A Switch Therapy Protocol with Intravenous Azithromycin and Ciprofloxacin Combination for Severe, Relapsing Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis: a Prospective Non-Comparative Pilot Study

REFERENCES

• Wenninger K, Heiman JR, Rothman I, Berghuis JP, Berger RE. Sick-ness impact of chronic nonbacterial prostatitis and its correlates. J Urol 1996; 155 (3): 965–968.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krieger JN, Nyberg L Jr, Nickel JC. NIH consensus definition and clas-sification of prostatitis. JAMA 1999; 282: 236–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagenlehner FM, Weidner W, Naber KG. Therapy for prostatitis, with emphasis on bacterial prostatitis. Exp opin pharmacother 2007; 8 (11): 1667–1674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magri V, Perletti G, Bartoletti R, Cai T, Emelyanova I, Mehik A, et al. Critical issues in chronic prostatitis. Arch hal Urol Androl 2010; 82 (2): 75–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• European Association of Urology Urological Infections Guidelines: http://www.uroweb.org/g 1s/pdf/15_Urological_Infections.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Wagenlehner FM, Naber KG, Bschleipfer T, Brähler E, Weidner W. Prostatitis and male pelvic pain syndrome: diagnosis and treatment. Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009; 106 (11): 175–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naber KG, European Lomefloxacin Prostatitis Study Group. Lome-floxacin versus ciprofloxacin in the treatment of chronic bacterial prostatitis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2002; 20 (1): 18–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paglia M, Peterson J, Fisher AC, Qin Z, Nicholson SC, Kahn JB. Safety and efficacy of levofloxacin 750 mg for 2 weeks or 3 weeks compared with levofloxacin 500 mg for 4 weeks in treating chronic bacterial prostatitis. Curr Med Res Opin 2010; 26 (6), 1433–1441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magri V, Montanani E, Skerk V, Markotic A, Marras E, Restelli A, et al. Huoroquinolone-macrolide combination therapy for chronic bacterial pro-statitis: retrospective analysis of pathogen eradication rates, inflammatory findings and sexual dysfunction. Asian J Androl 2011, in press, doi: 10.1038/aja.2011.36.
   Google Scholar
• Magri V, Trinchieri A, Pozzi G, Restelli A, Garlaschi MC, Torresani E, et al. Efficacy of repeated cycles of combination therapy for the eradication of infecting organisms in chronic bacterial prostatitis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2007; 29 (5): 549–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magri V, Trinchieri A, Ceriani I, Marras E, Perletti G. Eradication of un-usual pathogens by combination pharmacological therapy is paralleled by improvement of signs and symptoms of chronic prostatitis syndrome. Arch hal Urol Androl 2007; 79 (2): 93–98.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magri V, Trinchieri A, Montanan i E, Del Nero A, Mangiarotti B, Zirpoli P, et al. Reduction of PSA values by combination pharmacological therapy in patients with chronic prostatitis: implications for prostate cancer detection. Arch hal Urol Androl 2007; 79 (2): 84–92.
   Google Scholar
• Magri V, Marras E, Skerk V, Markoti6 A, Restelli A, Garlaschi MC, Perletti G. Eradication of Chlamydia trachomatis parallels symptom regres-sion in chronic bacterial prostatitis patients treated with a fluoroquinolone-macrolide combination. Andrologia 2010; 42 (6): 366–375.
   Google Scholar
• McNaughton Collins M, Pontari MA, O'Leary MP, Calhoun EA, San-tanna J, Landis JR, et al. Quality of life is impaired in men with chronic pro-statitis: the Chronic Prostatitis Collaborative Research Network. J Gen Intern Med 2001; 16 (10): 656–662.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamey TA. Prostatitis. J R Soc Med 1981; 74: 22–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Propert KJ, Litwin MS, Wang Y, Alexander RB, Calhoun E, Nickel JC, et al. Responsiveness of the National Institutes of Health Chronic Pro-statitis Symptom Index (NIH-CPSI). Qual Life Res 2006; 15 (2): 299–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faul F, Erdfelder E, Buchner A, Lang AG Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behav Res Meth 2009; 41: 1149-1160.
   Google Scholar
• Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang AG, Buchner A. G*Power 3: A flexible sta-tistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sci-ences. Behav Res Meth 2007; 39: 175–191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzoli S. Biofilms in chronic bacterial prostatitis (NIH-11) and in pro-static calcifications. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2010; 59 (3): 337–344.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Culiá O, Erakovi6 V, Parnham MJ. Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolide antibiotics. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 429: 209–229.
   Google Scholar
• Parnham MJ. Immunomodulatory effects of antimicrobials in the therapy of respiratory tract infections. Curr Opinion Infect Dis 2005; 18: 125–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tateda K, Ishii Y, Kimura S, Horikawa M, Miyairi S, Yamaguchi K. Suppression of Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum-sensing systems by macrolides: a promising strategy or an oriental mystery? J Infect Chemother 2007; 13: 357-367.
   Google Scholar
• Kanoh S, Rubin BK. Mechanisms of action and clinical application of macrolides as immunomodulatory medications. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010; 23: 590–615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ. Macrolides beyond the conventional an-timicrobials: a class of potent immunomodulators. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2008; 31 (1): 12–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schultz MJ. Macrolide activities beyond their antimicrobial effects: macrolides in diffuse panbronchiolitis and cystic fibrosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004; 54 (1): 21–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Culiá O, Erakoviá V, Cepelak I, Bargi6 K, BrajS'a K, Ferendiá 2, et al. Azithromycin modulates neutrophil function and circulating inflammatory me-diators in healthy human subjects. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 450: 277–289.
   Google Scholar
• Silva MT. Macrophage phagocytosis of neutrophils at inflammatory/in-fectious foci: a cooperative mechanism in the control of infection and infec-tious inflammation. J Leuk Biol 2011; 89: 675–683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beringer P, Huynh KM, Kriengkauykiat J, Bi L, Hoem N, Louie S, Han E, et al. Absolute bioavailability and intracellular pharmacokinetics of azithromycin in patients with cystic fibrosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49 (12): 5013–5017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Technical document on azithromycin (Teva Parenteral Medicines, Inc) NIH DAILYMED Archive, http:// dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/ lookup .cf m?setid - 0e76db5f -3f 27-4c92-b270-ff 4671b77a7a.
   Google Scholar
• Nightingale CH. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of newer macrolides. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16 (4): 438–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Bambeke F, Tulkens PM. Macrolides: pharmacokinetics and phar-macodynamics. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 18: S17–S23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar