Isolation and characterization of Salmonella enterica in day-old ducklings in Egypt

References

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Multistate outbreaks of Salmonella infections associated with live poultry–United States, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2009;58:25–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CDC. Centers for disease control and prevention national center for emerging and zoonotic infectious diseases, division of foodborne, waterborne, and environmental diseases. [Page last updated: March 12, 2012a. Investigation update: multistate outbreak of human Salmonella Altona and Salmonella Johannesburg infections linked to chicks and ducklings]. AAP NEWS. 2012; 6(1):14.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Salmonellosis associated with chicks and ducklings – Michigan and Missouri, Spring 1999. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2000;49:297–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• AVMA. American veterinary medical association: U.S. Pet Ownership & Demographics Sourcebook; 2012. (https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/Statistics/Pages/Market-research-statistics-US-Pet-Ownership-Demographics-Sourcebook.aspx).
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Salmonella hadar associated with pet ducklings – Connecticut, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, 1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1992;41:185–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID). Page last updated: 18 April 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Multistate outbreak of human Salmonella infections linked to live poultry in backyard flocks (Final Update). Atlanta, GA, USA. Page last updated: 26 October 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson A, Bauer H, Nelson CB. Salmonellosis due to Salmonella Typhimurium with Easter chicks as likely source. J Am Med Assoc. 1955;158:1153–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCroan JE, McKinley TW, Brim A, Ramsey CH. Five salmonellosis outbreaks related to poultry products. Public Health Rep. 1963;78:1073–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoelzer K, Switt AI, Wiedmann M. Animal contact as a source of human non-typhoidal salmonellosis. Vet Res. 2011;42:34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaffga NH, Behravesh CB, Ettestad PJ, Smelser CB, Rhorer AR, Cronquist AB, et al. Outbreak of Salmonellosis linked to live poultry from a mail-order hatchery. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:2065–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu CY, Chu C, Chou SJ, Chao MR, Yeh CM, Lo DY, et al. Comparison of the association of age with the infection of Salmonella and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in Pekin ducks and Roman geese. Poult Sci. 2008;87:1544–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galletti MCM, Ribeiro SAM, Reis EMF, Doretto JRL, Orsi MA. Isolamento de Salmonella enterica subsp enterica serovar Kottbus em aves importadas. Conferência APINCO de Ciência e Tecnologia Avícolas. Anais Campinas:FACTA. 1999;36.
   Google Scholar
• Ribeiro SAM, Galleti MCM, Orsi MA, Ferrati AR, Mendonça AO, Doretto Júnior L, et al. Incidence of Salmonella in imported day-old ducklings. Brazil, 1998–2003. Rev Bras Ciên Avíc. 2006;8:39–43.
   Google Scholar
• Aarestrup FM, Rene S, Hendriksen JL, Katie G, Kathryn T, Patrick F, et al. International spread of multidrug-resistant Salmonella Schwarzengrund in food products. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:726–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClelland M, Sanderson KE, Spieth J, Clifton SW, Latreille P, Courtney L, et al. The complete genome sequence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. Nature. 2001;413:852–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forshell LP, Wierup M. Salmonella contamination: a significant challenge to the global marketing of animal food products. Rev Sci Tech. 2006;25:541–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhowmick PP, Devegowda D, Ruwandeepika HA, Arunasagar I, Karunasagar I. Presence of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 genes in seafood-associated Salmonella serovars and the role of the sseC gene in survival of Salmonella enterica serovar Weltevreden in epithelial cells. Microbiology. 2011;157:160–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams RJ. Globalization of antimicrobial resistance: epidemiological challenges. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(Suppl 3):S116–S7.
   Google Scholar
• Gebreyes WA, Thakur S, Dorr P, Tadesse DA, Post K, Wolf L. Occurrence of spvA virulence gene and clinical significance for multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47:777–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osman KM, Yousef AM, Aly MM, Radwan MI. Salmonella spp. infection in imported 1-day-old chicks, ducklings, and turkey poults: a public health risk. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2010;7:383–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popoff MY. Antigenic formulas of the Salmonella serovars, 8th edn. W. C. C. f. R. a. R. o. Salmonella, Paris: Institut Pasteur; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Qadir F, Hossain SA, Cizna'r I, Haider K, Ljungh A, Wadstrom T, et al. Congo red binding and salt aggregation as indicators of virulence in Shigella species. J Clin Microbiol. 1988;26:1343–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghunathan D, Wells TJ, Morris FC, Shaw RK, Bobat S, Peters SE, et al. SadA, a trimeric autotransporter from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, can promote biofilm formation and provides limited protection against infection. Infect Immun. 2011;79:4342–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raja RK, Ramesh N, Maripandi A. Invasion and interaction studies of Salmonella Typhimurium sub sp Enteritis in Vero and MDCK Cell Lines. Adv Biol Res. 2010;4:86–91.
   Google Scholar
• Wooley RE, Gibbs PS, Brown TP, Maurer JJ. Chicken embryo lethality assay for determining the virulence of avian Escherichia coli isolates. Avian Dis. 2000;44:318–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans DJ Jr, Evans DG, DuPont HL. Hemagglutination patterns of enterotoxigenic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli determined with human, bovine, chicken, and guinea pig erythrocytes in the presence and absence of mannose. Infect Immun. 1979;23:336–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLSI. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. CLSI approved standard 2010; M100-S20. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Salehi TZ, Mahzounieh M, Saeedzadeh A. Detection of invA gene in isolated Salmonella from broilers by PCR method. Int J Poult Sci. 2005;4:557–9.
   Google Scholar
• Huehn S, La Ragione RM, Anjum M, Saunders M, Woodward MJ, Bunge C, et al. Virulotyping and antimicrobial resistance typing of Salmonella enterica serovars relevant to human health in Europe. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2010;7:523–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser E, Hebner F, Tietze E, Helmuth R, Junker E, Prager R, et al. Diversity of Salmonella enterica serovar Derby isolated from pig, pork and humans in Germany. Int J Food Microbiol. 2011;151:141–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcus SL, Brumell JH, Pfeifer CG, Finlay BB. Salmonella pathogenicity islands: big virulence in small packages. Microbes Infect. 2000;2:145–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binh NX, Cuong NV, Khanh LTM, Hanh TX, To Phan TT, Ha PDH. Investigation of Salmonella and Escherichia coli infections of ducks in long an province, Vietnam. Khoa Hoc Ky Thuat Thu Y (Vet Sci Tech). 2000;7:29–34.
   Google Scholar
• Lam DN, Carles M, Tripodi A, Brugere-Picoux J, Bodin G. Étude bactériologique des infections par le genre Salmonella chez le canard dans la province de Can Tho (Viet Nam). Rev Méd Vét. 2000;151:955–64.
   Google Scholar
• Adzitey F, Huda N, Ali GR. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter, Salmonella, and L. monocytogenes in ducks: a review. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2012;9:498–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myint MS. Epidemiology of Salmonella contamination of poultry meat products: knowledge gaps in the farm to store products. Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences. Dissertation Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Maryland, College Park in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor of Philosophy; 2004. Washington DC-Baltimore, USA
   Google Scholar
• Tsai HJ, Pi-Hung H. The prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella and Campylobacter in ducks in Taiwan. J Vet Med Sci. 2005;67:7–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry RR. Salmonella infection in ducks. In: Wray C, Wray A, editors. Salmonella in domestic animals, 1st edn. 2000. p. 157–68. CAB International North America.
   Google Scholar
• Lutful Kabir SM. Avian colibacillosis and salmonellosis: a closer look at epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, control and public health concerns. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2010;7:89–114.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backhans A, Fellström C. Rodents on pig and chicken farms – a potential threat to human and animal health. Infect Ecol Epidemiol. 2012;2: 17093.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Umali DV, Lapuz RR, Suzuki T, Shirota K, Katoh H. Transmission and shedding patterns of Salmonella in naturally infected captive wild roof rats (Rattus rattus) from a Salmonella-contaminated layer farm. Avian Dis. 2012;56:288–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrow PA, Lovell MA, Murphy CK, Page K. Salmonella infection in a commercial line of ducks; experimental studies on virulence, intestinal colonization and immune protection. Epidemiol Infect. 1999;123:121–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley SL, Nayak R, Hanning IB, Johnson TJ, Han J, Ricke SC. Population dynamics of Salmonella enterica serotypes in commercial egg and poultry production. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011;77:4273–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao MR, Hsien CH, Yeh CM, Chou SJ, Chu C, Su YC, et al. Assessing the prevalence of Salmonella enterica in poultry hatcheries by using hatched eggshell membranes. Poult Sci. 2007;86:1651–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bangtrakulnonth A, Pornreongwong S, Pulsrikarn C, Sawanpanyalert P, Hendriksen RS, Lo Fo Wong DM, et al. Salmonella serovars from humans and other sources in Thailand, 1993–2002. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:131–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Drug-resistant Salmonella Fact sheet N°139. Geneva: Food Safety Department WHO; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Hendriksen R. Global epidemiology of non-typhoidal Salmonella infections in humans. PhD Thesis, National Food Institute Technical University of Denmark Mørkhøj Bygade 19 DK-2860 Søborg 2010. The work was supported by a grant 274-05-0117 from the Danish Research Agency and the World Health Organization Global Salm-Surv (www.who.int/salmsurv).
   Google Scholar
• Global Foodborne Infections Network (GFN), 2012. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID). Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases. last updated: April 24, 2013. [1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA 30333, USA].
   Google Scholar
• Foley SL, Lynne AM, Nayak R. Salmonella challenges: prevalence in swine and poultry and potential pathogenicity of such isolates. J Anim Sci. 2008;86(14 Suppl):E149–62.
   Google Scholar
• Galán JE. Molecular genetic bases of Salmonella entry into host cells. Mol Microbiol. 1996;20:263–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bäumler AJ, Tsolis RM, Ficht TA, Adams LG. Evolution of host adaptation in Salmonella enterica. Infect Immun. 1998;66:4579–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malorny B, Hoorfar J, Bunge C, Helmuth R. Multicenter validation of the analytical accuracy of Salmonella PCR: towards an international standard. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2003;69:290–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greig JD, Ravel A. Analysis of foodborne outbreak data reported internationally for source attribution. Int J Food Microbiol. 2009;130:77–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadjinicolaou AV, Demetriou VL, Emmanuel MA, Kakoyiannis CK, Kostrikis LG. Molecular beacon-based real-time PCR detection of primary isolates of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Enteritidis in environmental and clinical samples. BMC Microbiol. 2009;9:97.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Galán JE, Curtiss R III. Cloning and molecular characterization of genes whose products allow Salmonella Typhimurium to penetrate tissue culture cells.Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 1989;86:6383–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galán JE, Curtiss R III. Distribution of the invA, -BB, -CC, and -DD genes of Salmonella Typhimurium among other Salmonella serovars: invA mutants of Salmonella Typhi are deficient for entry into mammalian cells. Infect Immun. 1991;59:2901–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeter A, Hoog B, Helmuth R. Resistance of Salmonella isolates in Germany. J Vet Med B. 2004;51:389–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wilson SJ, Knipe CJ, Zieger MJ, Gabehart KM, Goodman JE, Volk HM, et al. Direct costs of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in the burn unit of a public teaching hospital. Am J Infect Control. 2004;32:342–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ellerbroek L, Narapati D, Phu Tai N, Poosaran N, Pinthong R, Sirimalaisuwan A, et al. Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella isolates from imported chicken carcasses in Bhutan and from pig carcasses in Vietnam. J Food Prot. 2010;73:376–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collignon P, Powers JH, Chiller TM, Kane AA, Aarestrup FM. World Health Organization ranking of antimicrobials according to their importance in human medicine: a critical step for developing risk management strategies for the use of antimicrobials in food production animals. Clin Infect Dis. 2009;49:132–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aarestrup FM, Wegener HC, Collignon P. Resistance in bacteria of the food chain: epidemiology and control strategies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2008;6:733–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DANMAP 2011. The Danish Integrated Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring and Research Programme. DANMAP 2011 – Use of antimicrobial agents and occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from food animals, food and humans in Denmark. (Accessed 08/06/2013).
   Google Scholar
• Angulo FJ, Nargund VN, Chiller TC. Evidence of an association between use of anti-microbial agents in food animals and anti-microbial resistance among bacteria isolated from humans and the human health consequences of such resistance. J Vet Med B. 2004;51:374–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Angulo FJ, Johnson KR, Tauxe RV, Cohen ML. Origins and consequences of antimicrobial-resistant nontyphoidal Salmonella: implications for the use of fluoroquinolones in food animals. Microb Drug Resist. 2000;6:77–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones YE, Chappell S, McLaren I, Davies RH, Wray C. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolated from animals and their environment in England and Wales from 1988–1999. Vet Rec. 2002;150:649–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang SJ, Park KY, Kim SH, No KM, Besser TE, Yoo HS, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium isolated from animals in Korea: comparison of phenotypic and genotypic resistance characterization. Vet Microbiol. 2002;86:295–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang B, Qu D, Zhang X, Shen J, Cui S, Shi Y, et al. Prevalence and characterization of Salmonella serovars in retail meats of marketplace in Shaanxi, China. Int J Food Microbiol. 2010;141:63–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Looveren M, Chasseur-Libotte ML, Godard C, Lammens C, Wijdooghe M, Peeters L, et al. Antimicrobial susceptibility of nontyphoidal Salmonella isolated from humans in Belgium. Acta Clin Belg. 2001;56:180–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wybot I, Wildemause C, Godard C, Bertrand S, Collard JM. Antimicrobial drug resistance in nontyphoid human Salmonella in Belgium: trends for the period 2000-2002. Acta Clin Belg. 2004;59:152–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsueh PR, Teng LJ, Tseng SP, Chang CF, Wan JH, Yan JJ, et al. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica Typhimurium and Choleraesuis from pigs to humans, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:60–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Duijkeren E, Wannet WJ, Houwers DJ, Pelt WV. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella strains isolated from humans, cattle, pigs and chickens in The Netherlands from 1984 to 2001. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41:3574–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capita R, Alonso-Calleja C. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria: a challenge for the food industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2013;53:11–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EAEMP. The European Agency for the evaluation of medicinal products. Antibiotic resistance in the European Union associated with the therapeutic use of veterinary medicines. EMEA/CVMP/342/99/-cor-Final; 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Soto SM. Relationship between virulence and antimicrobial resistance in bacteria. Rev Med Microbiol. 2009;20:84–90.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carattoli A. Plasmid-mediated antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella enterica. Curr Issues Mol Biol. 2003;5:113–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dione MM, Ikumapayi U, Saha D, Mohammed NI, Adegbola RA, Geerts S, et al. Antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates in The Gambia and Senegal. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2011;5:765–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Groisman EA, Ochman H. Pathogenicity islands: bacterial evolution in quantum leaps. Cell. 1996;87:791–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hacker J, Blum-Oehler G, Muhldorfer I, Tschape H. Pathogenicity islands of virulent bacteria: structure, function and impact on microbial evolution. Mol Microbiol. 1997;23:1089–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez ZL, Baquero F. Interaction among strategies associated with bacterial infection: pathogenecity, epidemicity, and antibiotic resistance. Clin Microb Rev. 2002;15:647–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tizard I. Salmonellosis in wild birds. Semin Avian Exot Pet Med. 2004;13:50–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO/WHO/OIE. Joint FAO/WHO/OIE expert meeting on critically important antimicrobials. Report of a meeting held in FAO, Rome, Italy, 26–30 November 2007. FAO, Rome, Italy, and WHO, Geneva, Switzerland; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• WHO. World Health Organization. Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine, 2nd Revision. WHO Advisory Group on Integrated Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance (AGISAR). Department of Food Safety and Zoonoses; 2009. Geneva, Switzerland.
   Google Scholar
• FAO/WHO. APPENDIX IX - Working papers of the Second Global Forum of Food Safety Regulators Second FAO/WHO Global Forum of Food Safety Regulators-Proceedings of the Forum. Food export control and certification Agenda Item 4·5 GF 02/8a Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations World Health Organization Rome, 2005. Second FAO/WHO Global Forum of Food Safety Regulators 12–14 October 2004, Bangkok, Thailand. Building effective food safety systems Proceedings of the Forum) WHO 2005. Drug-resistant Salmonella Fact sheet N°139 Revised April 2005. Food Safety Department WHO, Geneva.
   Google Scholar
• Anonymous. Institute of medicine (US) forum on microbial threats. Infectious disease movement in a borderless world: workshop summary. Atlanta, GA, USA: National Academies Press; 2010. p. 374–500.
   Google Scholar