References
- Stockmeyer S. An interpretation of the approach of Rood to the treatment of neuromuscular dysfunction, NUSTEP proceedings. Am J Phys Med 1967; 46: 900–61
- Duesterhaus Minor MA, ed. Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation and the Approach of Rood. Alexandria, VA: American Physical Therapy Association, 1991. (Lister MJ, ed. Contemporary management of motor control problems. Proceedings of the II Step Conference.)
- O'Sullivan SB. Strategies to improve motor control. In: O'Sullivan SB, Schmitz T, eds. Physical Rehabilitation Assessment and Treatment. Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Company 1988.
- McDonough SM. The neurophysiological basis of reciprocal inhibition in man. Phys Ther Rev 1997; 2: 19–28
- Rood MS. Neurophysiological mechanisms utilized in the treatment of neuromuscular dysfunction. Am J Occup Ther 1956; 10(4): 220–4
- Heiniger MC, Randolph SL. Neurophysiological Concepts in Human Behavior. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby Company 1981
- Horak F, ed. Assumptions Underlying Motor Control for Neurologic Rehabilitation. Alexandria, VA: American Physical Therapy Association, 1991. (Lister MJ, ed. Contemporary management of motor control problems. Proceedings of the II Step Conference.)
- Bethune D. Another look at neurological rehabilitation. Aust Physio 1994; 40(4): 255–61
- Lennon S. The Bobath concept: a critical review of the theoretical assumptions that guide physiotherapy practice in stroke rehabilitation. Phys Ther Rev 1996; 1: 35–45
- McCormack G. The Rood Approach to treatment of neuromuscular dysfunction. In: Pedretti LW, ed. Occupational Therapy: Practice Skills for Physical Dysfunction. 4th ed. St. Louis: Mosby 1996: 377–99
- Burke RE, Levine DN, Zajac FE, Tsairis P, Engel WK. Mammalian motor units: physiological-histochemical correlation in three types in cat gastrocnemius. Science 1971a; 174: 709–12
- Burke RE, Levine DN, Tsairis P, Zajac FEI. Physiological types and histochemical profiles in motor units of the cat gastrocnemius. J Physiol (Lond) 1973; 234: 723–48
- Pette D, Vrbova G. Invited review: neural control of phenotypic expression in mammalian muscle fibres. Muscle Nerve 1985; 8: 676–89
- Burke D. Spasticity as an Adaptation of Pyramidal Tract Injury. New York: Raven Press 1988. (Waxman SG, ed. Functional Recovery in Neurological Disease, Advances in Neurology; vol 47).
- Gordon T, Mao J. Muscle atrophy and procedures for training after spinal injury. Phys Ther 1994; 74: 50–60
- Martin TP, Stein RB, Hoeppner PH, Reid DC. Influence of electrical stimulation on the morphological and metabolic properties of paralyzed muscle. J Appl Physiol 1992; 72: 1401–6
- Graham SC, Roy RR, Navarro C. Enzyme and size profiles in chronically inactive cat soleus muscle fibres. Muscle Nerve 1992; 15: 27–36
- Dattola R, Girlanda P, Vita G, et al. Muscle rearrangement in patients with hemiparesis after stroke: an electrophysiological and morphological study. Eur Neurol 1993; 33: 109–14
- Cruz-Martinez A, Del Campo F, Mingo P, Ferrer M, Perez Conde MC. Altered motor unit architecture in hemiparetic patients. A single fibre EMG study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1982; 45(8): 756–7
- Ahlqvist G, Landis S, Wroblewski R. Ultrastructure of skeletal muscle in patients with Parkinson's disease and upper motor lesions. Lab Invest 1975; 32(5): 673–9
- Edstrom L. Selective changes in the red and white muscl fibres in upper motor lesions and parkinsonism. J Neurol Sci 1970; 11: 537–48
- Johnson MH. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 1997
- Lemon R. Cortical control of skilled movements. In: Cody FWJ, ed. Neural Control of Skilled Movement. 1995
- Dannenbaum RM, Dykes RW. Sensory loss in the hand after sensory stroke: therapeutic rationale. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1988; 69: 833–9
- Jenkins WM, Merzenich MM, Och MT, Allard T, Guic- Robles E. Functional reorganization of primary somatosensory cortex in adult owl monkeys after behaviorally controlled tactile stimulation. J Neurophysiol 1990; 63: 82–104
- Wall PD, Egger MD. Receptive fields in the body- surface map in adult cortex defined by temporally correlated inputs. Nature 1988; 332: 444–5
- Rood MS, ed. The Use of Sensory Receptors to Activate, Facilitate, and Inhibit Motor Response, Autonomic and Somatic, in Developmental Sequence. Dubuque: William C. Brown 1962. (Sattely C, ed. Approaches to the treatment of patients with neuromuscular dysfunction).
- Adams JA. A closed loop theory of motor learning. J Mot Behav 1971; 3: 111–50
- Schmidt RA. A schema theory of discrete motor skill learning. Psychol Rev 1975; 82: 225–60
- Bairstow PJ, Lazio JI. Kinaesthetic sensitivity to passive movements and its relationship to motor development and motor control. Dev Med Child Neurol 1981; 23: 606–16
- Gandevia SC, Macefield G, Burke D, McKenzie DK. Voluntary activation of human motor axons in the absence of muscle afferent feedback. Brain 1990; 113: 1563–81
- Swartz L. Role of kinaesthesia in arousal and learning behavior. Percept Mot Skills 1978; 47: 1219–25
- Jarus T, Loiter Y. The effect of kinesthetic stimulation on acquisition and retention of a gross motor skill. Can J Occup Ther 1995; 62(1): 23–9
- Mulder T, Hulstyn W. Special review: sensory feedback therapy and theoretical knowledge of motor control and learning. Am ] Phys Med 1984; 63(5): 226–44
- Keshner E. Reevaluting the theoretical model underlying the neurodevelopmental theory. Phys Ther 1981; 61(7): 1035–40
- Carr J, Shepherd R. Neurological Rehabilitation Optimizing Motor Performance. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann 1998
- Stein JF. The representation of egocentric space in the posterior parietal cortex. In: Cordo P, Harnad S, eds. Movement Control. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1994: 89–98
- Goodale MA, Pelisson D, Prablance C. Large adjustments in visually guided reaching do not depend on vision of the hand or perception of target displacement. Nature 1986; 320: 748–50
- Lee DN, Thomson JA. Vision in action: the control of locomotion. In: Ingle DJ, Goodale MA, Mansfield RJW, eds. Analysis of Visual Behavior. Boston: MIT Press 1982
- Matyas TA, Galea MP, Spicer SD. Facilitation of maximum voluntary contraction in hemiplegia by concomitant cutaneous stimulation. Am J Phys Med 1986; 65: 125–34
- Okuma Y, Lee RG. Reciprocal inhibition in hemiplegia: correlation with clinical features and recovery. Can J Neurol Sci 1996; 23: 15–23
- Proteau L. On the specificity of learning and the role of visual information for movement control. In: Proteau L, Elliott D, eds. Vision and Motor Control. New York: Elsevier Science 1992: 67–103
- Abrams RA, Pratt J. Rapid aimed limb movements: differential effects of practice on component submovements. J Mot Behav 1993; 25(4): 288–98
- Nilsson LM, Nordholm LA. Physical therapy in stroke rehabilitation: bases for Swedish physiotherapists' choice of treatment. Physio Theory Pract 1992; 8: 49–55
- Carr JH, Mungovan SF, Shepherd RB, Dean CM, Nordholm LA. Physiotherapy in stroke rehabilitation: Bases for Australian physiotherapists' choice of treatment. Physio Theory Pract 1994; 10: 201–9
- Katz RT, Rymer WZ. Spastic hypertonia: mechanisms and measurement. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1989; 70: 144–55
- Landau W. Spasticity: What is it? What is it not? In: Feldman RG, Young RR, Koella WP, eds. Spasticity: Disordered Motor Control. 2nd ed. Chicago: Year Book Medical Publishers 1980
- Fleshman JW, Munson JB, Sypert GW, Friedman WA. Rheobase, input resistance and motor-unit type in medial gastrocnemius motoneurons in the cat. J Neurophysiol 1981; 60: 1326–38
- Zengel JE, Reid SA, Sypert GW, Munson JB. Membrane electrical properties and prediction of motor-unit type of medial gastrocnemius motoneurons in the cat. J Neurophysiol 1985; 53: 1323–44
- Pette D. Skeletal muscle adaptation in response to chronic stimulation. In: Nix WA, Vrbova G, eds. Electrical Stimulation and Neuromuscular Disorders. Berlin: Springer-Verlag 1986
- Heckman CJ, Binder MD. Analysis of effective synaptic currents generated by homonymous la afferent fibres in motoneurons of the cat. J Neurophysiol 1988; 60: 1946–66
- Powers RK, Robinson FR, Konodi MA, Binder MD. Distribution of rubrospinal synaptic input to cat triceps surae motoneurons. J Neurophysiol 1993; 70: 1460–68
- James W. Principles of Psychology. New York: Dover 1950
- Garnett R, Stephens JA. Changes in the recruitment threshold of motor units produced by cutaneous stimulation in man. J Physiol 1981; 311: 463–73
- Burke RE. Motor units: physiological histochemical profiles, neural connectivity and functional specialisations. Am Zool 1978; 18: 127–34
- Kidd G, Lawes N, Musa I. Understanding Neuromuscular Plasticity. London: Edward Arnold 1992
- Rossignol S, Gautier L. Reversal of contralateral limb reflexes. Proc Int Union Physiol Sci 1980; 13: 639–41
- Mitz AR, Winstein C. The motor system I: lower centers. In: Cohen H, ed. Neuroscience for Rehabilitation. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company 1993
- Bovell D, Nimmo M, Wood L. Principles of Physiology: A Scientific Foundation of Physiotherapy. London: W.B. Saunders 1996
- Hagbarth KE. Excitatory and inhibitory skin areas for flexor and extensor motorneurones. Acta Physiol Scand 1952; 26(Suppl. 94): 1–58
- Pierrot-Deseilligny E, Bergego C, Katz R. Cutaneous depression of lb reflex pathways to motorneurones in man. Exp Brain Res 1981; 42: 351–61
- Forget R, Hultborn H, Meunier S, Pantieri R, Pierrot- Deseilligny E. Facilitation of quadriceps motorneurones by group I afferents from prétibial flexors in man. Exp Brain Res 1989; 78: 21–7
- Davey NJ, Ellaway PH, Maskill DW. Facilitation by mechanical cutaneous stimulation of muscle responses to transcranial magnetic stimulation in man. J Physiol 1991; 438: 7 P
- Chen R, Ashby P. Reflex responses in upper limb muscles to cutaneous stimuli. Can J Neurol Sci 1993; 20: 271–8
- Lee RG, Murphy JT, Tatton WG. Long latency myotatic relfexes in man: mechanisms, functional significance and changes in patients with Parkinson's disease or hemiplegia. In: Desmedt JE, ed. Advances in Neurology. New York: Raven Press 1983
- Yanigasawa N, Tanaka R, Ito Z. Reciprocal la inhibition in spastic hemiplegia of man. Brain 1976; 99: 555–74
- Jackson J. Specific treatment techniques. In: Stokes M, ed. Neurological Physiotherapy. London: Mosby 1998: 299–312
- Umphred DA, McCormack GL. Classification of common facilitatory and inhibitory treatment techniques. In: Umphred DA, ed. Neurological Rehabilitation. 2nd ed. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby Company 1990: 111–62
- Goff B. A neuro-physiological approach. In: Banks MA, ed. International Perspectives in Physical Therapy 2 Stroke. Edinburgh: Churchill-Livingstone 1986: 99-i28
- Ellaway PH. Applied neuroanatomy and neurophysiology. In: Stokes M, ed. Neurological Physiotherapy. London: Mosby 1998: 3–22
- Kanda K, Burke RE, Walmsley B. Differential control of fast and slow twitch motor units in the decerebrate cat. Exp Brain Res 1977; 19: 57–74
- Voss D, Ionta M, Meyers B. Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation: patterns and techniques. New York: Harper and Row 1985
- Richardson CA, Juli GA. Muscle control—pain control. What exercises would you prescribe? Manual Ther 1995; 1(1): 2–10
- Andersson GBJ. Role of muscle in postural tasks: spinal loading and postural stability. In: Winters JM, Woo SY, eds. Multiple Muscle Systems. New York: Springer-Verlag 1990: 375–95
- Eklund G, Hagbarth KE. Motor effects of vibratory muscle stimuli in man. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1966a; 19: 619–25
- Eklund G, Hagbarth KE. Normal variability of tonic vibration reflexes in man. Exp Neurol 1966b; 16: 80–92
- Hagbarth KE. The muscle vibrator—a useful tool in neurological therapeutic work. Scand J Rehabil Med 1969; 1: 26–34
- Bishop B. Part I. Neurophysiology of motor responses evoked by vibratory stimulation. Phys Ther 1974; 54(12): 1273–81
- Bishop B. Part II. Vibratory stimulation as an evaluation tool. Phys Ther 1975a; 55(1): 28–34
- Bishop B. Part III. Possible application of vibration in treatment of motor dysfunctions. Phys Ther 1975b; 55(2): 139–43
- Lovgreen B, Cody FWJ, Schady W. Muscle vibration alters the trajectories of voluntary movements in cerebellar disorders—a method of counteracting impaired movement accuracy? Clin Rehab 1993;7: 327–36
- Wyke BD. Articular neurology. A review. Physiotherapy 1972; 53(3): 94–9
- Williams PE, Goldspink G. Connective tissue changes in immobilized muscle. J Anat 1984; 138: 343–50
- Williams PE, Catanese T, Lucey EG. The importance of stretch and contractile activity in the prevention of connective tissue accumulation in muscle. ] Anat 1988; 158: 109–14
- Rothwell J. Control of Human Voluntary Movement. 2nd ed. London: Chapman & Hall 1994
- O'Dwyer NJ, Neilson PD. Spasticity and muscle contracture following stroke. Brain 1996; 119: 1737–49
- Williams PE. Use of intermittent stretch in the prevention of serial sarcomere loss in immobilized muscle. Ann Rheum Dis 1990; 49: 316–7
- Tardieu C, Lespargot A, Tabary C, Bret MD. For how long must the soleus muscle be stretched each day to prevent contracture? Dev Med Child Neurol 1988;30: 3–10
- Hale LA, Fritz VU, Goodman M. Prolonged static muscle stretch reduces spasticity—but for how long should it be held? S Afr ] Physiotherapy 1995;51: 3–6
- Goldspink G, Williams P. Muscle fibre and connective tissue changes associated with use and disuse. In: Ada L, Canning C, eds. Key Issues in Physiotherapy. Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann 1990; 197–217
- Wallen M, Mackay S. An evaluation of the soft splint in the acute management of elbow hypertonicity. Oeeup Ther J Res 1995; 15(1): 3–16
- Wallen M, O'Flaherty S. The use of the soft splint in the management of spasticity of the upper limb. Aust Oeeup Ther J 1991; 38: 227–31
- Conine T, Sullivan T, Mackie T, Goodman M. Effect of serial casting for the prevention of equinus in patients with acute head injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990; 71: 310–2
- Zachazewski JE, Eberle ED, Jefferies M. Effect of tone-inhibiting casts and orthoses on gait: a case report. Phys Ther 1982; 62(4): 453–5
- Ada L, Scott D. Use of inhibitory weight-bearing plasters to increase movement in the presence of spasticity. Aust J Physio 1980; 26(2): 257
- Leone JA, Kukulka CG. Effects of tendon pressure on alpha motoneuron excitability in patients with stroke. Phxjs Ther 1988; 68(4): 475–80
- Burke D, Andrews C, Ashby P. Autogenic effects of static muscle stretch in spastic man. Arch Neurol 1971b; 25: 367–72
- Ayres J. The Development of Sensory Integrative Theory and Practice. Dubuque, IA: Kendall-Hunt Publishers 1974
- Buchwald J. Exteroceptive reflexes and movement. Am J Phys Med 1967; 46: 121
- Knuttson E, Odeen I, Franzen H. Effects of therapeutic exercise under local hypothermia in patients with spastic pareses. Proceedings on treatment of spastic pareses. Sjukgymnasten 1969; 27: 26–8
- Davies PM. Steps to Follow. Berlin: Springer-Verlag 1985
- Low J, Reed A. Electrotherapy Explained: Principles and Practice. London: Butterworth-Heinemann 1990
- Simmons NN. Disorders in oral, speech, and language functions. In: Umphred DA, ed. Neurological Rehabilitation. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby 1990: 683–703
- Selbach H. The principle of relaxation oscillation as a special instance of the law of initial value in cybernetic functions. Ann NY Acad Sci 1962; 98: 1221–8
- Spicer STAM. Facilitation of the tonic vibration reflex (TVR) by cutaneous stimulation. Am J Phys Med 1980; 59: 223
- Garland SJ, Hayes KC. Effects of brushing on electromyographic activity and ankle dorsiflexion in hemiplegic subjects with foot drop. Physiotherapy Can 1987; 39: 239–47
- Johnson L, Kitchen S. Heat and cold: conduction methods. In: Kitchen S, Bazin S, eds. Clayton's Electrotherapy. 10th ed. London: WB Saunders Company Ltd 1996; 127–40
- Miglietta O. Action of cold on spasticity. Am J Phys Med 1973; 52: 198–205
- Price R, Lehmann JF, Boswell-Bessette S, Burleigh S, deLateur B. Influence of cryotherapy on spasticity at the human ankle. Arch Phys Med Rehab 1993; 74: 300–4
- Johnstone M. Restoration of Normal Movement After Stroke. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone 1995
- Twist D. Effects of a wrapping technique on passive range of motion in a spastic upper extremity. Phys Ther 1985; 65(3): 299–304
- Brouwer B, Sousa de Andrade. The effects of slow stroking on spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis: a pilot study. Physio Theory Pract 1995; 11: 13–21