Therapeutic options for statin-intolerant patients

References

• Kiortsis DN, Filippatos TD, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Statin-associated adverse effects beyond muscle and liver toxicity. Atherosclerosis 2007;195:7-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostapanos MS, Milionis HJ, Elisaf MS. Rosuvastatin-associated adverse effects and drug-drug interactions in the clinical setting of dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2010;10:11-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva MA, Swanson AC, Gandhi PJ, et al. Statin-related adverse events: a meta-analysis. Clin Ther 2006;28:26-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liberopoulos EN, Florentin M, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Compliance with lipid-lowering therapy and its impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2008;7:717-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tziomalos K, Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP. Statin discontinuation: an underestimated risk? Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24:3059-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alsheikh-Ali AA, Maddukuri PV, Han H, et al. Effect of the magnitude of lipid lowering on risk of elevated liver enzymes, rhabdomyolysis, and cancer: insights from large randomized statin trials. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007;50:409-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vandenberg BF, Robinson J. Management of the patient with statin intolerance. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2010;12:48-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shitara Y, Sugiyama Y. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic alterations of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors: drug-drug interactions and interindividual differences in transporter and metabolic enzyme functions. Pharmacol Ther 2006;112:71-105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McTaggart F. Comparative pharmacology of rosuvastatin. Atheroscler Suppl 2003;4:9-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meek C, Wierzbicki A, Jewkes C, et al. Daily and intermittent rosuvastatin 5 mg therapy in statin-intolerant patients: an observational study. Curr Med Res Opin 2012; in press
   Google Scholar
• Abd TT, Jacobson TA. Statin-induced myopathy: a review and update. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2011;10:373-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glueck CJ, Aregawi D, Agloria M, et al. Rosuvastatin 5 and 10 mg/d: a pilot study of the effects in hypercholesterolemic adults unable to tolerate other statins and reach LDL cholesterol goals with nonstatin lipid-lowering therapies. Clin Ther 2006;28:933-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqi SA, Thompson PD. How do you treat patients with myalgia who take statins? Curr Atheroscler Rep 2009;11:9-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glueck CJ, Budhani SB, Masineni SS, et al. Vitamin D deficiency, myositis-myalgia, and reversible statin intolerance. Curr Med Res Opin 2011;27:1683-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols GA, Koro CE. Does statin therapy initiation increase the risk for myopathy? An observational study of 32,225 diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Clin Ther 2007;29:1761-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage J, Bowman L, Collins R, et al. Effects of simvastatin 40 mg daily on muscle and liver adverse effects in a 5-year randomized placebo-controlled trial in 20,536 high-risk people. BMC Clin Pharmacol 2009;9:6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pasternak RC, Smith SCJr, Bairey-Merz CN, et al. ACC/AHA/NHLBI Clinical Advisory on the Use and Safety of Statins. Circulation 2002;106:1024-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostapanos MS, Liamis GL, Milionis HJ, et al. Do statins beneficially or adversely affect glucose homeostasis? Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2010;8:612-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fellstrom BC, Jardine AG, Schmieder RE, et al. Rosuvastatin and cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis. N Engl J Med 2009;360:1395-407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Link E, Parish S, Armitage J, et al. SLCO1B1 variants and statin-induced myopathy – a genomewide study. N Engl J Med 2008;359:789-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The U.S. Food and Drug Administration. www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm256581.htm - 48k - 2011-06-08
   Google Scholar
• Katsiki N, Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, et al. Vitamin D deficiency, statin-related myopathy and other links with vascular risk. Curr Med Res Opin 2011;27:1691-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed W, Khan N, Glueck CJ, et al. Low serum 25(OH) vitamin D levels (<32 ng/mL) are associated with reversible myositis-myalgia in statin-treated patients. Transl Res 2009;153:11-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ertugrul DT, Yavuz B, Cil H, et al. STATIN-D Study: Comparison of the influences of rosuvastatin and fluvastatin treatment on the levels of 25 hydroxyvitamin D. Cardiovasc Ther 2010; in press
   Google Scholar
• Shepherd J, Cobbe SM, Ford I, et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1301-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The LIPID Study group. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. The Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1349-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Backes JM, Venero CV, Gibson CA, et al. Effectiveness and tolerability of every-other-day rosuvastatin dosing in patients with prior statin intolerance. Ann Pharmacother 2008;42:341-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruisinger JF, Backes JM, Gibson CA, et al. Once-a-week rosuvastatin (2.5 to 20 mg) in patients with a previous statin intolerance. Am J Cardiol 2009;103:393-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tziomalos K, Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, et al. Management of statin-intolerant high-risk patients. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2010;8:632-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Kakafika AI, et al. Effectiveness of ezetimibe alone or in combination with twice a week Atorvastatin (10 mg) for statin intolerant high-risk patients. Am J Cardiol 2008;101:483-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florentin M, Liberopoulos EN, Elisaf MS. Ezetimibe-associated adverse effects: what the clinician needs to know. Int J Clin Pract 2008;62:88-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikhailidis DP, Sibbring GC, Ballantyne CM, et al. Meta-analysis of the cholesterol-lowering effect of ezetimibe added to ongoing statin therapy. Curr Med Res Opin 2007;23:2009-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikhailidis DP, Lawson RW, McCormick AL, et al. Comparative efficacy of the addition of ezetimibe to statin vs. statin titration in patients with hypercholesterolaemia: systematic review and meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin 2011;27:1191-210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paraskevas KI, Veith FJ, Mikhailidis DP. Editorial [Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Ezetimibe: The End of a Misunderstanding?]. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2011;9:381-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostapanos MS, Spyrou AT, Tellis CC, et al. Ezetimibe treatment lowers indicators of oxidative stress in hypercholesterolemic subjects with high oxidative stress. Lipids 2011;46:341-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalogirou M, Tsimihodimos V, Gazi I, et al. Effect of ezetimibe monotherapy on the concentration of lipoprotein subfractions in patients with primary dyslipidaemia. Curr Med Res Opin 2007;23:1169-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baigent C, Landray MJ, Reith C, et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with simvastatin plus ezetimibe in patients with chronic kidney disease (Study of Heart and Renal Protection): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2011;377:2181-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippatos TD, Mikhailidis DP. Lipid-lowering drugs acting at the level of the gastrointestinal tract. Curr Pharm Des 2009;15:490-516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rivers SM, Kane MP, Busch RS, et al. Colesevelam hydrochloride-ezetimibe combination lipid-lowering therapy in patients with diabetes or metabolic syndrome and a history of statin intolerance. Endocr Pract 2007;13:11-16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Florentin M, Liberopoulos EN, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Colesevelam hydrochloride in clinical practice: a new approach in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24:995-1009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florentin M, Kostapanos MS, Nakou ES, et al. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe plus orlistat or rimonabant in statin-intolerant nondiabetic overweight/obese patients with dyslipidemia. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol Ther 2009;14:274-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippatos TD, Kiortsis DN, Liberopoulos EN, et al. Effect of orlistat, micronised fenofibrate and their combination on metabolic parameters in overweight and obese patients with the metabolic syndrome: the FenOrli study. Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21:1997-2006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filippatos TD, Derdemezis CS, Gazi IF, et al. Orlistat-associated adverse effects and drug interactions: a critical review. Drug Saf 2008;31:53-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar