Challenging evidence and assumptions: is there a role for self-monitoring of blood glucose in people with type 2 diabetes not using insulin?

References

• Ceriello A. Self-monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes: is the debate (finally) ending? Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012;97:1-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyder E. Should we stop patients with non-insulin treated diabetes using self monitoring of blood glucose? The implications of the Diabetes Glycaemic Education and Monitoring (DiGEM) trial. Prim Care Diabetes 2008;2:91-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Parkin CG, Buskirk A, Hinnen DA, et al. Results that matter: structured vs. unstructured self-monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012;97:6-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulliford M. Self monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes. BMJ 2008;336:1139-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malanda UL, Welschen LMC, Riphagen II, et al. Self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are not using insulin. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;18:1-89
   Google Scholar
• Farmer AJ, Perera R, Ward A, et al. Meta-analysis of individual patient data in randomised trials of self monitoring of blood glucose in people with non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes. BMJ 2012;344:e486
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Davidson MB. Evaluation of self monitoring of blood glucose in non-insulin-treated diabetic patients by randomized controlled trials: Little bang for the buck. Rev Recent Clin Trials 2010;5:138-42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Towfigh A, Romanova M, Weinreb JE, et al. Self-monitoring of blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus not taking insulin: a meta-analysis. Am J Manag Care 2008;14:468-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clar C, Barnard K, Cummins E, et al. Self-monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes: systematic review. Health Technol Asses 2010;14:1-140
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welschen L, Bloemendal E, Nijpels G, et al. Self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes who are not using insulin: a systematic review. Diabetes Care 2005;28:1510-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, et al. Global prevalence of diabetes estimates for the year 2000 and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1047-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UKPDS. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. BMJ 1998;317:703-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NADC-ANDIAB. ANDIAB 2009 Final Report. Canberra: NADC, 2009
   Google Scholar
• Saaddine JB, Cadwell B, Gregg EW, et al. Improvements in diabetes processes of care and intermediate outcomes: United States, 1988–2002. Ann Intern Med 2006;144:465-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerci B, Drouin P, Grange V, et al. Self-monitoring of blood glucose significantly improves metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the Auto-Surveillance Intervention Active (ASIA) study. Diabetes Metab 2003;29:587-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown SA, Garcia AA, Kouzekanani K, et al. Culturally competent diabetes self-management education for Mexican Americans: the Starr county border health initiative. Diabetes Care 2002;25:259-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho JH, Chang SA, Kwon HS, et al. Long-term effect of the internet-based glucose monitoring system on HbA1c reduction and glucose stability: a 30-month follow-up study for diabetes management with a ubiquitous medical care system. Diabetes Care 2006;29:2625-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estey AL, Tan MH, Mann K. Follow-up intervention: its effect on compliance behavior to a diabetes regimen. Diabetes Educator 1990;16:291-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Moreland EC, Volkening LK, Lawlor MT, et al. Use of a blood glucose monitoring manual to enhance monitoring adherence in adults with diabetes: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2006;166:689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutten G, Van Eijk J, de Nobel E, et al. Feasibility and effects of a diabetes type II protocol with blood glucose self-monitoring in general practice. Fam Pract 1990;7:273-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seaton T. Benefit of self-monitoring of blood glucose in patients with NIDDM receiving oral sulfonylureas. Pharmacotherapy 1996;16:498
   Google Scholar
• Allen BT, DeLong ER, Feussner JR. Impact of glucose self-monitoring on non-insulin-treated patients with type II diabetes mellitus: randomized controlled trial comparing blood and urine testing. Diabetes Care 1990;13:1044-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett A, Krentz A, Strojek K, et al. The efficacy of self-monitoring of blood glucose in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes treated with a gliclazide modified release-based regimen. A multicentre, randomized, parallel-group, 6-month evaluation (DINAMIC 1 study). Diabetes Obes Metab 2008;10:1239-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson MB, Castellanos M, Kain D, et al. The effect of self monitoring of blood glucose concentrations on glycated hemoglobin levels in diabetic patients not taking insulin: a blinded, randomized trial. Am J Med 2005;118:422-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer A, Wade A, Goyder E, et al. Impact of self monitoring of blood glucose in the management of patients with non-insulin treated diabetes: open parallel group randomised trial. BMJ 2007;335:132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duran A, Martin P, Runkle I, et al. Benefits of self-monitoring blood glucose in the management of new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus: The St Carlos Study, a prospective randomized clinic-based interventional study with parallel groups. J Diabetes 2010;2:203-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franciosi M, Lucisano G, Pellegrini F, et al. ROSES: role of self-monitoring of blood glucose and intensive education in patients with type 2 diabetes not receiving insulin. A pilot randomized clinical trial. Diabetic Med 2011;28:789-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleefstra N, Hortensius J, Logtenberg S, et al. Self-monitoring of blood glucose in tablet-treated type 2 diabetic patients (ZODIAc-17). Neth J Med 2010;68:311-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muchmore D, Springer J, Miller M. Self-monitoring of blood glucose in overweight type 2 diabetic patients. Acta Diabetol 1994;31:215-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Kane MJ, Bunting B, Copeland M, et al. Efficacy of self monitoring of blood glucose in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes (ESMON study): randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2008;336:1174-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwedes U, Siebolds M, Mertes G. Meal-related structured self-monitoring of blood glucose. Diabetes Care 2002;25:1928-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaber LA, Halapy H, Fernet M, et al. Evaluation of a pharmaceutical care model on diabetes management. Ann Pharmacother 1996;30:238-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson J, Majumdar S, Bowker S, et al. Self-monitoring in type 2 diabetes: a randomized trial of reimbursement policy. Diabetic Med 2006;23:1247-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kibriya M, Ali L, Banik N, et al. Home monitoring of blood glucose (HMBG) in type-2 diabetes mellitus in a developing country. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1999;46:253-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon HS, Cho JH, Kim HS, et al. Establishment of blood glucose monitoring system using the internet. Diabetes Care 2004;27:478-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miles P, Everett J, Murphy J, et al. Comparison of blood or urine testing by patients with newly diagnosed non-insulin dependent diabetes: patient survey after randomised crossover trial. BMJ 1997;315:348-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherbaum WA, Ohmann C, Abholz HH, et al. Effect of the frequency of self-monitoring blood glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with oral antidiabetic drugs – a multi-centre, randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2008;3:e3087
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonomo K, De Salve A, Pignatelli S, et al. Self-monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetic patients not on insulin treatment: waste of money or tool to reach the glycaemic targets? Diabetologia 2006;49:495
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontbonne A, Billault B, Acosta M, et al. Is glucose self-monitoring beneficial in non-insulin-treated diabetic patients? Results of a randomized comparative trial. Diabet Metabol 1989;15:255-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallichan M. Self-monitoring by patients receiving oral hypoglycaemic agents: a survey and a comparative trial. Pract Diabetes Int 1994;11:28-30
   Google Scholar
• Farmer AJ, Wade AN, French DP, et al. Blood glucose self-monitoring in type 2 diabetes: a randomised controlled trial. Health Technol Asses 2009;13:1-72
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polonsky W, Fisher L, Schikman C, et al. The value of episodic, intensive blood glucose monitoring in non-insulin treated persons with type 2 diabetes: design of the Structured Testing Program (STeP) Study, a cluster-randomised, clinical trial [NCT00674986]. BMC Fam Pract 2010;11:37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polonsky WH, Fisher L, Schikman CH, et al. Structured self-monitoring of blood glucose significantly reduces A1C levels in poorly controlled, non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011;34:262-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polonsky WH, Fisher L, Schikman CH, et al. A structured self-monitoring of blood glucose approach in type 2 diabetes encourages more frequent, intensive, and effective physician interventions: results from the STeP study. Diabetes Technol 2011;13:797-802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• May C. The hard work of being ill. Chron Ill 2006;2:161-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Campbell NC, Murray E, Darbyshire J, et al. Designing and evaluating complex interventions to improve health care. BMJ 2007;334:455-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polonsky WH, Fisher L. Self-monitoring of blood glucose in non-insulin-using type 2 diabetic patients. Right answer, but wrong question: self-monitoring of blood glucose can be clinically valuable for non-insulin users. Diabetes Care 2013;36:179-82
   Google Scholar
• Fisher L, Polonsky WH, Parkin CG, et al. The impact of structured blood glucose testing on attitudes toward self-management among poorly controlled, insulin-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2012;96:149-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali S, Stone M, Peters J, et al. The prevalence of co-morbid depression in adults with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2006;23:1165-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snoek FJ, Pouwer F, Welch GW, et al. Diabetes-related emotional distress in Dutch and US diabetic patients: cross-cultural validity of the problem areas in diabetes scale. Diabetes Care 2000;23:1305-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heller SR, Kerr D. Risk of hypoglycaemia in types 1 and 2 diabetes: effects of treatment modalities and their duration. Diabetologia 2007;50:1140-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simon J, Gray A, Clarke P, et al. Cost effectiveness of self monitoring of blood glucose in patients with non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes: economic evaluation of data from the DiGEM trial. BMJ 2008;336:1177-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LoNigro R, Sredzinski M. Implications of STeP for improved diabetes control: a payer perspective. Am J Pharm Benefits 2011;3: 257-62
   Google Scholar
• El-Osta A, Brasacchio D, Yao D, et al. Transient high glucose causes persistent epigenetic changes and altered gene expression during subsequent normoglycemia. J Exp Med 2008;205:2409-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diabetes Control Complications Trial Research Group. The relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1c) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes 1995;44:968-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IDF. 2011 Guideline for Management of PostMeal Glucose in Diabetes. Brussels: IDF, 2011
   Google Scholar
• Peel E, Douglas M, Lawton J. Self monitoring of blood glucose in type 2 diabetes: longitudinal qualitative study of patients’ perspectives. BMJ 2007;335:493-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peel E, Parry O, Douglas M, et al. Blood glucose self-monitoring in non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes: a qualitative study of patients’ perspectives. Brit J Gen Pract 2004;54:183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zgibor JC, Simmons D. Barriers to blood glucose monitoring in a multiethnic community. Diabetes Care 2002;25:1772-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klonoff D, Blonde L, Cembrowski G, et al. Consensus report: the current role of self-monitoring of blood glucose in non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2011;5:1529-48
   PubMedGoogle Scholar