Effect of tobacco smoking and smoking cessation on plasma lipoproteins and associated major cardiovascular risk factors: a narrative review

References

• Ezzati M, Lopez AD. Estimates of global mortality attributable to smoking in 2000. Lancet 2003;362:847-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO Report 2011, Geneva, Switzerland: WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2011. Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/index.html [last accessed 1 Aug 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Teo KK, Ounpuu S, Hawken S, et al; INTERHEART Study Investigators. Tobacco use and risk of myocardial infarction in 52 countries in the INTERHEART study: a case–control study. Lancet 2006;368:647--58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Sin DD. Improved patient outcome with smoking cessation: when is it too late? Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2011;6:259-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anthonisen NR, Skeans MA, Wise RA, et al; Lung Health Study Research Group. The effects of a smoking cessation intervention on 14.5-year mortality: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2005;142:233-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Department of Health and Human Services. The health benefits of smoking cessation: a report of the Surgeon General. Bethesda, MD: US Public Health Service, Office on Smoking and Health, 1990
   Google Scholar
• Shah AM, Pfeffer MA, Hartley LH, et al. Risk of all-cause mortality, recurrent myocardial infarction, and heart failure hospitalization associated with smoking status following myocardial infarction with left ventricular dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 2010;106:911-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moyé LA, et al. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. The SAVE Investigators. N Engl J Med 1992;327:669-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tselepis AD, Panagiotakos DB, Pitsavos C, et al. Smoking induces lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 in cardiovascular disease free adults: the ATTICA Study. Atherosclerosis 2009;206:303-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pittilo RM. Cigarette smoking, endothelial injury and cardiovascular disease. Int J Exp Pathol 2000;81:219-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubozono T, Miyata M, Ueyama K, et al. Acute and chronic effects of smoking on arterial stiffness. Circ J 2011;75:698-702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noborisaka Y. Smoking and chronic kidney disease in healthy populations. Nephrourol Mon 2013;5:655-67
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hamabe A, Uto H, Imamura Y, et al. Impact of cigarette smoking on onset of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease over a 10-year period. J Gastroenterol 2011;46:769-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leone A. Smoking, haemostatic factors, and cardiovascular risk. Curr Pharm Des 2007;13:1661-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Criqui MH, Wallace RB, Heiss G, et al. Cigarette smoking and plasma high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study. Circulation 1980;62:IV 70-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brischetto CS, Connor WE, Connor SL, et al. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein profiles of cigarette smokers from randomly selected families: enhancement of hyperlipidemia and depression of high-density lipoprotein. Am J Cardiol 1983;52:675-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glueck CJ, Heiss G, Morrison JA, et al. Alcohol intake, cigarette smoking and plasma lipids and lipoproteins in 12–19-year-old children. The Collaborative Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Study. Circulation 1981;64:III 48-56
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman DJ, Griffin BA, Murray E, et al. Smoking and plasma lipoproteins in man: effects on low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and high density lipoprotein subfraction distribution. Eur J Clin Invest 1993;23:630-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikhailidis DP, Papadakis JA, Ganotakis ES. Smoking, diabetes and hyperlipidaemia. J R Soc Health 1998;118:91-3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Masarei JR, Puddey IB, Vandongen R, et al. Effect of smoking cessation on serum apolipoprotein A-I and A-II concentrations. Pathology 1991;23:98-102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gepner AD, Piper ME, Johnson HM, et al. Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on lipids and lipoproteins: outcomes from a randomized clinical trial. Am Heart J 2011;161:145-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman DJ, Caslake MJ, Griffin BA, et al. The effect of smoking on post-heparin lipoprotein and hepatic lipase, cholesteryl ester transfer protein and lecithin: cholesterol acyl transferase activities in human plasma. Eur J Clin Invest 1998;28:584-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berrougui H, Khalil A. Age-associated decrease of high-density lipoprotein-mediated reverse cholesterol transport activity. Rejuvenation Res 2009;12:117-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaratin AC, Quintão EC, Sposito AC, et al. Smoking prevents the intravascular remodeling of high-density lipoprotein particles: implications for reverse cholesterol transport. Metabolism 2004;53:858-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AIM-HIGH Investigators. The role of niacin in raising high-density lipoprotein cholesterol to reduce cardiovascular events in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and optimally treated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Rationale and study design. The Atherothrombosis Intervention in Metabolic syndrome with low HDL/high triglycerides: Impact on Global Health outcomes (AIM-HIGH). Am Heart J 2011;161:471-7.e2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shah S, Casas JP, Drenos F, et al. Causal relevance of blood lipid fractions in the development of carotid atherosclerosis: Mendelian randomization analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2013;6:63-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamazaki T, Nohara R, Daida H, et al; Justification for Atherosclerosis Regression Treatment (JART) Investigators. Intensive lipid-lowering therapy for slowing progression as well as inducing regression of atherosclerosis in Japanese patients: subanalysis of the JART study. Int Heart J 2013;54:33-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang F, Yang Z, Xu B, et al. Both serum apolipoprotein B and the apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I ratio are associated with carotid intima–media thickness. PLoS One 2013;8:e54628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackey RH, Greenland P, Goff DC Jr, et al. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and particle concentrations, carotid atherosclerosis, and coronary events: MESA (multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:508-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls SJ, Tuzcu EM, Sipahi I, et al. Statins, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and regression of coronary atherosclerosis. JAMA 2007;297:499-508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Kakafika A, Karagiannis A, et al. Statins and regression of coronary atherosclerosis. JAMA 2007;297:2197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milionis HJ, Rizos E, Mikhailidis DP. Smoking diminishes the beneficial effect of statins: observations from the landmark trials. Angiology 2001;52:575-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frey P, Waters DD, DeMicco DA, et al. Impact of smoking on cardiovascular events in patients with coronary disease receiving contemporary medical therapy (from the Treating to New Targets [TNT] and the Incremental Decrease in End Points Through Aggressive Lipid Lowering [IDEAL] trials). Am J Cardiol 2011;107:145-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Katsiki N, et al.; for the GREACE Study Collaborative Group. The impact of smoking on cardiovascular outcomes and comorbidities in statin-treated patients with coronary artery disease: a post hoc analysis of the GREACE Study. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2012 Nov 7 [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Baragetti A, Norata G, Sarcina C, et al. High density lipoprotein cholesterol levels are an independent predictor of the progression of chronic kidney disease. J Intern Med 2013 published online 23 April 2013, doi: 10.1111/joim.12081
   Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Kakafika AI, Papageorgiou AA, et al. Statin-induced increase in HDL-C and renal function in coronary heart disease patients. Open Cardiovasc Med J 2007;1:8-14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mikhailidis DP, Elisaf M, Rizzo M, et al. European panel on low density lipoprotein (LDL) subclasses: a statement on the pathophysiology, atherogenicity and clinical significance of LDL subclasses. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2011;9:533-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theodoraki TG, Tsoukatos DC, Karabina SA, et al. LDL subfractions in patients with myocardial infarction: effect of smoking and beta-blocker treatment. Ann Clin Biochem 2000;37:313-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatoum IJ, Nelson JJ, Cook NR, et al. Dietary, lifestyle, and clinical predictors of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity in individuals without coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;91:786-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tselepis AD, Chapman MJ. Inflammation, bioactive lipids and atherosclerosis: potential roles of a lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, platelet activating factor-acetylhydrolase. Atherosclerosis Suppl 2002;3:57-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazi I, Lourida ES, Filippatos T, et al. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity is a marker of small, dense LDL particles in human plasma. Clin Chem 2005;51:2264-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koenig W, Twardella D, Brenner H, et al. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 predicts future cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease independently of traditional risk factors, markers of inflammation, renal function, and hemodynamic stress. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006;26:1586-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsimikas S, Willeit J, Knoflach M, et al. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity, ferritin levels, metabolic syndrome, and 10-year cardiovascular and non-cardiovascular mortality: results from the Bruneck study. Eur Heart J 2009;30:107-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grallert H, Dupuis J, Bis JC, et al. Eight genetic loci associated with variation in lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass and activity and coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies from five community-based studies. Eur Heart J 2012;33:238-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu CF, Qin L, Ren JY, et al. Elevated plasma lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 activity is associated to plaque rupture in patients with coronary artery disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2011;124:2469-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gungor Z, Anuurad E, Enkhmaa B, et al. Apo E4 and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase-A2 synergistically increase cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis 2012;223:230-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliasson B, Mero N, Taskinen MR, Smith U. The insulin resistance syndrome and postprandial lipid intolerance in smokers. Atherosclerosis. 1997;129:79-88
   Google Scholar
• Reddy KJ, Singh M, Batsell RR, et al. Effects of lifestyle counseling and combination lipid-modifying therapy on lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass concentration. J Clin Lipidol 2009;3:275-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy KJ, Singh M, Batsell RR, et al. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass is significantly reduced in dyslipidemic patients treated with lifestyle modification and combination lipid-modifying drug therapy. Prev Cardiol 2010;13:130-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Saougos VG, Tambaki AP, Kalogirou M, et al. Differential effect of hypolipidemic drugs on lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007;27:2236-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsimihodimos V, Karabina SA, Tambaki AP, et al. Atorvastatin preferentially reduces LDL-associated platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase activity in dyslipidemias of type IIA and type IIB. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002;22:306-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida H, Shoda T, Yanai H, et al. Effects of pitavastatin and atorvastatin on lipoprotein oxidation biomarkers in patients with dyslipidemia. Atherosclerosis 2013;226:161-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Constantinides A, de Vries R, van Leeuwen JJ, et al. Simvastatin but not bezafibrate decreases plasma lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus: relevance of high sensitive C-reactive protein, lipoprotein profile and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) electronegativity. Eur J Intern Med 2012;23:633-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ridker PM, MacFadyen JG, Wolfert RL, et al. Relationship of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 mass and activity with incident vascular events among primary prevention patients allocated to placebo or to statin therapy: an analysis from the JUPITER trial. Clin Chem 2012;58:877-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai AK, Steffen BT, Ordovas JM, et al. Short-term fenofibrate treatment reduces elevated plasma Lp-PLA2 mass and sVCAM-1 levels in a subcohort of hypertriglyceridemic GOLDN participants. Transl Res 2011;158:99-105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ignarro LJ, Cirino G, Casini A, et al. Nitric oxide as a signaling molecule in the vascular system: an overview. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 1999;34:879-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulton D, Gratton JP, McCabe TJ, et al. Regulation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide production by the protein kinase Akt. Nature 1999;399:597-601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raupach T, Schäfer K, Konstantinides S, Andreas S. Secondhand smoke as an acute threat for the cardiovascular system: a change in paradigm. Eur Heart J 2006;27:386-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson HM, Gossett LK, Piper ME, et al. Effects of smoking and smoking cessation on endothelial function: 1-year outcomes from a randomized clinical trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010;55:1988-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yufu K, Takahashi N, Okada N, et al. Influence of systolic blood pressure and cigarette smoking on endothelial function in young healthy people. Circ J 2009;73:174-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuvin JT, Patel AR, Sliney KA, et al. Assessment of peripheral vascular endothelial function with finger arterial pulse wave amplitude. Am Heart J 2003;146:168-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss TW, Arnesen H, Seljeflot I. Components of the interleukin-6 transsignalling system are associated with the metabolic syndrome, endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness. Metabolism 2013;62:1008-13
   Google Scholar
• Zieman SJ, Melenovsky V, Kass DA. Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and therapy of arterial stiffness. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:932-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asmar R, Benetos A, Topouchian J, et al. Assessment of arterial distensibility by automatic pulse wave velocity measurement: validation and clinical application studies. Hypertension 1995;26:485-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurent S, Boutouyrie P, Asmar R, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2001;37:1236-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutouyrie P, Tropeano AI, Asmar R, et al. Aortic stiffness is an independent predictor of primary coronary events in hypertensive patients: a longitudinal study. Hypertension 2002;39:10-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahmud A, Feely J. Effect of smoking on arterial stiffness and pulse pressure amplification. Hypertension 2003;41:183-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H, Srinivasan RS, Berenson GS. Comparison of measures of pulsatile arterial function between asymptomatic younger adult smokers and former smokers: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens 2006;19:897-901
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Critchley JA, Capewell S. Mortality risk reduction associated with smoking cessation in patients with coronary heart disease. JAMA 2003;290:86-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capewell S, Hayes DK, Ford ES, et al. Life-years gained among US adults from modern treatments and changes in the prevalence of 6 coronary heart disease risk factors between 1980 and 2000. Am J Epidemiol 2009;170:229-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seet RC, Loke WM, Khoo CM, et al. Acute effects of cigarette smoking on insulin resistance and arterial stiffness in young adults. Atherosclerosis 2012;224:195-200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foy CG, Bell RA, Farmer DF, et al. Smoking and incidence of diabetes among U.S. adults: findings from the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2501-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cho NH, Chan JC, Jang HC, et al. Cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes: a four-year community-based prospective study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009;71:679-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manson JE, Ajani UA, Liu S, et al. A prospective study of cigarette smoking and the incidence of diabetes mellitus among US male physicians. Am J Med 2000;109:538-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie XT, Liu Q, Wu J, et al. Impact of cigarette smoking in type 2 diabetes development. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2009;30:784-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlachopoulos C, Aznaouridis K, Stefanadis C. Clinical appraisal of arterial stiffness: the Argonauts in front of the Golden Fleece. Heart 2006;92:1544-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zieman SJ, Melenovsky V, Kass DA. Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and therapy of arterial stiffness. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:932-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paraskevas KI, Mikhailidis DP, Giannoukas AD. Additional issues on screening, prevention, and treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Am J Mens Health 2013 Mar 28 [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Marti CN, Gheorghiade M, Kalogeropoulos AP, et al. Endothelial dysfunction, arterial stiffness, and heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012;60:1455-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koumaras C, Tzimou M, Stavrinou E, et al. Role of antihypertensive drugs in arterial ‘de-stiffening’ and central pulsatile hemodynamics. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2012;12:143-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanaki AI, Sarafidis PA, Georgianos PI, et al. Effects of low-dose atorvastatin on arterial stiffness and central aortic pressure augmentation in patients with hypertension and hypercholesterolemia. Am J Hypertens 2013;26:608-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tousoulis D, Oikonomou E, Siasos G, et al. Dose-dependent effects of short term atorvastatin treatment on arterial wall properties and on indices of left ventricular remodeling in ischemic heart failure. Atherosclerosis 2013;227:367-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shinohara K, Shoji T, Kimoto E, et al. Effect of atorvastatin on regional arterial stiffness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Atheroscler Thromb 2005;12:205-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orr JS, Dengo AL, Rivero JM, et al. Arterial destiffening with atorvastatin in overweight and obese middle-aged and older adults. Hypertension 2009;54:763-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fassett RG, Robertson IK, Ball MJ, et al. Effects of atorvastatin on arterial stiffness in chronic kidney disease: a randomised controlled trial. J Atheroscler Thromb 2010;17:235-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Doornum S, McColl G, Wicks IP. Atorvastatin reduces arterial stiffness in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63:1571-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagasawa Y, Yamamoto R, Rakugi H, et al. Cigarette smoking and chronic kidney diseases. Hypertens Res 2012;35:261-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orth SR, Viedt C, Ritz E. Adverse effects of smoking in the renal patient. Tohoku J Exp Med 2001;194:1-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haroun MK, Jaar BG, Hoffman SC, et al. Risk factors for chronic kidney disease: a prospective study of 23,534 men and women in Washington County, Maryland. J Am Soc Nephrol 2003;14:2934-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orth SR. Effects of smoking on systemic and intrarenal hemodynamics: influence on renal function. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15(Suppl 1):S58-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough PA. Cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease from a cardiologist’s perspective. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2004;13:591-600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Efstratiadis G, Tziomalos K, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Atherogenesis in renal patients: a model of vascular disease? Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2008;6:93-107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen WM, Hillege H, Pinto-Sietsma SJ, et al. Low levels of urinary albumin excretion are associated with cardiovascular risk factors in the general population. Clin Chem Lab Med 2000;38:1107-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hillege HL, Janssen WM, Bak AA, et al. Microalbuminuria is common, also in a nondiabetic, nonhypertensive population, and an independent indicator of cardiovascular risk factors and cardiovascular morbidity. J Intern Med 2001;249:519-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinto-Sietsma SJ, Mulder J, Janssen WM, et al. Smoking is related to albuminuria and abnormal renal function in nondiabetic persons. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:585-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halimi JM, Giraudeau B, Vol S, et al. Effects of current smoking and smoking discontinuation on renal function and proteinuria in the general population. Kidney Int 2000;58:1285-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakkarwar VA. Smoking in diabetic nephropathy: sparks in the fuel tank? 97. World J Diabetes 2012;3:186-95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wesson DE. The relationship of cigarette smoking to end-stage renal disease. Semin Nephrol 2003;23:317-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orth SR, Hallan SI. Smoking: a risk factor for progression of chronic kidney disease and for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in renal patients – absence of evidence or evidence of absence? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;3:226-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, Katsiki N, et al. Statins in patients with renal dysfunction. Am J Cardiol 2012;109:1537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, Kakafika A, et al. Statins and renal function. Is the compound and dose making a difference? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2007;22:963-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Papageorgiou AA, Elisaf M, et al; GREACE Study Collaborative Group. Statins and renal function in patients with diabetes mellitus. Curr Med Res Opin 2003;19:615-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Hatzitolios AI, Karagiannis A, et al; IMPERATIVE Collaborative Group. IMproving the imPlemEntation of cuRrent guidelines for the mAnagement of major coronary hearT disease rIsk factors by multifactorial interVEntion. The IMPERATIVE renal analysis. Arch Med Sci 2011;7:984-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, Ganotakis ES, et al; Assessing The Treatment Effect in Metabolic syndrome without Perceptible diabeTes (ATTEMPT) Collaborative Group. Association between the changes in renal function and serum uric acid levels during multifactorial intervention and clinical outcome in patients with metabolic syndrome. A post hoc analysis of the ATTEMPT study. Curr Med Res Opin 2011;27:1659-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Papageorgiou AA, et al. The effect of statins versus untreated dyslipidaemia on renal function in patients with coronary heart disease. A subgroup analysis of the Greek atorvastatin and coronary heart disease evaluation (GREACE) study. J Clin Pathol 2004;57:728-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angulo P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1221-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough AJ. Pathophysiology of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2006;40:S17-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lonardo A, Sookoian S, Chonchol M et al. Cardiovascular and systemic risk in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease – atherosclerosis as a major player in the natural course of NAFLD. Curr Pharm Des 2013;19:5177-92
   Google Scholar
• Kostapanos MS, Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, et al. Mechanisms linking nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with coronary artery disease. Dig Dis Sci 2012;57:1109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Katsiki N, Karagiannis A. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and severity of cardiovascular disease manifestations. Angiology 2013 Mar 18 [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Musso G, Gambino R, Cassader M, et al. Meta-analysis: natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive tests for liver disease severity. Ann Med 2011;43:617-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Dai M, Bi Y, et al. Active smoking, passive smoking, and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a population-based study in China. J Epidemiol 2013;23:115-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oniki K, Hori M, Saruwatari J, et al. Interactive effects of smoking and glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms on the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Toxicol Lett 2013;220:143-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zein CO, Unalp A, Colvin R, et al; Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network. Smoking and severity of hepatic fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 2011;54:753-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchesini G, Brizi M, Morselli-Labate AM, et al. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance. Am J Med 1999;107:450-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DiGiacomo M, Davidson PM, Abbott PA, et al. Smoking cessation in indigenous populations of Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United States: elements of effective interventions. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2011;8:388-410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Giouleme O, Ganotakis ES, et al. Safety and impact on cardiovascular events of long-term multifactorial treatment in patients with metabolic syndrome and abnormal liver function tests: a post hoc analysis of the randomised ATTEMPT study. Arch Med Sci 2011;7:796-805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsiki N, Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, et al. Managing the combination of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and metabolic syndrome. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012;13:287-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Mikhailidis DP, Didangelos TP, et al. Effect of multifactorial treatment on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in metabolic syndrome: a randomised study. Curr Med Res Opin 2006;22:873-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tziomalos K, Athyros VG, Karagiannis A. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes: pathogenesis and treatment options. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2012;10:162-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsiki N, Athyros VG, Karagiannis A, et al. Current treatment for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011;12:2141-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Gossios TD, et al; GREACE Study Collaborative Group. Safety and efficacy of long-term statin treatment for cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease and abnormal liver tests in the Greek Atorvastatin and Coronary Heart Disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study: a post-hoc analysis. Lancet 2010;376:1916-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kargiotis K, Katsiki N, Athyros VG, et al. Effect of rosuvastatin on non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in patients with metabolic syndrome and hypercholesterolaemia. A preliminary report. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2013 [in press]
   Google Scholar
• Liberopoulos EN, Athyros VG, Elisaf MS, et al. Statins for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a new indication? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;24:698-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Daskalopoulos GN, et al. Statin-based treatment for cardiovascular risk and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Killing two birds with one stone? Ann Med 2011;43:167-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wannamethee SG, Lowe GD, Shaper AG, et al. Associations between cigarette smoking, pipe/cigar smoking, and smoking cessation, and haemostatic and inflammatory markers for cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 2005;26:1765-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Undas A, Ariëns RA. Fibrin clot structure and function: a role in the pathophysiology of arterial and venous thromboembolic diseases. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011;31:e88-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gasparyan AY, Ayvazyan L, Mikhailidis DP, et al. Mean platelet volume: a link between thrombosis and inflammation? Curr Pharm Des 2011;17:47-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Undas A, Topor-Madry R, Tracz W, et al. Effect of cigarette smoking on plasma fibrin clot permeability and susceptibility to lysis. Thromb Haemost 2009;102:1289-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barua RS, Sy F, Srikanth S, et al. Acute cigarette smoke exposure reduces clot lysis – association between altered fibrin architecture and the response to t-PA. Thromb Res 2010;126:426-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen VG, Hafner DT, Steinbrenner EB. Tobacco smoke-induced hypercoagulation in human plasma: role of carbon monoxide. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2013;24:405-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katsiki N, Papadopoulou SK, Fachantidou AI, et al. Smoking and vascular risk: are all forms of smoking harmful to all types of vascular disease? Public Health 2013;127:435-41
   Google Scholar
• Tsiara S, Elisaf M, Mikhailidis DP. Influence of smoking on predictors of vascular disease. Angiology 2003;54:507-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willigendael EM, Teijink JA, Bartelink ML, et al. Influence of smoking on incidence and prevalence of peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg 2004;40:1158-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paraskevas KI, Baker DM, Vrentzos GE, et al. The role of fibrinogen and fibrinolysis in peripheral arterial disease. Thromb Res 2008;122:1-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijer WT, Grobbee DE, Hunink MG, et al. Determinants of peripheral arterial disease in the elderly: the Rotterdam study. Arch Intern Med 2000;160:2934-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Florentin M, Liberopoulos EN, Wierzbicki AS, et al. Multiple actions of high-density lipoprotein. Curr Opin Cardiol 2008;23:370-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsagas MI, Geroulakos G, Mikhailidis DP. The role of platelets in peripheral arterial disease: therapeutic implications. Ann Vasc Surg 2002;16:246-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robless P, Mikhailidis DP, Stansby G. Systematic review of antiplatelet therapy for the prevention of myocardial infarction, stroke or vascular death in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Br J Surg 2001;88:787-800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minami J, Todoroki M, Yoshii M, et al. Effects of smoking cessation or alcohol restriction on metabolic and fibrinolytic variables in Japanese men. Clin Sci (Lond) 2002;103:117-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okwuosa TM, Klein O, Chan C, et al. 13-year long-term associations between changes in traditional cardiovascular risk factors and changes in fibrinogen levels: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Atherosclerosis 2013;226:214-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakhru A, Erlinger TP. Smoking cessation and cardiovascular disease risk factors: results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PLoS Med 2005;2:e160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haustein KO, Krause J, Haustein H, et al. Changes in hemorheological and biochemical parameters following short-term and long-term smoking cessation induced by nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;42:83-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph AM, Hecht SS, Murphy SE, et al. Smoking reduction fails to improve clinical and biological markers of cardiac disease: a randomized controlled trial. Nicotine Tob Res 2008;10:471-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huxley RR, Woodward M. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Lancet 2011;378:1297-305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirie K, Peto R, Reeves GK, et al; Million Women Study Collaborators. The 21st century hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping: a prospective study of one million women in the UK. Lancet 2013;381:133-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackay DF, Irfan MO, Haw S, et al. Meta-analysis of the effect of comprehensive smoke-free legislation on acute coronary events. Heart 2010;96:1525-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stallings-Smith S, Zeka A, Goodman P, et al. Reductions in cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory mortality following the national Irish smoking ban: interrupted time-series analysis. PLoS One 2013;8:e62063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar