Are fixed-dose combination antihypertensives suitable as first-line therapy?

References

• Porapakkham Y, Pattaraarchachai J, Aekplakorn W. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension and diabetes mellitus among the elderly: the 2004 National Health Examination Survey III, Thailand. Singapore Med J 2008;49:868-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong KL, Cheung BM, Man YB, et al. Prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among United States adults 1999–2004. Hypertension 2007;49:69-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi KM, Park HS, Han JH, et al. Prevalence of prehypertension and hypertension in a Korean population: Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey 2001. J Hypertens 2006;24:1515-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim TO, Morad Z. Prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension in the Malaysian adult population: results from the national health and morbidity survey 1996. Singapore Med J 2004;45:20-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xi B, Liang Y, Reilly KH, et al. Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension among Chinese adults 1991-2009. Int J Cardiol 2012;158:326-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong ND, Dede J, Chow VH, et al. Global cardiovascular risk associated with hypertension and extent of treatment and control according to risk group. Am J Hypertens 2012;25:561-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law MR, Morris JK, Wald NJ. Use of blood pressure lowering drugs in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of 147 randomised trials in the context of expectations from prospective epidemiological studies. BMJ 2009;338:b1665
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawes CM, Bennett DA, Feigin VL, et al. Blood pressure and stroke: an overview of published reviews. Stroke 2004;35:776-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ni MC, Rodgers A, MacMahon S. The associations of diastolic blood pressure with the risk of stroke in Western and Eastern populations. Clin Exp Hypertens 1999;21:531-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He FJ, MacGregor GA. Cost of poor blood pressure control in the UK: 62,000 unnecessary deaths per year. J Hum Hypertens 2003;17:455-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward M, Tsukinoki-Murakami R, Murakami Y, et al. The epidemiology of stroke amongst women in the Asia-Pacific region. Womens Health (Lond Engl) 2011;7:305-17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Seaghdha CM, Perkovic V, Lam TH, et al. Blood pressure is a major risk factor for renal death: an analysis of 560 352 participants from the Asia-Pacific region. Hypertension 2009;54:509-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flack JM, Sica DA, Bakris G, et al. Management of high blood pressure in Blacks: an update of the International Society on Hypertension in Blacks consensus statement. Hypertension 2010;56:780-800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, De BG, Dominiczak A, et al. 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Arterial Hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 2007;25:1105-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, Laurent S, Agabiti-Rosei E, et al. Reappraisal of European guidelines on hypertension management: a European Society of Hypertension Task Force document. J Hypertens 2009;27:2121-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 2003;42:1206-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang CE, Wang TD, Li YH, et al. 2010 guidelines of the Taiwan Society of Cardiology for the management of hypertension. J Formos Med Assoc 2010;109:740-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu LS. [2010 Chinese guidelines for the management of hypertension]. Zhonghua Xin Xue Guan Bing Za Zhi 2011;39:579-615
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jaffe MG, Young JD. The Kaiser Permanente Northern California Hypertension Project 2001–2009: How an integrated care delivery system increased blood pressure control rates from 44% to 80% in 8 years[abstract]. J Clin Hypertens 2011;13(Suppl s1):A6. Abstract OR13
   Google Scholar
• Canadian Hypertension Education Program. The 2012 CHEP recommendations. Hypertension Canada. Available at: http://www.hypertension.ca/chep-recommendations. [Last accessed 22 March 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Gradman AH, Basile JN, Carter BL, et al. Combination therapy in hypertension. J Am Soc Hypertens 2010;4:90-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cushman WC, Ford CE, Cutler JA, et al. Success and predictors of blood pressure control in diverse North American settings: the antihypertensive and lipid-lowering treatment to prevent heart attack trial (ALLHAT). J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2002;4:393-404
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wald DS, Law M, Morris JK, et al. Combination therapy versus monotherapy in reducing blood pressure: meta-analysis on 11,000 participants from 42 trials. Am J Med 2009;122:290-300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motro M, Shemesh J, Grossman E. Coronary benefits of calcium antagonist therapy for patients with hypertension. Curr Opin Cardiol 2001;16:349-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown MJ, McInnes GT, Papst CC, et al. Aliskiren and the calcium channel blocker amlodipine combination as an initial treatment strategy for hypertension control (ACCELERATE): a randomised, parallel-group trial. Lancet 2011;377:312-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrao G, Zambon A, Parodi A, et al. Discontinuation of and changes in drug therapy for hypertension among newly-treated patients: a population-based study in Italy. J Hypertens 2008;26:819-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White WB. Improving blood pressure control and clinical outcomes through initial use of combination therapy in stage 2 hypertension. Blood Press Monit 2008;13:123-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamerson KA, Nwose O, Jean-Louis L, et al. Initial angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/calcium channel blocker combination therapy achieves superior blood pressure control compared with calcium channel blocker monotherapy in patients with stage 2 hypertension. Am J Hypertens 2004;17:495-501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flack JM, Calhoun DA, Satlin L, et al. Efficacy and safety of initial combination therapy with amlodipine/valsartan compared with amlodipine monotherapy in black patients with stage 2 hypertension: the EX-STAND study. J Hum Hypertens 2009;23:479-89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Law MR, Wald NJ, Morris JK, et al. Value of low dose combination treatment with blood pressure lowering drugs: analysis of 354 randomised trials. BMJ 2003;326:1427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv Y, Zou Z, Chen GM, et al. Amlodipine and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor combination versus amlodipine monotherapy in hypertension: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Blood Press Monit 2010;15:195-204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Philipp T, Smith TR, Glazer R, et al. Two multicenter, 8-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group studies evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of amlodipine and valsartan in combination and as monotherapy in adult patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Clin Ther 2007;29:563-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Littlejohn TW, III, Majul CR, Olvera R, et al. Results of treatment with telmisartan-amlodipine in hypertensive patients. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2009;11:207-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrysant SG, Melino M, Karki S, et al. The combination of olmesartan medoxomil and amlodipine besylate in controlling high blood pressure: COACH, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 8-week factorial efficacy and safety study. Clin Ther 2008;30:587-604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma L, Wang W, Zhao Y, et al. Combination of amlodipine plus angiotensin receptor blocker or diuretics in high-risk hypertensive patients: a 96-week efficacy and safety study. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2012;12:137-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mancia G, Parati G, Bilo G, et al. Blood pressure control by the nifedipine GITS-telmisartan combination in patients at high cardiovascular risk: the TALENT study. J Hypertens 2011;29:600-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamerson K, Weber MA, Bakris GL, et al. Benazepril plus amlodipine or hydrochlorothiazide for hypertension in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med 2008;359:2417-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber M. Effect of body mass on cardiovascular outcomes during hypertension treatment: an ACCOMPLISH analysis. American Society of Hypertension; May 19-22, 2012. New York, NY. Abstract LB-OR-03
   Google Scholar
• Dahlof B, Sever PS, Poulter NR, et al. Prevention of cardiovascular events with an antihypertensive regimen of amlodipine adding perindopril as required versus atenolol adding bendroflumethiazide as required, in the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial-Blood Pressure Lowering Arm (ASCOT-BPLA): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005;366:895-906
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlof B, Devereux RB, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in the Losartan Intervention For Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE): a randomised trial against atenolol. Lancet 2002;359:995-1003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, Weber M, et al. Outcomes in hypertensive patients at high cardiovascular risk treated with regimens based on valsartan or amlodipine: the VALUE randomised trial. Lancet 2004;363:2022-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogihara T, Nakao K, Fukui T, et al. The optimal target blood pressure for antihypertensive treatment in Japanese elderly patients with high-risk hypertension: a subanalysis of the Candesartan Antihypertensive Survival Evaluation in Japan (CASE-J) trial. Hypertens Res 2008;31:1595-601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjeldsen SE, Stalhammar J, Hasvold P, et al. Effects of losartan vs candesartan in reducing cardiovascular events in the primary treatment of hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2010;24:263-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Ma L, Zhang Y, et al. The combination of amlodipine and angiotensin receptor blocker or diuretics in high-risk hypertensive patients: rationale, design and baseline characteristics. J Hum Hypertens 2011;25:271-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hasebe N, Kikuchi K. Controlled-release nifedipine and candesartan low-dose combination therapy in patients with essential hypertension: the NICE Combi (Nifedipine and Candesartan Combination) Study. J Hypertens 2005;23:445-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott HL, Meredith PA. Preferential benefits of nifedipine GITS in systolic hypertension and in combination with RAS blockade: further analysis of the ‘ACTION’ database in patients with angina. J Hum Hypertens 2011;25:63-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir MR, Zappe D, Orloski LA, et al. How early should blood pressure control be achieved for optimal cardiovascular outcomes? J Hum Hypertens 2011;25:211-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber MA, Julius S, Kjeldsen SE, et al. Blood pressure dependent and independent effects of antihypertensive treatment on clinical events in the VALUE Trial. Lancet 2004;363:2049-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corrao G, Nicotra F, Parodi A, et al. Cardiovascular protection by initial and subsequent combination of antihypertensive drugs in daily life practice. Hypertension 2011;58:566-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matchar DB, McCrory DC, Orlando LA, et al. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers for treating essential hypertension. Ann Intern Med 2008;148:16-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yusuf S, Teo KK, Pogue J, et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1547-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng DS, Kwong J, Rezvani F, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme-related cough among Chinese-Americans. Am J Med 2010;123:183-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makani H, Bangalore S, Romero J, et al. Effect of renin-angiotensin system blockade on calcium channel blocker-associated peripheral edema. Am J Med 2011;124:128-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman RD, Zou GY, Vandervoort MK, et al. A simplified approach to the treatment of uncomplicated hypertension: a cluster randomized, controlled trial. Hypertension 2009;53:646-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belsey JD. Optimizing adherence in hypertension: a comparison of outcomes and costs using single tablet regimens vs individual component regimens. J Med Econ 2012;15:897-905
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bangalore S, Kamalakkannan G, Parkar S, et al. Fixed-dose combinations improve medication compliance: a meta-analysis. Am J Med 2007;120:713-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta AK, Arshad S, Poulter NR. Compliance, safety, and effectiveness of fixed-dose combinations of antihypertensive agents: a meta-analysis. Hypertension 2010;55:399-407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egan BM, Bandyopadhyay D, Shaftman SR, et al. Initial monotherapy and combination therapy and hypertension control the first year. Hypertension 2012;59:1124-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma A, Bagchi A, Kinagi SB, et al. Results of a comparative, phase III, 12-week, multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind assessment of the efficacy and tolerability of a fixed-dose combination of telmisartan and amlodipine versus amlodipine monotherapy in Indian adults with stage II hypertension. Clin Ther 2007;29:2667-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang J, Sun NL, Hao YM, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a single-pill combination of amlodipine/valsartan in Asian hypertensive patients not adequately controlled with valsartan monotherapy. Clin Exp Hypertens 2011;33:179-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ke Y, Zhu D, Hong H, et al. Efficacy and safety of a single-pill combination of amlodipine/valsartan in Asian hypertensive patients inadequately controlled with amlodipine monotherapy. Curr Med Res Opin 2010;26:1705-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ke Y-N, Dong Y-G, Shu-Ping Ma S-P, et al. Improved blood pressure control with nifedipine GITS/valsartan combination versus high-dose valsartan monotherapy in mild–moderate hypertensive patients from Asia: results from the ADVISE study, a randomized trial. Cardiovasc Ther Published online 3 Aug 2012, doi: 10.1111/cdr.12003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson M, Plauschinat CA. Racial differences in medication compliance and healthcare utilization among hypertensive Medicaid recipients: fixed-dose vs free-combination treatment. Ethn Dis 2008;18:204-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong MC, Jiang JY, Griffiths SM. Switching of antihypertensive drugs among 93,286 Chinese patients: a cohort study. J Hum Hypertens 2010;24:669-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickson M, Plauschinat CA. Compliance with antihypertensive therapy in the elderly: a comparison of fixed-dose combination amlodipine/benazepril versus component-based free-combination therapy. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2008;8:45-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujikawa K, Hasebe N, Kikuchi K. Cost-effectiveness analysis of hypertension treatment: controlled release nifedipine and candesartan low-dose combination therapy in patients with essential hypertension – the Nifedipine and Candesartan Combination (NICE-Combi) Study. Hypertens Res 2005;28:585-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meredith P. The J-shaped curve: fact or fiction? Cardiovasc J Afr 2010;21:298
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Julius S, Weber MA, Kjeldsen SE, et al. The Valsartan Antihypertensive long-term use evaluation (VALUE) trial: outcomes in patients receiving monotherapy. Hypertension 2006;48:385-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flack JM, Yunis C, Preisser J, et al. The rapidity of drug dose escalation influences blood pressure response and adverse effects burden in patients with hypertension: the Quinapril Titration Interval Management Evaluation (ATIME) study. ATIME Research Group. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:1842-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upadhyay A, Earley A, Haynes SM, et al. Systematic review: blood pressure target in chronic kidney disease and proteinuria as an effect modifier. Ann Intern Med 2011;154:541-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calhoun DA, Lacourciere Y, Chiang YT, et al. Triple antihypertensive therapy with amlodipine, valsartan, and hydrochlorothiazide: a randomized clinical trial. Hypertension 2009;54:32-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deeks ED. Amlodipine/valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide: fixed-dose combination in hypertension. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2009;9:411-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar