; 2010. p. 1034–87.
   Google Scholar
• Forsen J, Tulamo R, Paetau A, Laaksamo E, Korja M, Laakso A, et al. Saccular intracranial aneurysm: pathology and mechanisms. Acta Neuropathol. 2012;123:773–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms Investigators. Unruptured intracranial aneurysms – risk of rupture and risks of surgical intervention. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:1725–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UCAS Japan Investigators, Morita A, Kirino T, Hashi K, Aoki N, Fukuhara S, et al. The natural course of unruptured cerebral aneurysms in a Japanese cohort. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(26):2474–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juvela S, Poussa K, Lehto H, Porras M. Natural history of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a long-term follow-up study. Stroke. 2013;44:2414–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonobe M, Yamazaki T, Yonekura M, Kikuchi H. Small unruptured intracranial aneurysm verification study: SUAVe study, Japan. Stroke. 2010;41:1969–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijdicks EF, Kallmes DF, Manno EM, Fulgham JR, Piepgras DG. Subarachnoid hemorrhage: neurointensive care and aneurysm repair. Mayo Clin Proc. 2005;80(4):550–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiebers DO, Whisnant JP, Sundt TM Jr, O'Fallon WM. The significance of unruptured intracranial saccular aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 1987;66(1):23–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Etminan N, Beseoglu K, Barrow DL, Bederson J, Brown RD Jr, Connolly ES Jr, et al. Multidisciplinary consensus on assessment of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: proposal of an international research group. Stroke. 2014;45(5):1523–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston SC, Dowd CF, Higashida RT, Lawton MT, Duckwiler GR, Gress DR. Predictors of rehemorrhage after treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysms: the cerebral aneurysm rerupture after treatment (CARAT) study. Stroke. 2008;39(1):120–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsutsumi K, Ueki K, Morita A, Kirino T. Risk of rupture from incidental cerebral aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 2000;93(4):550–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamous MA, Nagahiro S, Kitazato KT, Tamura T, Aziz HA, Shono M, et al. Endothelial injury and inflammatory response induced by hemodynamic changes preceding intracranial aneurysm formation: experimental study in rats. J Neurosurg. 2007;107(2):405–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aoki T, Kataoka H, Ishibashi R, Nozaki K, Egashira K, Hashimoto N. Impact of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 deficiency on cerebral aneurysm formation. Stroke. 2009;40(3):942–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalouhi N, Hoh BL, Hasan D. Review of cerebral aneurysm formation, growth, and rupture. Stroke. 2013;44(12):3613–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kataoka K, Taneda M, Asai T, Kinoshita A, Ito M, Kuroda R. Structural fragility and inflammatory response of ruptured cerebral aneurysms. A comparative study between ruptured and unruptured cerebral aneurysms. Stroke. 1999;30(7):1396–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanematsu Y, Kanematsu M, Kurihara C, Tada Y, Tsou TL, van Rooijen N, et al. Critical roles of macrophages in the formation of intracranial aneurysm. Stroke. 2011;42(1):173–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chalouhi N, Jabbour P, Magnotta V, Hasan D. The emerging role of ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI in the management of cerebrovascular lesions. Molecules. 2013;18:9679–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissleder R, Nahrendorf M, Pittet MJ. Imaging macrophages with nanoparticles. Nat Mater. 2014;13(2):125–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nahrendorf M, Keliher E, Marinelli B, Leuschner F, Robbins CS, Gerszten RE, et al. Detection of macrophages in aortic aneurysms by nanoparticle positron emission tomography-computed tomography. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31(4):750–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner GH, Olzinski AR, Bernard RE, Aravindhan K, Boyle RJ, Newman MJ, et al. Assessment of macrophage infiltration in a murine model of abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009;30(2):455–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richards JM, Semple SI, MacGillivray TJ, Gray C, Langrish JP, Williams M, et al. Abdominal aortic aneurysm growth predicted by uptake of ultrasmall superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide: a pilot study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4(3):274–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan DM, Mahaney KB, Magnotta VA, Kung DK, Lawton MT, Hashimoto T, et al. Macrophage imaging within human cerebral aneurysms wall using ferumoxytol-enhanced MRI: a pilot study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2012;32(4):1032–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasan D, Chalouhi N, Jabbour P, Dumont AS, Kung DK, Magnotta VA, et al. Early change in ferumoxytol-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging signal suggests unstable human cerebral aneurysm: a pilot study. Stroke. 2012;43(12):3258–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oechtering J, Kirkpatrick PJ, Ludolph AG, Hans FJ, Sellhaus B, Spiegelberg A, et al. Magnetic microparticles for endovascular aneurysm treatment: in vitro and in vivo experimental results. Neurosurgery. 2011;68(5):1388–97; discussion 97–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raymond J, Desfaits AC, Roy D. Fibrinogen and vascular smooth muscle cell grafts promote healing of experimental aneurysms treated by embolization. Stroke. 1999;30(8):1657–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allaire E, Muscatelli-Groux B, Guinault AM, Pages C, Goussard A, Mandet C, et al. Vascular smooth muscle cell endovascular therapy stabilizes already developed aneurysms in a model of aortic injury elicited by inflammation and proteolysis. Ann Surg. 2004;239(3):417–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittenger MF, Mackay AM, Beck SC, Jaiswal RK, Douglas R, Mosca JD, et al. Multilineage potential of adult human mesenchymal stem cells. Science. 1999;284(5411):143–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prockop DJ. Marrow stromal cells as stem cells for nonhematopoietic tissues. Science. 1997;276(5309):71–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phinney DG, Prockop DJ. Concise review: mesenchymal stem/multipotent stromal cells: the state of transdifferentiation and modes of tissue repair–current views. Stem Cells. 2007;25(11):2896–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianco P. Bone and the hematopoietic niche: a tale of two stem cells. Blood. 2011;117(20):5281–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bianco P, Cao X, Frenette PS, Mao JJ, Robey PG, Simmons PJ, et al. The meaning, the sense and the significance: translating the science of mesenchymal stem cells into medicine. Nat Med. 2013;19(1):35–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacchetti B, Funari A, Michienzi S, Cesare SD, Piersanti S, Saggio I, et al. Self-renewing osteoprogenitors in bone marrow sinusoids can organize a hematopoietic microenvironment. Cell. 2007;131(2):324–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill JM, Zalos G, Halcox JP, Schenke WH, Waclawiw MA, Quyyumi AA, et al. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells, vascular function, and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med. 2003;348(7):593–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zampetaki A, Kirton JP, Xu Q. Vascular repair by endothelial progenitor cells. Cardiovasc Res. 2008;78(3):413–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urbich C, Dimmeler S. Endothelial progenitor cells: characterization and role in vascular biology. Circ Res. 2004;95(4):343–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribatti D. The discovery of endothelial progenitor cells. An historical review. Leuk Res. 2007;31(4):439–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Powell TM, Paul JD, Hill JM, Thompson M, Benjamin M, Rodrigo M, et al. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor mobilizes functional endothelial progenitor cells in patients with coronary artery disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25(2):296–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho HJ, Kim HS, Lee MM, Kim DH, Yang HJ, Hur J, et al. Mobilized endothelial progenitor cells by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor accelerate reendothelialization and reduce vascular inflammation after intravascular radiation. Circulation. 2003;108(23):2918–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rehman J, Li J, Orschell CM, March KL. Peripheral blood ‘endothelial progenitor cells’ are derived from monocyte/macrophages and secrete angiogenic growth factors. Circulation. 2003;107(8):1164–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Awad O, Dedkov EI, Jiao C, Bloomer S, Tomanek RJ, Schatteman GC. Differential healing activities of CD34+ and CD14+ endothelial cell progenitors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2006;26(4):758–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asahara T, Murohara T, Sullivan A, Silver M, van der Zee R, Li T, et al. Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis. Science. 1997;275(5302):964–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguirre A, Planell JA, Engel E. Dynamics of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cell/mesenchymal stem cell interaction in co-culture and its implications in angiogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2010;400(2):284–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gnecchi M, He H, Liang OD, Melo LG, Morello F, Mu H, et al. Paracrine action accounts for marked protection of ischemic heart by Akt-modified mesenchymal stem cells. Nat Med. 2005;11(4):367–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasquet S, Sovalat H, Henon P, Bischoff N, Arkam Y, Ojeda-Uribe M, et al. Long-term benefit of intracardiac delivery of autologous granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor-mobilized blood CD34+ cells containing cardiac progenitors on regional heart structure and function after myocardial infarct. Cytotherapy. 2009;11(8):1002–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu XM, Yamawaki-Ogata A, Oshima H, Ueda Y, Usui A, Narita Y. Intravenous administration of mesenchymal stem cells prevents angiotensin II-induced aortic aneurysm formation in apolipoprotein E-deficient mouse. J Transl Med. 2013;11:175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider F, Saucy F, de Blic R, Dai J, Mohand F, Rouard H, et al. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells stabilize already-formed aortic aneurysms more efficiently than vascular smooth muscle cells in a rat model. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2013;45(6):666–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li ZF, Fang XG, Yang PF, Huang QH, Zhao WY, Liang C, et al. Endothelial progenitor cells contribute to neointima formation in rabbit elastase-induced aneurysm after flow diverter treatment. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2013;19(5):352–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouchaud A, Journe C, Louedec L, Ollivier V, Derkaoui M, Michel JB, et al. Autologous mesenchymal stem cell endografting in experimental cerebrovascular aneurysms. Neuroradiology. 2013;55(6):741–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei HJ, Wang D, Chen JL, Xu Y, Lei P, Jiang RC, et al. Mobilization of circulating endothelial progenitor cells after endovascular therapy for ruptured cerebral aneurysms. Neurosci Lett. 2011;498(2):114–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei H, Mao Q, Liu L, Xu Y, Chen J, Jiang R, et al. Changes and function of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with cerebral aneurysm. J Neurosci Res. 2011;89(11):1822–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu Y, Tian Y, Wei HJ, Chen J, Dong JF, Zacharek A, et al. Erythropoietin increases circulating endothelial progenitor cells and reduces the formation and progression of cerebral aneurysm in rats. Neuroscience. 2011;181:292–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronson JP, Mitha AP, Hoh BL, Auluck PK, Pomerantseva I, Vacanti JP, et al. A novel tissue engineering approach using an endothelial progenitor cell-seeded biopolymer to treat intracranial saccular aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 2012;117(3):546–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuster V, Falk E, Fallon JT, Badimon L, Chesebro JH, Badimon JJ. The three processes leading to post PTCA restenosis: dependence on the lesion substrate. Thromb Haemost. 1995;74(1):552–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George J, Herz I, Goldstein E, Abashidze S, Deutch V, Finkelstein A, et al. Number and adhesive properties of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in patients with in-stent restenosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23(12):e57–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunz GA, Liang G, Cuculi F, Gregg D, Vata KC, Shaw LK, et al. Circulating endothelial progenitor cells predict coronary artery disease severity. Am Heart J. 2006;152(1):190–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banerjee S, Brilakis E, Zhang S, Roesle M, Lindsey J, Philips B, et al. Endothelial progenitor cell mobilization after percutaneous coronary intervention. Atherosclerosis. 2006;189(1):70–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duckers HJ, Soullie T, den Heijer P, Rensing B, de Winter RJ, Rau M, et al. Accelerated vascular repair following percutaneous coronary intervention by capture of endothelial progenitor cells promotes regression of neointimal growth at long term follow-up: final results of the Healing II trial using an endothelial progenitor cell capturing stent (Genous R stent). EuroIntervention. 2007;3(3):350–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gross BA, Frerichs KU. Stent usage in the treatment of intracranial aneurysms: past, present and future. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013;84:244–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brisman JL, Song JK, Niimi Y, Berenstein A. Treatment options for wide-necked intracranial aneurysms using a self-expandable hydrophilic coil and a self-expandable stent combination. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26(5):1237–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lylyk P, Ferrario A, Pasbon B, Miranda C, Doroszuk G. Buenos Aires experience with the Neuroform self-expanding stent for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms. J Neurosurg. 2005;102(2):235–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fadini GP, Agostini C, Avogaro A. Endothelial progenitor cells and vascular biology in diabetes mellitus: current knowledge and future perspectives. Curr Diabetes Rev. 2005;1(1):41–58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tongers J, Roncalli JG, Losordo DW. Role of endothelial progenitor cells during ischemia-induced vasculogenesis and collateral formation. Microvasc Res. 2010;79(3):200–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sata M. Circulating vascular progenitor cells contribute to vascular repair, remodeling, and lesion formation. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2003;13(6):249–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mobius-Winkler S, Hilberg T, Menzel K, Golla E, Burman A, Schuler G, et al. Time-dependent mobilization of circulating progenitor cells during strenuous exercise in healthy individuals. J Appl Physiol. 2009;107(6):1943–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar