38
Views
5
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

d-Limonene: Is It A Safe, Effective Alternative to Xylene?

Pages 131-137 | Published online: 18 Jul 2013

References

  • United States food and drug administration—Priority-Based Assessment of Food Additives. Food Additive Safety Profile Doc Num 830:1–5, March 1991
  • Opdyke DU: Monographs on fragrance raw materials. Food Cos Toxicol 16:825–826, 1975
  • IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans. Vol 56. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 1993, pp 135–162
  • Elegbede JA, Maltzman TH, Verma AK et al: Mouse skin tumour promoting activity of orange peel oil and d-limonene: a re-evaluation. Carcinogenesis 7(12):2047–2049,1986
  • Histolene Product Data Sheet. Fronine Pty Ltd Scientific Suppliers, PO Box 380, Pennant Hills, NSW, Australia
  • Material Safety Data Sheet. OSHA-20. Histoclear. US Department of Labor—Ocupational Safety and Health Administration
  • Material Safety Data Sheet. Safsolvent for Histopathology. Ajax Chemicals. Auburn, New South Wales, Australia, February 1987
  • Ellis RC, Perry DI: Safsolvent. The ABC of Safe Practices for the Biological Sciences Laboratory. A Publication of The Educational Resource Centre, Adelaide Medical Centre for Women and Children, South Australia, p 244, 1991
  • Singer DA: Letter to the Editor. Lab Med 16(3): 179, 1985
  • Staruk JE: Experience with a xylene substitute. Lab Med 16(3):32–34, 1985
  • Histo-clear. Histological Clearing Agent Data Sheet. Medos Company Pty Ltd, Adelaide, South Australia
  • Sutton AR: Xylene substitute for routine histotechnology. Tissue Talk 3(1), 1982
  • Staruk JE: Reply. Lab Med 16(3): 178, 1985
  • Jones RT, Morton AW, Moghissi AA: Comparison of deparaffinization agents for an automated immunostainer. J Histotechnol 16(4):367–369, 1993
  • DiDomenico DA: Letter to the Editor. Lab Med 16(3): 179, 1985
  • Ruizde Villa A: Letterto the Editor. LabMed 16(3):179, 1985
  • Hay P: Xylene substitutes. Health and Safety Committee California Association of Cytotechnologists. Cytotechnologist’s Bulletin 21:31–32, 1984
  • Gubash SM, Milburn L: Use of terpene-based products, with and without anhydrous alcohol, as clearing agents in trichrome staining technique for intestinal protozoa. J Clin Microbiol 28(3):610–611, 1990
  • Gubash SM, Bennett EE: Useofterpene-basedsolvents(Hemo- De, Histoclear, and Shandon and BDH xylene substitutes) in place of xylene in the Ehrlich Indole Test. J Clin Microbiol 27(9) 2136–2137, 1989
  • Egleton JH, Fraser GP, Gerber B et al: Evaluation of a xylene substitute in Ehrlich indole test. J Clin Microbiol 24(5):859, 1986
  • Egleton JH, Reynolds SM, Neimeister R: Letter to the editor: Hemo-De and xylene in Ehrlich indole test. J Clin Microbiol 28:402, 1990
  • Hazard Data Sheet. Histolene. Rev 7/84. Produced by Lidcombe Workers Health Centre, 27 John St, Lidcombe, NSW, Australia
  • Falk A, Gullstrand E, Löf A, Wigaeus-Hjelm E: Liquid/air partition coefficients of four terpenes. Br J Hosp Med 47:62–4, 1990
  • Schäfer von R, Schäfer W: Die perkutane resorption ver schiedener terpene—menthol, campher, limonen, isoboryn- lacetat, a-pinene-aus badezusätzen. Arzneim-Forsch/Drug Res 32(1):56–58, 1982
  • Igimi H, Nishimura M, Kodama R, Ide H: Studies on the metabolism of d-limonene (p-mentha-1, 8-diene) I. The absorption, distribution and excretion of d-limonene in rats. Xenobiotica 4:77, 1974
  • Falk-Filipsson A: d-Limonene exposure to humans by inhalation: uptake, distribution, elimination and effects on the pulmonary function. J Toxicol Environ Health 38:77–88, 1993
  • Kodama R, Yano T, Furukawa K et al: Studies on the metabolism of d-limonene (p-mentha-1, 8-diene) IV. Isolation and characterization of new metabolites and species differences in metabolism. Xenobiotica 6(6):377–389, 1976
  • Watabe T, Hiratsuka A, Ozawa N, Isobe M: A comparative study on the metabolism of d-limonene and 4-vinylcyclohex-1- ene by hepatic microsomes. Xenobiotica 11(5):333–344, 1981
  • Kanerva RL, Ridder GM, LeFever FR, Alden CL. Comparison of short-term renal effects due to oral administration of decalin or d-limonene in young adult male Fischer-344 rats. Fd Chem Toxic 25(5):345–353, 1987
  • Austin CA, Shephard EA, Pike SF et al: The effect of terpenoid compounds on cytochrome P-450 levels in rat liver. Bio- chem Pharmacol 37(11):2223–2229, 1988
  • Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Vol 47. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 1990, pp 125–156
  • Condie LW, Hill JR, Borzelleca JF: Oral toxicology studies with xylene isomers and mixed xylenes. Drug Chem Toxicol 11 (4): 329–354, 1988
  • Savolainen K: Effects of short-term xylene exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 44:201–211, 1979
  • Caldwell J: Biological implications of xenobiotic metabolism. In The Liver: Biology and Pathobiology, 2nd ed, Arias IM, Jakoby WB, Popper H, Schächter D, Shafritz DA (eds), Raven Press, New York, 1988, chap 19
  • Wiśniewska-Knypl JM, Wrohska-Nofer T, Jajte J, Jedlihska U: The effect of combined exposures to ethanol and xylene on rat hepatic microsomal monooxygenase activities. Alcohol 6(5):347–352, 1989
  • Leung H-W, Paustenbach DJ: Application of pharmacokinetics to derive biological exposure indexes from threshold limit values. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 49(9):445–450, 1988
  • Lauwerys R, Buchet JP: Biological monitoring of exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene. IARCSc Publ 12:205–222, 1988
  • Evans DL, Miller DM, Jacobsen KL, Bush PB: Modulation of immune responses in mice by d-limonene. J Toxicol Environ Health 20:51–66, 1980
  • Webb DR, Ridder GM, Alden CL: Acute and subchronic nephrotoxicity of d-limonene in Fischer 344 rats. Fd Chem Toxic 27(10):639–649, 1989
  • Lehman-McKeeman LD, Caudill D, Takigiku R et al: Comparative disposition of d-limonene in rats and mice: relevance to male-rat-specific nephrotoxicity. Toxicol Lett 53:193–195, 1990
  • Lehman-McKeeman LD, Caudill D: Alpha-2μ-globulin is the only member of the lipocalin protein superfamily that binds to hyaline droplet inducing agents. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 116:170–176, 1992
  • Cardullo AC, Ruskowski AM, DeLeo VA: Allergic contact dermatitis resulting from sensitivity to citrus peel, geraniol, and citral. J Am Acad Dermatol 21(2), part 2:395–397, 1989
  • Hedenstierna G, Alexandersson R, Wimander K, Rosen G: Exposure to terpenes: effects on pulmonary function. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 51:191–198, 1983
  • Castelain P-Y, Camoin JP, Jouglard J: Contact dermatitis to terpene derivatives in a machine cleaner. Contact Dermatitis 6(5):358–360, 1980
  • Knight TE, Hausen BM: Melaleuca oil (tea tree oil) dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 30:423–427, 1994
  • Karlberg A-T, Magnusson K, Nilsson U: Air oxidation of d-limonene (the citrus solvent) creates potent allergens. Contact Dermatitis 26:332–340, 1992
  • Karlberg A-T, Shao LP, Nilsson U et al: Hydroperoxides in oxidized d-limonene identified as potent contact allergens. Arch Dermatol Res 286:97–103, 1994
  • Okabe H, Takayama K, Ogura A, Nagai T: Effect of limonene and related compounds on the percutaneous absorption of Indomethacin. Drug Design Deliv 4:313–321, 1989
  • Kikuchi K, Takayama K, Nagai T: effect of d-limonene on the amounts of ethanol and indomethacin penetrated from aqueous gel ointments to rat skin. Chem Pharm Bull 40(11):3108–3109, 1992
  • Obata Y, Takayama K, Maitani Y et al: Effect of pretreatment of skin with cyclic monoterpenes on permeation of Diclofenac in hairless rat. Biol Pharm Bull 16(3):312–314, 1993
  • Roe FJC, Peirce WEH: Tumour promotion by citrus oils: tumours of the skin and urethral orifice in mice. Natl Cancer Inst 24:1389–1403, 1960
  • Field WEH, Roe FJC: Tumour promotion in the forestomach epithelium of mice by oral administration of citrus oils. Natl Cancer Inst 35:771–787, 1965
  • Wattenberg LW: Inhibition of carcinogenesis by minor anutrient constituents of the diet. Proc Nutr Soc 49:173–183, 1990
  • Wattenberg LW: Inhibition of carcinogenesis by naturally- occurring and synthetic compounds. Basic Life Sei 52:155166, 1990
  • Olson RE: d-Limonene, an anticarcinogenic terpene. Nutr Rev 46:(10):363–365, 1988
  • Russin WA, Hoesly JD, Elson CE et al: Inhibition of rat mammary carcinogenesis by monoterpenoids. Carcinogenesis 10(11):2161–2164, 1989
  • Haag JD, Lindstrom MJ, Gould MN: Limonene-induced regression of mammary carcinomas. Cancer Res 52:40214026, 1992
  • Chander SK, Lansdown AGB, Luqmani YA et al: Effectiveness of combined limonene and 4-hydroxyandrostenedione in the treatment of NMU-induced rat mammary tumours. Br J Cancer 68:879–882, 1994
  • Steele VE, Kelloff GJ, Wilkinson BP, Arnold JT: Inhibition of transformation in cultured rat tracheal epithelial cells by potential chemopreventive agents. Cancer Res 50:2068–2074, 1990
  • Crowell PL, Lin S, Vedejs E, Gould MN: Identification of metabolites of the antitumor agent d-limonene capable of inhibiting protein isoprenylation and cell growth. Cancer Che- mother Pharmacol 31:205–212, 1992
  • Ruch RJ, Sigler K: Growth inhibition of rat liver epithelial tumor cells by monoterpenes does not involve ras plasma membrane association. Carcinogenesis 15(4):787–789, 1994
  • Schulz S, Bühling F, Ansorge S: Prenylated proteins and lymphocyte proliferation: inhibition by d-limonene and related monoterpenes. Eur J Immunol 24:301–307, 1994
  • Crowell PL, Ren Z, Lin S et al: Structure-activity relationships among monoterpene inhibitors of protein isoprenylation and cell proliferation. Biochem Pharmacol47(8): 1405–1415, 1994
  • Elegbede JA, Maltzman TH, Elson CE, Gould MN: Effects of anticarcinogenic monoterpenes on phase II hepatic metabolizing enzymes. Carcinogenesis 14(6): 1221–1223, 1993
  • Morley R, Eccleston DW, Douglas CP et al: Xylene poisoning: a report of one fatal case and two cases of recovery after prolonged unconsciousness. Br Med J 3:442–443, 1970
  • Bakinson MA, Jones RD: Gassings due to methylene chloride, xylene, toluene and styrene reported to Her Majesty’s Factory Inspectorate 1961–80, Br J Indust Med 42:184–190, 1985
  • Roberts FP, Lucas EG, Marsden CD, Trauer T: Near-pure xylene causing reversible neuropsychiatrie disturbance. Lancet 2 30: 273, 1988
  • Savolainen K, Riihimäki V, Seppäläinen AM, Linnoila M: Effects of short-term m-xylene exposure and physical exercise on the central nervous system. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 45:105–121, 1980
  • Seppäläinen AM, Savolainen K, Kovala T: Changes induced by xylene and alcohol in human evoked potentials. Electroen- cephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 51:148–155, 1981
  • Seppäläinen AM, Laine A, Salmi T et al: Changes induced by short-term xylene exposure in human evoked potentials. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 61:443–449, 1989
  • Gusev IS: Reflective effects of microconcentrations of benzene, toluene, xylene and their comparative assessment. Hygiene Sanitation 80:331–336, 1965
  • Hipolito RN: Xylene poisoning in laboratory workers. Case reports and discussion. Lab Med 11(9):593–595, 1980
  • Forde JP: Xylene affected platelet count. Occup Health November, 1973
  • Szilárd S, Szentgyörgyi D, Demeter I: Protective effect of LegalonR in workers exposed to organic solvents. Acta Med Hung 45(2):249–256, 1988
  • Franco G, Santagostino G, Lorena M, Imbriani M: Conjugated serum bile acid concentrations in workers exposed to low doses of toluene and xylene. Br J Indust Med 46:141–142, 1989
  • Moen BE, Riise T, Haga EM, Fossan GO: Reduced performance in tests of memory and visual abstractions in seamen exposed to industrial solvents. Acta Psychiatr Scand 81:114119, 1990
  • Kilburn KH, Warshaw R, Boylen CT et al: Toxic effects of formaldehyde and solvents in histology technicians. J Histo- technol 6(2): 73–76, 1983
  • Kilburn KH, Warshaw RH: Neurobehavioral effects of formaldehyde and solvents on histology technicians: repeated testing across time. J Histotechnol 16(1):89, 1993
  • Bleeker ML, Bolla Kl, Agnew J et al: Dose-related subclinical neurobehavioral effects of chronic exposure to low levels of organic solvents. Am J Ind Med 19:715–728, 1991
  • Liira J, Riihimäki V, Engström K, Pfaffli P: Co-exposure of man to m-xylene and methyl ethyl ketone. Kinetics and metabolism. Scand J Work Environ Health 14:322–327, 1988
  • Taskinen H, Antilla A, Lindbohm M-L et al: Spontaneous abortions and congenital malformations among the wives of men occupationally exposed to organic solvents. Scand J Work Environ Health 15:345–352, 1989
  • Ungváry G: The effect of xylene exposure on the liver. Acta Morphol Hung 38(3–4):245–258, 1990
  • Lui WK, Sun SE: Ultrastructural changes of tracheal epithelium and alveolar macrophages of rats exposed to mosquito coil smoke. Toxicol Lett 41:145–157, 1988
  • Padilla S, Lyerly DP: Effects of p-xylene inhalation on axonal transport in the rat retinal ganglion cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 101:390–398, 1989
  • Fishbein L: Genetic effects of benzene, toluene and xylene. IARC Sci Publ 42(85): 19–46, 1988
  • Au WW, Ward Jr JB, Sadagopa Ramanujam VM et al: Genotoxic effects of a sub-acute low-level inhalation exposure to a mixture of carcinogenic chemicals. Mutat Res 203:103–115, 1988
  • McMichael AJ: Carcinogenicity of benzene, toluene and xylene: epidemiological and experimental evidence. IARC Sci Publ, 42(85):3–18, 1988
  • Angerer J, Lichterbeck E, Begerow J et al: Occupational chronic exposure to organic solvents. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 62:123–126, 1990

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.