Meta-analysis of cannabis based treatments for neuropathic and multiple sclerosis-related pain

References

• Bruck G, Stadelmann C. Inflammation and degeneration in multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci 2003;24(Suppl 5):S265–S267
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Multiple Sclerosis Society of Canada. MS information – frequently asked questions. Website http://www.mssociety. ca/en/information/faq.htm#1 [accessed: August 17, 2006]
   Google Scholar
• Burks J. A review of current medical aspects of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Rehabil 1992;6:131–9
   Google Scholar
• The Canadian Burden of Illness Study Group. Burden of illness of multiple sclerosis: part I: cost of illness. Can J Neurol Sci 1998;25:23–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amato M, Battaglia M, Caputo D, et al. The costs of multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional, multicenter cost-of-illness study in Italy. J Neurol 2002;249:152–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whetten-Goldstein K, Sloan F, Goldstein L, Kulas E. A comprehensive assessment of the cost of multiple sclerosis in the United States. Mult Scler 1998;4:419–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksson F, Fredrikson S, Masterman T, Jönsson B. Costs, quality of life and disease severity in multiple sclerosis: a cross-sectional study in Sweden. Eur J Neurol 2001;8:27–35
   Google Scholar
• Miltenburger C, Kobelt G. Quality of life and cost of multiple sclerosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2002;104:272–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grudzinski A, Hakim Z, Cox E, Bootman J. The economics of multiple sclerosis: distribution of costs and relationship to disease severity. PharmacoEconomics 1999;15:229–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brichetto G, Messmer Uccelli M, Mancardi G, Solaro C. Symptomatic medication use in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2003;9:458–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Archibald C, McGrath P, Ritvo P. Pain prevalence, severity and impact in a clinical sample of multiple sclerosis patients. Pain 1994;58:89–93
   Google Scholar
• Solaro C, Lunardi G, Mancardi G. Pain and MS. Int MS J 2003;10:14–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ehde D, Gibbons L, Chwastiak L, Bombardier C. Chronic pain in a large community sample of persons with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2003;9:605–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Indaco A, Iachetta C, Nappi C, et al. Chronic and acute pain syndromes in patients with multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 1994;16:97–102
   Google Scholar
• Moulin D. Pain in central and peripheral demyelinating disorders. Neurol Clin 1998;16:889–97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maloni H. Multiple sclerosis and pain. Consortium for multiple sclerosis. Website http://www.mscare.org/presentations.cfm [accessed: August 8, 2006
   Google Scholar
• Holdcroft A, Maze M, Dore C, et al. A multicenter dose-escalation study of the analgesic and adverse effects of an oral cannabis extract for postoperative pain management. Anesthesiology 2006;104:1040–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burns TL, Ineck JR. Cannabinoid analgesia as a potential new therapeutic option in the treatment of chronic pain. Ann Pharmacother 2006;40:251–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higgins JP, Thompson SG. Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med 2002;21:1539–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begg CB, Mazumdar M. Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias. Biometrics 1994;50:1088–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jadad A, Moore A, Carroll D, et al. Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: is blinding necessary? Control Clin Trials 1996;17:1–12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barnes MP. Sativex: clinical efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of symptoms of multiple sclerosis and neuropathic pain. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2006;7:607–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berman JS, Symonds C, Birch R. Efficacy of two cannabis based medicinal extracts for relief of central neuropathic pain from brachial plexus avulsion: results of a randomised controlled trial. Pain 2004;112:299–306
   Google Scholar
• Blake DR, Robson P, Ho M, et al. Preliminary assessment of the efficacy, tolerability and safety of cannabis-based medicine (Sativex) in the treatment of pain caused by rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2006;45:50–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jungmayr P. Multiple sclerosis: dronabinol as analgesic. Deutsche Apoteker Zeitung 2004;144:42–4
   Google Scholar
• Karst M, Salim K, Burstein S, et al. Analgesic effect of the synthetic cannabinoid CT-3 on chronic neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Med Assoc 2003;290: 1757–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Notcutt W, Price M, Miller R, et al. Initial experiences with medicinal extracts of cannabis for chronic pain: results from 34 ‘N of 1’ studies. Anaesthesia 2004;59:440–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noyes Jr R, Brunk SF, Avery DA, Canter AC. The analgesic properties of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and codeine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1975;18:84–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noyes Jr R, Brunk SF, Baram DA, Canter A. Analgesic effect of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol. J Clin Pharmacol 1975;15:139–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurimikko TJ, Serpell MG, Hoggart B, et al. A multi-centre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of oro-mucosal cannabis-based medicine in the treatment of neuropathic pain characterized by allodynia. Neurology 2005;64(Suppl 1):A374
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rog D, Nurmikko T, Friede T, Young C. Randomized controlled trial of cannabis based medicine in central pain due to multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2005;65:812–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salim K, Schneider U, Burstein S, et al. Pain measurements and side effect profile of the novel cannabinoid ajulemic acid. Neuropharmacology 2005;48:1164–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schley M, Legler A, Skopp G, et al. Delta-9-THC based monotherapy in fibromyalgia patients on experimentally induced pain, axon reflex flare, and pain relief. Curr Med Res Opin 2006;22:1269–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svendsen K, Jensen T, Bach F. Does the cannabinoid dronabinol reduce central pain in multiple sclerosis? Randomised double blind placebo controlled crossover trial. Br Med J 2004;329: 253–60
   Google Scholar
• Vaney C, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Jobin P, et al. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of an orally administered cannabis extract in the treatment of spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study. Mult Scler 2004;10:417–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade D, Robson P, House H, et al. A preliminary controlled study to determine whether whole-plant cannabis extracts can improve intractable neurogenic symptoms. Clin Rehabil 2003;17:21–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade D, Makela P, Robson P, et al. Do cannabis-based medicinal extracts have general or specific effects on symptoms in multiple sclerosis? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on 160 patients. Mult Scler 2004;10:434–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajicek J, Fox P, Sanders H, et al. Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;362(9395):1517–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zajicek JP, Sanders HP, Wright DE, et al. Cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis (CAMS study: safety and efficacy data for 12 months follow-up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:1664–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosworth T. Clinical study report: a double blind, randomised, parallel group, placebo-controlled trial of a combination of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) in patients with multiple sclerosis, followed by an open label assessment and study extension [Study Code: GWMS0001, 1–228. 2003. GW Pharma Ltd]
   Google Scholar
• Dempster B. Clinical study report: a multi centre randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, parallel group comparison of the effects of cannabis based medicine standardised extracts over 4 weeks, in patients with chronic refractory pain due to multiple sclerosis or other defects of neurological function [Study Code: GWPS0105, 1–259. 2003. GW Pharma Ltd]
   Google Scholar
• Davidson A. Clinical study report: a double blind, randomised, parallel group placebo controlled study of cannabis based medicine extract (CBME) to validate the neuropathic pain scale (NPS) compared with a single pain severity score, in central neuropathic pain in multiple sclerosis [Study Code: GWMS0107, 1–237. 2003. GW Pharma Ltd]
   Google Scholar
• Farrar J, Portenoy R, Berlin J, et al. Defining the clinically important difference in pain outcome measures. Pain 2000;88:287–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavlopoulos S, Thakur GA, Nikas SP, Makriyannis A. Cannabinoid receptors as therapeutic targets. Curr Pharm Des 2006;12:1751–69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar