143
Views
111
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Early vascular benefits of statin therapy

, &
Pages 540-556 | Accepted 24 Jul 2003, Published online: 22 Sep 2008

References

  • Anderson KM, Castelli WP, Levy D. Cholesterol and mortality; a 30 years of follow-up from the Framingham Study. JAMA 1987;257: 2176–80
  • Manninen V, Elo MO, Frick MH. Lipid alteration and decline in the incidence of coronary artery disease in the Helsinki Heart Study. JAMA 1988;260:641–51
  • Scandinavian Simvastatin Study Group. Randomized trial of cholesterol lowering therapy in 4444 patients with coronary heart disease: the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Lancet 1994;344:1383–9
  • Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, Isles CG, Lorimer AR, MacFarlane PW, McKillop JH, Packard CJ. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1301–7
  • West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study. Identification of high-risk groups and comparison with other cardiovascular intervention trials. Lancet 1996;348:1339–42
  • Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group. MRC/BHF Heart protection study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360(9326):7–22
  • Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Mercouris BR, Athyrou VV, Symeonidis AN, Basayannis EO, Demetriadis DS, Kontopoulos AG. Treatment with atorvastatin to the National Cholesterol Educational Program Goals versus ‘usual’ care in secondary coronary heart disease prevention. The GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Evaluation. (GREACE) Study. Curr Med Res Opin 2002;18(4):220–8
  • Downs JR, Clearfield M, Weis S, Whitney E, Shapiro DR, Beere PA, Langendorfer A, Stein EA, Kruyer W, Gotto AM Jr. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels: results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS. Air Force/Texas coronary atherosclerosis prevention Study. JAMA 1998;279:1615–22
  • The Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary artery heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1349–57
  • Sacks FM, Pfeffer MA, Moye LA, Rouleau JL, Rutherford JD, Cole TG, Brown L, Warnica JW, Arnold JM, Wun CC, Davis CC, Davis BR, Braunwald E. The effect of pravastatin on coronary events after myocardial infarction in patients with average cholesterol levels. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med 1996;335:1001–9
  • Laufs U, Liao JK. Direct vascular effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2000;10:43–8
  • Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Ezekowitz MD, Ganz P, Oliver MF, Waters D, Zeiher A, Chaitman BR, Leslie S, Stern T; Myocardial Ischaemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) Study Investigators. Effects of atorvastatin on early recurrent ischaemic events in acute coronary syndromes: the MIRACL study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;285(13):1711–18
  • Waters D, Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Zeiher A, Oliver MF, Ganz P, Ezekowitz MD, Chaitman BR, Leslie S, Stern T; MIRACL Study Investigators. Effects of atorvastatin on stroke in patients with unstable angina or non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. A Myocardial Ischaemia Reduction with Aggressive Cholesterol Lowering (MIRACL) Substudy. Circulation 2002;106(13):1690–5
  • Wierzbicki AS, Mikhailidis DP, Reynolds TR. Atorvastatin for acute coronary syndromes. JAMA 2001;286(5):286–7
  • Walter DH, Fichtlscherer S, Britten MB, Auch-Schwelk W, Schachinger V, Zeiher AM. Benefits of immediate initiation of statin therapy following successful coronary stent implantation in patients with stable and unstable angina pectoris and Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 2002;89(1):1–6
  • Walter DH, Fichtlscherer S, Britten MB, Rosin P, Auch-Schwelk W, Schachinger V, Zeiher AM. Statin therapy, inflammation and recurrent coronary events in patients following stent implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001;38(7):2006–12
  • Heeschen C, Hamm CW, Laufs U, Snapinn S, Bohm M, White HW; on behalf of the Platelet Receptor inhibition in Ischaemic Syndrome Management (PRISM) Investigators. Withdrawal of statins increases event rates in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 2002;105:1446–52
  • Stenestrand U, Wallentin L; Swedish Register of Cardiac Intensive Care (RIKS-HIA). Early statin treatment following acute myocardial infarction and 1-year survival. JAMA 2001;285(4):430–6
  • Mikhailidis DP, Wierzbicki AS. The GREek Atorvastatin and Coronary-heart-disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study. Curr Med Res Opin 2002;18(4):215–19
  • Aronow HD, Topol EJ, Roe MT, Houghtaling PL, Wolski KE, Lincoff AM, Harrington RA, Califf RM, Ohman EM, Kleiman NS, Keltai M, Wilcox RG, Vahanian A, Armstrong PW, Lauer MS. Effect of lipid lowering therapy on early mortality after acute coronary syndromes: an observational study. Lancet 2001;357(9262):1063–8
  • Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) expert panel on Detection Evaluation and treatment of high blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) JAMA 2001;285(19):2486–97
  • Spin JM, Vagelos RH. Early use of statins in acute coronary syndromes. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2003;5(1):44–51
  • Jones P, Kafonek S, Laurora I. Comparative dose efficacy study of atorvastatin versus simvastatin, pravastatin, lovastatin and fluvastatin in patients with hypercholesterolemia (The CURVES Study) Am J Cardiol 1998;81:582–7
  • Insull W, Kafonek S, Goldner D, Zieve F. Comparison of efficacy and safety of atorvastatin (10 mg) with simvastatin (10 mg) at 6 weeks. ASSET Investigators. Am J Cardiol 2002;87(5):554–9
  • Karalis DG, Ross AM, Vacari RM, Zarren H, Scott R and the CHALLENGE Study Investigators. Comparison of efficacy and safety of atorvastatin and simvastatin in patients with dyslipidaemia with and without coronary heart disease. Am J Cardiol 2002;89(6):667–71
  • Garmendia F, Brown AS, Reiber I, Adams PC. Attaining United States and European guideline LDL-cholesterol levels with simvastatin in patients with coronary heart disease (the GOALLS Study). Curr Med Res Opin 2000;16(3):208–19
  • Mikhailidis DP, Wierzbicki AS. Attaining United States and European guideline LDL-cholesterol levels with simvastatin in patients with coronary heart disease (the GOALLS Study). Curr Med Res Opin 2000;16(3):205–7
  • Vaughan CJ, Murphy MB, Buckley BM. Statins do more than just lower cholesterol Lancet 1996;348:1079–82
  • Jeremy JY, Rowe D, Ensley AM, Newby AC. Nitric oxide and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res 1999;43:580–94
  • De Caterina R, Libby P, Peng HB, Thannical VJ, Rajavashisth TB, Gimbrone MA, Shin WS, Liao JK. Nitric oxide decreases cytokine induced endothelial activation. Nitric oxide selectively reduces endothelial expression of adhesion molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. J Clin Invest 1995;96(1):60–8
  • Kaysermayer WH, Caldwell RB, Huang J. Pravastatin sodium activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase independent of its cholesterol lowering actions. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;33:234–42
  • Laufs U, Fata V, Plutzky J. Upregulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by HMG CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation 1998;97:1129–35
  • Fleming I, Busse R. NO: the primary EDRF. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1999;31:5–14
  • Kibbe M, Billiar T, Tzeng E. Inducible nitric oxide synthase and vascular injury. Cardiovasc Res 1999;43:650–7
  • Kalinowski L, Dobrucki LW, Brovkovych V, Malinski T. Increased nitric oxide bioavailability in endothelial cells contributes to the pleiotropic effect of cerivastatin. Circulation 2002;105(8):933–8
  • Kalinowski L, Dobrucki LW, Malinski T. Cerivastatin potentiates nitric oxide release and eNOS expression through inhibition of isoprenoids synthesis. J Physiol Pharmacol 2002;53(4Pt1):585–95
  • Morikawa S, Takabe W, Mataki C, Kanke T, Itoh T, Wada Y, Izumi A, Saito Y, Hamakubo T, Kodama T. The effect of statins on m RNA levels of genes related to inflammation, coagulation and vascular constriction in HUVEC. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J Atheroscler Thromb 2002;9(4):177–83
  • Laufs U, Gertz K, Dirnagl U, Bohm M, Nickenig G, Endres M. Rosuvastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, upregulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase and protects from ischaemic stroke in mice. Brain Res 2002;942(1–2):23–30
  • Laufs U, Liao JK. Targeting Rho in cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 2000;87:526–8
  • Britten MB, Zeiher AM, Schachinger V. Clinical importance of coronary endothelial vasodilator dysfunction and therapeutic options. J Intern Med 1999;245(4):315–27
  • Aengevaeren WR, Uijen GJ, Jukema JW, Bruschke AV, van der Werf T. Functional evaluation of lipid-lowering therapy by pravastatin in the Regression Growth Evaluation Statin Study (REGRESS). Circulation 1997;96(2):429–35
  • van Boven AJ, Jukema JW, Zwinderman AH, Crijns HJ, Lie KI, Bruschke AV. Reduction of transient myocardial ischaemia with pravastatin in addition to the conventional treatment in patients with angina pectoris. REGRESS Study Group. Circulation 1996;94(7):1503–5
  • Deskur-Smielecka E, Wykrtowicz A, Kempa M, Furmaniuk J, Wysocki H. The influence of short-term treatment with simvastatin on the inflammatory profile of patients with hypercholesterolaemia. Coron Artery Dis 2001;12(2):143–8
  • Jagroop IA, Mikhailidis DP. Effect of endothelin-1 on human platelet shape change: reversal of activation by naftidrofuryl. Platelets 2000;11:272–5
  • Barton M, Kiowski W. The therapeutic potential of endothelin receptor antagonists in cardiovascular disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 2001;3(4):322–30
  • Barton M, Lattmann T, D’ Uscio LV, Luscher TF, Shaw S. Inverse regulation of endothelin-1 and nitric oxide metabolites in tissue with aging: implications for the age-dependent increase of cardiorenal disease. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2000;36(5 Suppl 1): S153–6
  • Hernandez-Perera O, Perez-Sala D, Navarro-Antolin J. Effects of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitors, atorvastatin and simvastatin on the expression of endothelin-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelial cells. J Clin Invest 1998;101:2711–19
  • Liao JK. Endothelium and coronary syndromes. Clin Chem 1998;44(8B):1799–808
  • O’Driscoll G, Green D, Taylor RR. Simvastatin, an HMG-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, improves endothelial function within 1 month. Circulation 1997;95(5):1126–31
  • de Jongh S, Lilien MR, op’t Roodt J, Stroes ES, Bakker HD. Early statin therapy restores endothelial function in children with familial hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;40(12):2117–21
  • Asberg A, Hartmann A, Fjeldsa E, Holdaas H. Atorvastatin improves endothelial function in renal-transplant recipients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001;16(9):1920–4
  • Dupuis J, Tardif JC, Cernacec P, Theroux P. Cholesterol reduction rapidly improves endothelial function after acute coronary syndromes. The RECIFE (reduction of cholesterol in ischaemia and function of the endothelium) trial. Circulation 1999;99(25):3215–17
  • Marchesi S, Lupattelli G, Siepi D, Schillaci G, Vaudo G, Roscini AR, Sinzinger H, Mannarino E. Short-term atorvastatin treatment improves endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic women. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2000;36(5):617–21
  • Tsunekawa T, Hayasi T, Kano H, Sumi D, Matsui-Hrai H, Thaku NK, Egashira K, Iguchi A. Cerivastatin, a hydroxymethyloglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, improves endothelial function in elderly diabetic patients within 3 days. Circulation 2001;104(4):376–9
  • Omori H, Nagashima H, Tsurumi Y, Tagagi A, Isizuka N, Hagiwara N, Kawana M, Kasanuki H. Direct in vivo evidence of a vascular statin: a single dose cerivastatin increases vascular endothelial responsiveness in healthy normocholesterolaemic patients. Br J Pharmacol 2002;54(4):395–9
  • Hulthe J, Fagerberg B. Circulating oxidized LDL is associated with subclinical atherosclerosis development and inflammatory cytokines. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22(7):1162–7
  • Suzumura K, Yasuhara M, Tanaka K, Odawara A, Narita H, Suzuki T. An in vitro study of the hydroxyl radical scavenging properties of fluvastatin an HMG Co A reductase inhibitor. Chem Pharm Bull 1999;47(7):1010–12
  • Hussein O, Schlezinger S Rosenblat M, Keidar S, Aviram M. Reduced susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to lipid peroxidation after fluvastatin therapy is associated with the hypocholesterolaemic effect of the drug and its binding to the LDL. Atherosclerosis 1997;128(1):11–18
  • Mertens A, Holvoet P. Oxidized LDL and HDL: antagonists in atherothrombosis. FASEB J 2001;15(12):2073–84
  • Tomas M, Senti M, Garcia-Faria F, Vila J, Torrents A, Covas M, Marrugat J. Effect of simvastatin therapy on paraoxonase activity and related lipoproteins in familial hypercholesterolemic patients. Arterioscl Thromb Vasc Biol 2000;20(9):2113–19
  • Fuhrman B, Koren L, Volkova N, Keidar S, Hayek T, Aviram M. Atorvastatin therapy in hypercholesterolemic patients suppresses cellular uptake of oxidized-LDL by differentiating monocytes. Atherosclerosis 2002;164(1):179–85
  • Li DY, Chen HJ, Mehta JL. Statins inhibit oxidized-LDL-mediated LOX-1 expression, uptake of oxidized LDL and reduction in PKB phosphorylation. Cardiovasc Res 2001;52(1):130–5
  • Libby P, Aikawa M. Effects of statins in reducing thrombotic risk and modulating plaque vulnerability. Clin Cardiol 2003;26(1S1): I11–14
  • Rosenson RS, Brown AS. Statin use in the acute coronary syndromes: cellular mechanism and clinical evidence. Curr Opin Lipidol 2002;13(6):625–30
  • Aikawa M, Rabkin E, Sugiyama S, et al. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor cerivastatin, suppresses growth of macrophages expressing matrix metalloproteinases and tissue factor in vivo and in vitro. Circulation 2001;103:276–83
  • Baetta R, Donetti E, Comparato C, Calore M, Rossi A, Teruzzi C, Paoletti R, Fumagalli R, Soma MR. Proapoptotic effect of atorvastatin on stimulated rabbit smooth muscle cells. Pharmacol Res 1997;36(2):115–21
  • Crisby M, Nordin-Fredriksson G, Shah PK, Yano J, Zhu J, Nilsson J. Pravastatin treatment increases collagen content, decreases lipid content, inflammation, metalloproteinases, and cell death in human carotid plaques: implications for plaque stabilization. Circulation 2001;103 (7):226–33
  • Carmeliet P, Jain RK. Angiogenesis in cancer and other diseases. Nature 2000;407:249–57
  • Franz Alber H, Dulak J, Frick M, Dichtl W, Schwarzacher SP, Pachinger O, Weidinger F. Atorvastatin decreases vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39(12):1951–5
  • Thompson PL, Amerena J, Cambell TJ. On behalf of the PACT investigators. Presented at the World Congress of Cardiology, Sydney, May 2002
  • Chambless LE, Heiss G, Folsom AR, Rosamond W, Szklo M, Sarrett AR, Clegg LX. Association of coronary heart disease incidence with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, 1987–93. Am J Epidemiol 1997;146(6):483–94
  • Taylor AJ, Kent SM, Flaherty PG, Coyle LC, Markwood TT, Vernalis MN. ARBITER: Arterial Biology for the Investigation of the Treatment Effects of Reducing Cholesterol: a randomized trial comparing the effects of atorvastatin and pravastatin on carotid intima medial thickness. Circulation 2002;106(16):2055–60
  • Youssef F, Seifalian AM, Jagroop IA, Myint F, Baker D, Mikhailidis DP, Hamilton G. The early effect of lipid lowering treatment on carotid and femoral Intima Media Thickness (IMT). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2002;23:358–64
  • Igarashi M, Takeda Y, Mori S, et al. Suppression of neointimal thickening by a newly developed HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, BAYw6228, and its inhibitory effect on vascular smooth muscle cell growth. Br J Pharmacol 1997;120:1172–8
  • Raison J, Rudnichi A, Safar ME. Effects of atorvastatin on aortic pulse wave velocity in patients with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia: a preliminary study. J Hum Hypertens 2002;16(10):705–10
  • Kontopoulos AG, Athyros VG, Pehlivanidis AN, Demetriadis DS, Papageorgiou AA, Boudoulas H. Long-term treatment effect of atorvastatin on aortic stiffness in hypercholesterolaemic patients. Curr Med Res Opin 2003;19(1):22–7
  • Fukumoto Y, Libby P, Rabkin E, et al. Statins alter smooth muscle cell accumulation and collagen content in established atheroma of Watanabe heritable hyperlipidaemic rabbits. Circulation 2001;103:993–9
  • Rosenson RS, Koenig W. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk in patients with coronary heart disease. Curr Opin Cardiol 2002;17:325–31
  • Tracy RP. Inflammation markers and coronary heart disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 1999;10(5):435–41
  • Rifai N, Ridker PM. Inflammatory markers and coronary heart disease. Curr Opin Lipidol 2002;13(4):383–9
  • Ridker P, Rifai N, Clearfield M. Measurement of CRP for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1959–65
  • Shah PK. Circulating markers of inflammation for vascular risk prediction: are they ready for prime time? Circulation 2000;101:1758–9
  • Hansen PR. Inflammatory alterations in the myocardial microcirculation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 1998;30:2555–9
  • Ross R. Atherosclerosis: an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999;340:115–26
  • Sorlie PD, Nieto FJ, Adam E, Folosom AR, Shahar E, Massing M. A prospective study of cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus 1, and coronary heart disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160(3):2027–32
  • Gasbarrini A, Cremonini F, Armuzzi A, Ojetti V, Candeli M, et al. The role of Helicobacter pylori in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. J Physiol Pharmacol 1999;50(5):735–42
  • Quinn TC, Gaydos CA. In vitro infection and pathogenesis of Chlamydia pneumonia in endovascular cells. Am Heart J 1999;138(5Pt2):S507–11
  • Seljeflot I, Tonstad S, Hjerman I, Arnsen H. Reduced expression of endothelial cell markers after one year treatment with simvastatin and atorvastatin in patients with coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 2002;162(1):179–85
  • Koh KK, Son JW, Ahn JY, Choi YM, Jin DK, Park GS. Non-lipid effects of statin on hypercholesterolemic patients established to have coronary artery disease who remained hypercholesterolemic while eating a step-II diet. Coron Artery Dis 2001;12(4):305–11
  • Sardo MA, Castaldo M, Cinquegrani M, Bonaiuto M, Maesano A. Effects of atorvastatin on sICAM-1 and plasma nitric oxide levels in hypercholesterolemic subjects. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost 2002;8(3):257–63
  • Rezaie-Majg A, Maca T, Bucek RA, Valent P, Muller MR, Husslein P. Simvastatin reduces expression of cytokines interleukin-6, interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in circulating monocytes from hypercholesterolemic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22(7):1194–9
  • Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer MA, Sacks F, Braunwald E. Long term effects of pravastatin on plasma concentrations of C-reactive protein. The Cholesterol and Recurrent Events. (CARE) investigators. Circulation 2000;100(3):230–5
  • Albert MA, Danielson E, Rifai N, Ridker PM; PRINCE investigators. Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels: the pravastatin inflammation/CRP evaluation (PRINCE): a randomized trial and cohort study. JAMA 2001;286(1):91–3
  • Kinlay S, Rifai N, Libby P, Ganz P. Effect of atorvastatin on C-reactive protein in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a sub-study of the MIRACL trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39 (Suppl A):304A
  • Ridker PM, Rifai N, Lowenthal SP. Rapid reduction in C-reactive protein with cerivastatin among 785 patients with primary hyper-cholesterolemia. Circulation 2001;103(9):1191–3
  • Jialal I, Stein D, Balis D, Grundy SM, Adams-Huet B, Devaraj S. Effect of Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor therapy on high sensitivity CRP levels. Circulation 2001;103(15):1933–5
  • Riesen WF, Enger H, Risch M, Korte M, Noseda G. Short term effects of atorvastatin on C-reactive protein. Eur Heart J 2002;23(10):761–4
  • van de Ree MA, Huisman MV, Princen HM, Meinders AE, Kluft C. Strong decrease of high sensitivity C-reactive protein with high-dose atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Atherosclerosis 2003;166(1):129–35
  • Koh KK, Schenke WH, Waclawiw MA, Csako MA, Cannon RO 3rd. Statin attenuates increase in C-reactive protein during estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Circulation 2002;105(13):1531–3
  • Kent SM, Flaherty PJ, Coyle LC, Markwood TT, Taylor AJ. Effect of atorvastatin and pravastatin on serum C-reactive protein. Am Heart J 2003;145(2): E8
  • Ansell BJ, Watson KE, Weiss Re, Fonarow GC. Hs CRP and HDL effects of statins trial (CHEST): rapid effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein and high-density lipoprotein levels. A clinical investigation. Heart Dis 2003;5(1):2–7
  • Weitz-Schmidt G, Welzenbach K, Brinkmann V. Statins selectively inhibit LFA-1 by binding to a novel regulatory integrin site. Nature Med 2001;7: 687–92
  • Rosenson RS, Lowe GD. Effects of lipids and lipoproteins on thrombosis and rheology. Atherosclerosis 1998;140(2):171–80
  • Milionis HJ, Elisaf MS, Mikhailidis DP. Platelets and lipid lowering interventions. Platelets 1999;10:357–67
  • Lacoste L, Lam JY, Hung J, Letchacovski G, Solymoss CB, Waters D. Hyperlipidemia and coronary disease. Correction of the increased thrombogenic potential with cholesterol reduction. Circulation 1995;92(11):3172–7
  • Thompson PD, Moyna NM, White CM, Weber KM, Giri S, Waters DD. The effects of hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors on platelet thrombus formation. Atherosclerosis 2002;161(2):301–6
  • Puccetti L, Pasqui AL, Pastorelli M, Bova G, Cercignami M, Palazzuoli A, Angori P, Auteri A, Bruni F. Time-dependent effect of statins on platelet function in hypercholesterolemia. Eur J Clin Invest 2002;32(12):901–8
  • Ma LP, Nie DN, Hsu SX, Yin SM, Xu LZ, Nunes JV. Inhibition of platelet aggregation and expression of a granule membrane protein 140 and thromboxane B2 with pravastatin therapy for hypercholesterolemia. J Assoc Acad Minor Phys 2002;13(1):23–6
  • Osamah H, Mira R, Sorina S, Shlomo K, Michael A. Reduced platelet aggregation after fluvastatin therapy is associated with altered lipid composition and drug binding to platelets. Br J Pharmacol 1997;44(1):77–83
  • Assmann G, Cullen P, Schulte H. The Munster Heart Study (PROCAM). Results of follow-up at 8 years. Eur Heart J 1998;19 Suppl A: A2–11
  • Thompson SG, Kienast J, Pyke SDM, Haverkate F, van de Loo JCW, for the European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina pectoris Study Group. Hemostatic factors and the risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death in patients with angina pectoris. N Engl J Med 1995;332:635–41
  • Nair DR, Papadakis JA, Jagroop IA, Mikhailidis DP, Winder AF. Statins and fibrinogen. Lancet 1998;351(9113):1430
  • Wierzbicki AS, Crook MA, Nair DR, Mikhailidis DP, Winder AF. More on the effect of atorvastatin on plasma fibrinogen level in primary hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis 2000;148(1):204
  • Rosenson RS, Tangney CC, Schaefer EJ. Comparative study of HMG-Co A reductase inhibitors on fibrinogen. Atherosclerosis 2001;155(2):463–6
  • Goudevenos JA, Bairaktari ET, Chatzidimou KG, Milionis HJ, Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf MS. The effect of atorvastatin on serum lipids, lipoprotein (a) and plasma fibrinogen levels in primary dyslipidaemia – a pilot study involving serial sampling. Curr Med Res Opin 2001;16(4):269–75
  • Rizos E, Miltiadous G, Elisaf M. The effect of fluvastatin on plasma fibrinogen levels. Curr Med Res Opin 2002;18(3):154–5
  • Joukhadar C, Klein N, Prinz M, Schrolnberger C, Vulcovich T, Wolzt M, Schmetterer L, Dorner GT. Similar effects of atorvastatin, simvastatin and pravastatin on thrombogenic and inflammatory parameters in patients with hypercholesterolaemia. Thromb Haemost 2001;85(1):47–51
  • Atalar E, Ozmen F, Haznedaroglu I, Acil T, Ozer N, Ovunc K, Aksoyek S, Kes S. Effects of short-term atorvastatin treatment on global fibrinolytic capacity and sL-selectin in hyperlipidemic patients with coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol 2002;84(2):227–31
  • Cortellaro M, Confrancesco E, Arbustini E, Rossi F, Negri A, Tremoli E, Gabrielli E, Camera M. Atorvastatin and thrombogenicity of the carotid atherosclerotic plague: the ATROCAP Study. Thromb Haemost 2002;88(1):41–7
  • Szczeklik A, Undas A, Musial J, Gajewski P, Swadzba J, Jankowski M. Antithrombotic actions of statins. Med Sci Monit 2001;7(6):1381–5
  • Undas A, Brummel KE, Musial J, Mann KG, Szczeklik A. Simvastatin depresses blood clotting by inhibiting activation of prothrombin, factor V, factor XIII, and by enhancing factor Va inactivation. Circulation 2001;103(18):2248–53
  • Musial J, Undas A, Undas R, Brozek J, Szczeklik A. Treatment with simvastatin and low-dose aspirin depresses thrombin generation in patients with coronary heart disease and borderline cholesterol levels. Thromb Haemost 2001;85(2):221–5
  • Puccetti L, Bruni F, Bova G, Cercignami M, Palazzuoli A, Console E, Auteri A, Pasqui AL. Effect of diet and treatment with statins on platelet-dependent thrombin generation in hypercholesterolaemic subjects. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2001;11(6):378–87
  • Wiesbauer F, Kaun C, Zorn G, Maurer G, Huber K, Wojta J. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors affect the fibrinolytic system of human vascular endothelial cells in vitro: a comparative study using different statins. Br J Pharmacol 2002;135(1):284–92
  • Seljeflot I, Tonstad S, Hjermann I, Arnesen H. Improved fibrinolysis after 1-year treatment with HMG CoA reductase inhibitors in patients with coronary heart disease. Thromb Res 2002;105(4):285–90
  • Malyszko J, Malyszko JS, Mysliwiec M. Fluvastatin therapy affects TAFI concentration in kidney transplant recipients. Transpl Int 2003;16(1):53–7
  • Elisaf M, Mikhailidis DP. Statins and renal function. Angiology 2002;53:493–502
  • Kakafika A, Liamis G, Elisaf M, Mikhailidis DP. Effect of atorvastatin on serum creatinine levels. Curr Med Res Opin 2001;17(3):230–1
  • Kakafika A, Tsimihodimos V, Elisaf M. Effect of atorvastatin on serum uric acid levels. Atherosclerosis 2001;158:255
  • Eberlein M, Heusinger-Ribeiro J, Goppelt-Struebe M. Rho-dependent inhibition of the induction of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) by HMG Co A reductase inhibitors (statins). Br J Pharmacol 2001;133(7):1172–80
  • Tonolo G, Melis MG, Formato M, Angius MF, Carboni A, Ciccaresse MG, Brizzi P, Cherchi GM, Maioli M. Additive effects of simvastatin beyond its effect on LDL cholesterol on hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients. Eur J Clin Invest 2000;30: 980–7
  • Tonolo G, Ciccaresse MG, Brizzi P. Reduction of albumin excretion rate in normotensive non-insulin dependent microalbuminuric diabetic patients during long term simvastatin treatment. Diabetes Care 1997;20:980–7
  • Velussi M, Cernigoi AM, Tortul C, Merni M. Atorvastatin for the management of type 2 diabetic patients with dyslipidaemia. A mid-term (9-month) treatment experience. Diabetes Nutr Metab 1999;12(6):407–12
  • Wierzbicki AS. Lipid-lowering: another method of reducing blood pressure? J Hum Hypertens 2002;16(11):753–60
  • Ferrier KE, Muhlmann MH, Baguet JP, Cameron JD, Jennings GL, Dart AM, Kingwell BA. Intensive cholesterol reduction lowers blood pressure and large artery stiffness in isolated systolic hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2002;39(6):1020–5
  • Nickenig G Baumer AT, Temur Y, Kebben D, Jockenhovel F, Bohm M. Statin-sensitive dysregulated AT1 receptor function and density in hypercholesterolemic men. Circulation 1999;100(2):2131–4
  • Glorioso N, Troffa C, Filigheddu F, Dettori F, Soro A, Parpaglia PP, Collatina S, Pahor M. Effect of the HMG-Co A reductase inhibitors on blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension and primary hypercholesterolaemia. Hypertension 1999;34(6):128–106
  • Prasad GV, Ahmed A, Nash MM, Zaltzman JS. Blood pressure reduction with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors in renal transplant recipients. Kidney Int 2003;63(1):360–4
  • Papadakis JA, Milionis HJ, Press M, Mikhailidis DP. Treating dyslipidaemia in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus – a special reference to statins. J Diabetes Complic 2001;15(4):211–26
  • The Diabetes Atorvastatin Lipid Interventional study group. The effect of aggressive versus standard lipid lowering by atorvastatin on diabetic dyslipidaemia: the DALI study: a double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes and dyslipidaemia. Diabetes Care 2001;24(8):1335–41
  • Berk-Planken II, Hoogerbrugge N, Stolk RP, Bootsma AH, Jansen H. Atorvastatin Dose Dependently decreases hepatic lipase activity in type 2 Diabetes: Effect of sex and LIPC promoter variant. Diabetes Care 2003;26(2):427–32
  • Yoshino G, Hirano T, Kazumi T. Atherogenic lipoproteins and diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Complic 2002;16(1):29–34
  • Stewart MW, Dyer RG, Alberti KG, Laker MF. The effect of lipid lowering drugs on metabolic control and lipoprotein composition in type 2 diabetic patients with mild hyperlipidaemia. Diabet Med 1995;12(3):250–7
  • Sheu WH, Jeng CY, Lee WJ, Lin SY, Pei D, Chen YT. Simvastatin treatment on postprandial hypertriglyceridaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with combined hyperlipidaemia. Metabolism 2001;50(3):355–9
  • Tikkanen MJ, Laakso M, Ilmonen M, Helve E, Kaarsalo E, Kilkki E, Saltevo J. Treatment of hypercholesterolemia and combined hyperlipidemia with simvastatin and gemfibrozil in patients with NIDDM. A multicenter comparison study. Diabetes Care 1998;21(4):477–81
  • Paolisso G, Barbagallo M, Pertella G, Ragno E, Barbieri M, Giordano M, Varricchio M. Effects of simvastatin and atorvastatin administration on insulin resistance and respiratory quotient in aged dyslipidaemic non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Atherosclerosis 2000;150(1):121–7
  • Paolisso G, Sgambato S, De Riu S, Gambardella A, Verza M, Varricchio M, D’ Onofrio F. Simvastatin reduces plasma lipid levels and improves insulin action in elderly, non-insulin dependent diabetics. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1991;40(1):27–31
  • Sen K, Misra A, Kumar A, Pandey RM. Simvastatin retards progression of retinopathy in diabetic patients with hypercholesterolemia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002;56(1):1–11
  • Luftjohann D, Sigit IJ, Locatelli S, Bergmann VK. High-dose simvastatin (80 mg/day) decreases plasma concentrations of total homocysteine in patients with hypercholesterolaemia. Atherosclerosis 2001;155:265–6
  • Giral P, Bruckert E, Jacob N, Chapman MJ, Foglietti MJ, Turpin G. Homocysteine and lipid-lowering agents. A comparison between atorvastatin and fenofibrate in patients with mixed hyperlipidemia. Atherosclerosis 2001;154(2):421–7
  • Miltiadous G, Papacostas J, Chasiotis G, Seferiadis K, Elisaf M. Statins and homocysteine. Atherosclerosis 2003;166:199–200
  • Davis M, Atwal AS, Nair DR, Jagroop IA, Seifalian AM, Mikhailidis DP, Hamilton G. The effect of short-term lipid lowering with atorvastatin on carotid artery intima media thickness in patients with peripheral vascular disease: a pilot study. Curr Med Res Opin 2000;16(3):198–204
  • Milionis HJ, Winder AF, Mikhailidis DP. Lipoprotein (a) and stroke. J Clin Pathol 2000;53(7):487–96
  • Milionis HJ, Mikhailidis DP, Winder AF. Platelets and lipoprotein (a): a brief review of their role in the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis. Platelets 1999;10:277–84
  • Gongbert S, Malinski S, Sposito AC, Laouenan H, Doucet C, Chapman MJ, Thillet J. Atorvastatin lowers lipoprotein (a) but not apolipoprotein (a) levels in hypercholesterolaemic subjects at high cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis 2002;164(2):305–11
  • Plenge JK, Hernandez TL, Weil KM, Poirier P, Grunwald GK, Markovina SM, Eckel RH. Simvastatin lowers C-reactive protein within 14 days: an effect independent of low density lipoprotein cholesterol lipoprotein reduction. Circulation 2002;106(12):1447–52
  • Slunga L, Johnson O, Dahlen GH. Changes in Lp(a) lipoprotein levels during the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia with simvastatin. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992;43(4):369–73
  • Kostner GM, Gavish D, Leopold B, Bolzano K, Weintraub MS, Breslow JL. HMG CoA reductase inhibitors lower LDL cholesterol without reducing Lp(a) levels. Circulation 1989;80(5):1313–19
  • Sever PS, Dahlof B, Poulter NR, et al. Prevention of coronary and stroke events with atorvastatin in hypertensive patients who have average or lower-than-average cholesterol concentrations, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial – Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361:1149–58
  • The ALLHAT officers and coordinators for the ALLHAT Collaborative Research Group. Major outcomes in moderately hypercholesterolemic hypertensive patients randomized to pravastatin vs usual care: the Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial (ALLHATLLT). JAMA 2002;288:2998–3007
  • Pasternak RC. The ALLHAT Lipid Lowering trial – Less is less. JAMA 2002;288:3042–4
  • Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, et al. Pravastatin in elderly individuals at risk of vascular disease (PROSPER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2002;360:1623–30
  • Rizos E, Mikhailidis DP. Are high density lipoprotein (HDL) and triglyceride levels relevant in stroke prevention? Cardiovasc Res 2001;52:199–207
  • Wierzbicki AS, Mikhailidis DP, Reynolds TM. More on PROS PER. Lancet 2003;361:1135–6
  • Shepherd J, Blauw GJ, Murphy MB, on behalf of the PROSPER investigators. More on PROSPER. Lancet 2003;361:1136
  • Wierzbicki AS, Mikhailidis DP, Wray R, Schachter M, Cramb R, Simpson WG, Byrne CB. Statin-fibrate combination therapy for hyperlipidaemia: a review. Curr Med Res Opin 2003; 19:155–68

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.