2,046
Views
75
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Psychiatry: Review

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in the European adult population: prevalence, disease awareness, and treatment guidelines

, , , &
Pages 1093-1104 | Accepted 04 Jun 2013, Published online: 02 Jul 2013

References

  • Adler LA. Issues in the diagnosis and treatment of the adult patient with ADHD. Adv Stud Med 2002;2:902-5
  • Wood DR, Reimherr FW, Wender PH, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of minimal brain dysfunction in adults: a preliminary report. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976;33:1453-60
  • Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mick E. The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med 2006;36:159-65
  • Kessler RC, Adler LA, Gruber MJ, et al. Validity of the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) Screener in a representative sample of health plan members. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2007;16:52-65
  • Mannuzza S, Klein RG, Bessler A, et al. Adult outcome of hyperactive boys. Educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993;50:565-76
  • Asherson P, Chen W, Craddock B, et al. Adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: recognition and treatment in general adult psychiatry. Br J Psychiatry 2007;190:4-5
  • Aragonès E, Piñol JL, Ramos-Quiroga JA, et al. Prevalence of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) according to primary care computerized clinical records. Rev Esp Salud Pública 2010;84:415-20
  • Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Diagnosis and management of ADHD in children, young people and adults. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), 2008. Available at: http://publications.nice.org.uk/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-cg72 [Last accessed 10 January 2013]
  • Turgay A, Goodman DW, Asherson P, et al. Lifespan persistence of ADHD: the life transition model and its application. J Clin Psychiatry 2012;73:192-201
  • Antshel KM, Hargrave TM, Simonescu M, et al. Advances in understanding and treating ADHD. BMC Med 2011;9:72
  • Kessler RC, Adler L, Barkley R, et al. The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:716-23
  • Retz W, Retz-Junginger P, Thome J, et al. Pharmacological treatment of adult ADHD in Europe. World J Biol Psychiatry 2011;12:89-94
  • Sobanski E, Brüggemann D, Alm B, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity and functional impairment in a clinically referred sample of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2007;257:371-7
  • Barkley RA, Murphy KR. Impairment in occupational functioning and adult ADHD: the predictive utility of executive function (EF) ratings versus EF tests. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2010;25:157-73
  • Biederman J, Petty C, Fried R, et al. Impact of psychometrically defined deficits of executive functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2006;163:1730-8
  • de Graaf R, Kessler RC, Fayyad J, et al. The prevalence and effects of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) on the performance of workers: results from the WHO World Mental Health Survey Initiative. Occup Environ Med 2008;65:835-42
  • Ginsberg Y, Hirvikoski T, Lindefors N. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) among longer-term prison inmates is a prevalent, persistent and disabling disorder. BMC Psychiatry 2010;10:112
  • Rösler M, Retz W, Yaqoobi K, et al. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in female offenders: prevalence, psychiatric comorbidity and psychosocial implications. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009;259:98-105
  • Fayyad J, De Graaf R, Kessler R, et al. Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2007;190:402-9
  • de Zwaan M, Gruss B, Müller A, et al. Association between obesity and adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a German community-based sample. Obes Facts 2011;4:204-11
  • Bitter I, Simon V, Bálint S, et al. How do different diagnostic criteria, age and gender affect the prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults? An epidemiological study in a Hungarian community sample. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2010;260:287-96
  • Schlander M, Schwarz O, Trott GE, et al. Who cares for patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? Insights from Nordbaden (Germany) on administrative prevalence and physician involvement in health care provision. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2007;16:430-8
  • Kooij SJ, Bejerot S, Blackwell A, et al. European consensus statement on diagnosis and treatment of adult ADHD: The European Network Adult ADHD. BMC Psychiatry 2010;10:67
  • Asherson P, Akehurst R, Kooij JJ, et al. Under diagnosis of adult ADHD: Cultural influences and societal burden. J Attention Dis 2012;16:20-38S
  • Barkley RA, Brown TE. Unrecognized attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults presenting with other psychiatric disorders. CNS Spectr 2008;13:977-84
  • Jacob CP, Romanos J, Dempfle A, et al. Co-morbidity of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with focus on personality traits and related disorder in a tertiary referral center. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2007;257:309-17
  • Biederman J, Wilens T, Mick E, et al. Psychoactive substance use disorders in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): effects of ADHD and psychiatric comorbidity. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1652-8
  • Arias AJ, Gelernter J, Chan G, et al. Correlates of co-occurring ADHD in drug-dependent subjects: prevalence and features of substance dependence and psychiatric disorders. Addict Behav 2008;33:1199-207
  • Fischer M, Barkley RA, Smallish L, et al. Hyperactive children as young adults: driving abilities, safe driving behavior, and adverse driving outcomes. Accid Anal Prev 2007;39:94-105
  • Hosain GM, Berenson AB, Tennen H, et al. Attention deficit hyperactivity symptoms and risky sexual behavior in young adult women. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2012;21:463-8
  • Swensen A, Birnbaum HG, Ben Hamadi R, et al. Incidence and costs of accidents among attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder patients. J Adolesc Health 2004;35:346.e1-9
  • Gjervan B, Torgersen T, Nordahl HM, et al. Functional impairment and occupational outcome in adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord 2012;16:544-52
  • Mordre M, Groholt B, Kjelsberg E, et al. The impact of ADHD and conduct disorder in childhood on adult delinquency: a 30 years follow-up study using official crime records. BMC Psychiatry 2011;11:57
  • Birnbaum HG, Kessler RC, Lowe SW, et al. Costs of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the US: excess costs of persons with ADHD and their family members in 2000. Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21:195-206
  • Bemkert D, Krause KH, Wassem J et al. Medikamentöse Behandlung der ADHS (Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung) im Erwachsenalter in Deutschland. Deutsche Institut für Medizinische Dokumentation und Information (DIMDI), 2010
  • Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. American Psychiatric Association DSM-5 Development. Available at: http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevision/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=383 [Last accessed 10 January 2013]
  • Applegate B, Lahey BB, Hart EL, et al. Validity of the age-of-onset criterion for ADHD: a report from the DSM-IV field trials. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997;36:1211-21
  • Lee SI, Schachar RJ, Chen SX, et al. Predictive validity of DSM-IV and IDC-10 criteria for ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2008;39:70-8
  • Tripp G, Luk SL, Schaughency EA, et al. DSM-IV and ICD-10: a comparison of the correlates of ADHD and hyperkinetic disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999;38:156-64
  • Thapar A, Muñoz-Solomando A. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. In: Skuse D, Bruce H, Dowdney L, Mrazek D (eds) Child Psychology and Psychiatry: Frameworks in Practice, 2nd edn. West Sussex: Wiley–Blackwell, 2011:153-60
  • Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, et al. The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychol Med 2005;35:245-56
  • Amador-Campos JA, Gómez-Benito J, Ramos-Quiroga JA. The Conners adult ADHD rating scales – short self-report and observer forms: psychometric properties of the Catalan version. J Atten Disord 2012: published online 6 July 2012, doi: 10.1177/1087054712446831
  • Christiansen H, Kis B, Hirsch O, et al. German validation of the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales-self-report (CAARS-S) I: factor structure and normative data. Eur Psychiatry 2011;26:100-7
  • Christiansen H, Kis B, Hirsch O, et al. German validation of the Conners Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS) II: reliability, validity, diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. Eur Psychiatry 2012;27:321-8
  • Conners CK, Erhardt D, Sparrow EP. Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS). North Tonawanda: Multi-Health Systems, 1999
  • Epstein JN, Kollins SH. Psychometric properties of an adult ADHD diagnostic interview. J Atten Disord 2006;9:503-14
  • Ramos-Quiroga JA, Daigre C, Valero S, et al. Validación al español de la escala de cribado del trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad en adultos (ASRS v. 1.1): una nueva estrategia de puntuación. Rev Neurol 2009;48:449-52
  • Diagnostic interview for ADHD in adults. Diva Foundation. Available at: http://www.divacenter.eu/DIVA.aspx?id=334 [Last accessed 10 January 2013]
  • Kooij JJS. Adult ADHD. Diagnostic assessment and treatment. Amsterdam: Pearson Assessment and Information BV, 2010
  • Ward MF, Wender PH, Reimherr FW. The Wender Utah Rating Scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:885-90
  • Rodríguez-Jiménez R, Ponce G, Monasor R, et al. Validation in the adult Spanish population of the Wender Utah Rating Scale for the retrospective evaluation in adults of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in childhood. Rev Neurol 2001;33:138-44
  • Retz-Junginger P, Retz W, Blocher D, et al. Wender Utah rating scale. The short-version for the assessment of the attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Nervenarzt 2002;73:830-8
  • Caci HM, Bouchez J, Baylé FJ. An aid for diagnosing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder at adulthood: psychometric properties of the French versions of two Wender Utah Rating Scales (WURS-25 and WURS-K). Compr Psychiatry 2010;51:325-31
  • Brown TE. Brown Attention-Deficit Disorder Scales. Manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation, 1996
  • Barkley RA, Murphy KR. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: a clinical workbook. New York: Guilford Press, 2006
  • Aycicegi A, Dinn WM, Harris CL. Assessing adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a Turkish version of the current symptoms scale. Psychopathology 2003;36:160-7
  • Norvilitis JM, Ingersoll T, Zhang J, et al. Self-reported symptoms of ADHD among college students in China and the United States. J Atten Disord 2008;11:558-67
  • DuPaul GJ, Power TJ, et al. ADHD rating scale-IV: Checklist, norms, and clinical interpretation. New York: Guilford, 1998
  • Döpfner M, Steinhausen HC, Coghill D, et al. Cross-cultural reliability and validity of ADHD assessed by the ADHD Rating Scale in a pan-European study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006;15:I46-55
  • Rösler M, Retz W, Retz-Junginger P, et al. Tools for the diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults. Self-rating behaviour questionnaire and diagnostic checklist. Nervenarzt 2004;75:888-95
  • Rösler M, Retz W, Retz-Junginger P, et al. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Benchmarking diagnosis using the Wender–Reimherr adult rating scale. Nervenarzt 2008;79:320-7
  • Bosch R, Ramos-Quiroga J A, Nogueira M et al. Spanish validation of the Adult ADHD Rating Scale: relevance of subtypes. Presented at conference, APA Annual Meeting, San Francisco, 2009
  • Carmona S, Hoekzema E, Ramos-Quiroga JA, et al. Response inhibition and reward anticipation in medication-naïve adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A within-subject case–control neuroimaging study. Hum Brain Mapp 2012;33:2350-61
  • Cubillo A, Halari R, Ecker C, et al. Reduced activation and inter-regional functional connectivity of fronto-striatal networks in adults with childhood Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and persisting symptoms during tasks of motor inhibition and cognitive switching. J Psychiatr Res 2010;44:629-39
  • Cubillo A, Halari R, Giampietro V, et al. Fronto-striatal underactivation during interference inhibition and attention allocation in grown up children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and persistent symptoms. Psychiatry Res 2011;193:17-27
  • Sebastian A, Gerdes B, Feige B, et al. Neural correlates of interference inhibition, action withholding and action cancelation in adult ADHD. Psychiatry Res 2012;202:132-41
  • van Ewijk H, Heslenfeld DJ, Zwiers MP, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2012;36:1093-106
  • Shaw P, Rabin C. New insights into attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using structural neuroimaging. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2009;11:393-8
  • Nakao T, Radua J, Rubia K, et al. Gray matter volume abnormalities in ADHD: voxel-based meta-analysis exploring the effects of age and stimulant medication. Am J Psychiatry 2011;168:1154-63
  • Shaw P, Sharp WS, Morrison M, et al. Psychostimulant treatment and the developing cortex in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166:58-63
  • Franke B, Faraone SV, Asherson P, et al. The genetics of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults, a review. Mol Psychiatry 2012;17:960-87
  • Franke B, Vasquez AA, Johansson S, et al. Multicenter analysis of the SLC6A3/DAT1 VNTR haplotype in persistent ADHD suggests differential involvement of the gene in childhood and persistent ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010;35:656-64
  • Ribasés M, Hervás A, Ramos-Quiroga JA, et al. Association study of 10 genes encoding neurotrophic factors and their receptors in adult and child attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2008;63:935-45
  • Ribasés M, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Sánchez-Mora C, et al. Contribution of LPHN3 to the genetic susceptibility to ADHD in adulthood: a replication study. Genet Brain Behav 2011;102:149-57
  • Castells X, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Bosch R, et al. Amphetamines for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;6:CD007813
  • Young S, Murphy CM, Coghill D. Avoiding the ‘twilight zone’: recommendations for the transition of services from adolescence to adulthood for young people with ADHD. BMC Psychiatry 2011;11:174
  • Emilsson B, Gudjonsson G, Sigurdsson JF, et al. Cognitive behaviour therapy in medication treated adults with ADHD and persistent symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry 2011;11:116
  • Philipsen A, Richter H, Peters J, et al. Structured group psychotherapy in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Results of an open multicentre study. J Nervous Mental Dis 2007;195:1013-19
  • Rostain RL. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: evidence based recommendations for management. Postgrad Med 2008;120:27-38
  • Safren SA, Sprich S, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy vs. relaxation with educational support for medication-treated adults with ADHD and persistent symptoms: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2010;304:875-80
  • Solanto MV, Marks DJ, Wasserstein J, et al. Efficacy of meta-cognitive therapy for adult ADHD. Am J Psychiatry 2010;167:958-68
  • Young S, Amarasinghe JM. Practitioner review: non-pharmacological treatments for ADHD: a lifespan approach. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2010; 51:116-33
  • Faraone SV, Glatt SJ. A comparison of the efficacy of medications for adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder using meta-analysis of effect sizes. J Clin Psychiatry 2010;71:754-63
  • Frederiksen M, Halmøy A, Faraone SV, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of treatment with stimulants and atomoxetine in adult ADHD. A review of controlled and naturalistic studies. Eur Neuropsychopharacol 2013;23:508-527
  • Ni HC, Lin YJ, Gau SS et al. An open-label, randomized trial of methylphenidate and atomoxetine treatment in adults with ADHD. J Atten Disord 2013: published online 8 March 2013, doi: 10.1177/1087054713476549
  • Young JL, Sarkis E, Qiao M, et al. Once-daily treatment with atomoxetine in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Neuropharm 2011;34:51-60
  • Weisler RH, Pandina GJ, Daly EJ, et al. Randomized clinical study of a histamine H3 receptor antagonist for the treatment of adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs 2012;26:421-34
  • Castells X, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Rigau D, et al. Efficacy of methylphenidate for adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-regression analysis. CNS Drugs 2011;25:157-69
  • Rösler M, Fischer R, Ammer R, et al. A randomised, placebo-controlled, 24-week, study of low-dose extended-release methylphenidate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2009;259:120-9
  • Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T, et al. A large, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of methylphenidate in the treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2005;57:456-63
  • Biederman J, Mick E, Surman C, et al. A randomized, 3-phase, 34-week, double-blind, long-term efficacy study of osmotic-release oral system-methylphenidate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2010;30:549-53
  • Frauger E, Pauly V, Natali F, et al. Patterns of methylphenidate use and assessment of its abuse and diversion in two French administrative areas using a proxy of deviant behaviour determined from a reimbursement database: main trends from 2005 to 2008. CNS Drugs 2011;25:415-24
  • Ramos-Quiroga JA, Bosch R, Castells X, et al. Effect of switching drug formulations from immediate-release to extended-release OROS methylphenidate: a chart review of Spanish adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. CNS Drugs 2008;22:603-11
  • Michelson D, Adler L, Spencer T, et al. Atomoxetine in adults with ADHD: two randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Biol Psychiatry 2003;53:112-20
  • Sobanski E, Sabljic D, Alm B, et al. A randomized, waiting list-controlled 12-week trial of atomoxetine in adults with ADHD. Pharmacopsychiatry 2012;45:100-7
  • Adler L, Wilens T, Zhang S, et al. Retrospective safety analysis of atomoxetine in adult ADHD patients with or without comorbid alcohol abuse and dependence. Am J Addictions 2009;18:393-401
  • Strattera Summary of Product Characteristics. Available at: http://www.mhra.gov.uk [Last accessed 28 May 2013]
  • Adler LA, Spencer TJ, Milton DR, et al. Long-term, open-label study of the safety and efficacy of atomoxetine in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an interim analysis. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66:294-9
  • Medori R, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Casas M, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of three fixed dosages of prolonged-release OROS methylphenidate in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2008;63:981-9
  • Vaughan B, Fegert J, Kratochvil CJ. Update on atomoxetine in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2009;10:669-76
  • Coghill D. The impact of medications on quality of life in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. CNS Drugs 2010;24:843-66
  • van den Ban E, Souverein P, Swaab H, et al. Trends in incidence and characteristics of children, adolescents, and adults initiating immediate- or extended-release methylphenidate or atomoxetine in the Netherlands during 2001–2006. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2010;20:55-61
  • Jasinski DR, Faries DE, Moore RJ, et al. Abuse liability assessment of atomoxetine in a drug-abusing population. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008;95:140-6
  • Wilens TE, Adler LA, Weiss MD, et al. Atomoxetine treatment of adults with ADHD and comorbid alcohol use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008;96:145-54
  • Graham J, Banaschewski T, Buitelaar J, et al. European guidelines on managing adverse effects of medication for ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2011;20:17-37
  • Cooper WO, Habel LA, Sox CM, et al. ADHD drugs and serious cardiovascular events in children and young adults. N Engl J Med 2011;365:1898-904
  • Habel LA, Cooper WO, Sox CM, et al. ADHD medications and risk of serious cardiovascular events in young and middle-aged adults. JAMA 2011;306:2673-83
  • Schelleman H, Bilker WB, Kimmel SE, et al. Methylphenidate and risk of serious cardiovascular events in adults. Am J Psychiatry 2012;169:178-85
  • Ironside S, Davidson F, Corkum P. Circadian motor activity affected by stimulant medication in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Sleep Res 2010;19:546-51
  • Sengal RB, Owen J, Allen AJ, et al. Effects of atomoxetine and methylphenidate on sleep in children with ADHD. Sleep 2006;29:1573-85
  • Stein MA, Weiss M, Leventhal BL. ADHD by night: sleep problems and ADHD medications. Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol News 2007;12:1-5
  • Adler LA, Rubin R, Qiao M, et al. Response to atomoxetine in adults with ADHD versus ADHD comorbid with social anxiety disorder. J ADHD Relat Disord 2010;1:5-15
  • Pelham WE Jr, Manos MJ, Ezzell CE, et al. A dose ranging study of methylphenidate transdermal system in children with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2005;44:522-9
  • Muir VJ, Perry CM. Guanfacine extended-release: in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Drugs 2010;70:1693-702
  • European Network Adult ADHD. Available at: http://www.psyq.nl/Programma/Kenniscentrum-ADHD-bij-volwassenen/European-network [Last accessed 27 May 2013]
  • European Network of Hyperkinetic Disorders (EUNETHYDIS). Available at: http://adhd-adduce.org/page/view/35/EUNETHYDIS [Last accessed 27 May 2013]
  • UK Adult ADHD Network (UKAAN). Available at: http://www.ukaan.org/ [Last accessed 27 May 2013]
  • World Federation of ADHD. Available at: http://www.adhd-federation.org/ [Last accessed 27 May 2013]

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.