Evidence for Brucella spp. and Mycoplasma spp. Co-Infections in Blood of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Patients

References

• Fukuda K, Strauss SE et al. The Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, a comprehensive approach to its definition and study. Ann Intern Med 1994; 121:953–959.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman C, Rice D, Sung H-Y. Persons with chronic conditions. Their preva-lence and costs. JAMA 1996; 276:1473–1479.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolson GL, Nasralla M, Haier J et al. Diagnosis and treatment of chronic mycoplasmal infections in Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndromes: Relation-ship to Gulf War Illness. Biomed Ther 1998; 16:266–271.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolson GL, Nasralla M, Franco AR et al. Diagnosis and integrative treatment of intracellular bacterial infections in Chronic Fatigue and Fibromyalgia Syndromes, Gulf War Illness, Rheumatoid Arthritis and other Chronic Illnesses. Clin Pract Alt Med 2000; 1:92–102.
   Google Scholar
• Nijs J, Nicolson GL, De Becker P et al. High prevalence of Mycoplasma infec-tions among European chronic fatigue syndrome patients. Examination of four Mycoplasma species in blood of chronic fatigue syndrome patients. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2002; 34:209–214.
   Google Scholar
• Vojdani A, Choppa PC, Tagle C et al. Detection of Mycoplasma genus and Mycoplasma fermentans by PCR in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1998; 22:355–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang W, See D, Tiles J. The prevalence of Mycoplasma incognitus in the pe-ripheral blood mononuclear cells of normal controls or patients with AIDS or Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 231:457–467.
   Google Scholar
• Choppa PC, Vojdani A, Tagle C et al. Multiplex PCR for the detection of Mycoplasma fermentans, M. hominis and M. penetrans in cell cultures and blood sam-ples of patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Mol Cell Probes 1998; 12:301–308.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolson GL, Nasralla M, Gan R, Haier J, De Meirleir K. Evidence for bacterial (mycoplasma, Chlamydia) and viral (HHV-6) co-infections in chronic fatigue syn-drome patients. J Chronic Fatigue Syndr 2003; 11(2):7–20.
   Google Scholar
• Chia JKS, Chia LY. Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection: A treatable cause of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29:452–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braun DK, Dominguez G, Pellett PE. Human herpesvirus-6. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997; 10:521–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campadelli-Fiume G, Mirandela P, Menetti L. Human herpesvirus-6: An emerging pathogen. Emerg Infect Dis 1999; 5:353–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patnaik M, Komaroff AL, Conley C, Orjin-Amaine EA, Peter JB. Prevalence of IgM antibodies to human herpesvirus-6 early antigen in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. J Infect Dis 1995; 172:1164–1167.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolson GL, Nasralla MY, Haier Jet al. Mycoplasmal infections in chronic ill-nesses: Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndromes, Gulf War Illness, HIV-AIDS and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Med Sentinel 1999; 5:172–176.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolson GL. Chronic infections as a common etiology for many patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia Syndrome and Gulf War Illnesses. Intern J Med 1998; 1:42–46.
   Google Scholar
• Walch CM, Zainal NZ, Middleton St et al. A family history study of chronic fa-tigue syndrome. Psych Genet 2001; 11:123–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolson GL, Nasralla MY, Nicolson NL, Haier J. High prevalence of myco-plasmal infections in symptomatic (Chronic Fatigue Syndrome) family members of mycoplasma-positive Gulf War Illness patients. J Chronic Fatigue Syndr 2002; 11(2):21–36.
   Google Scholar
• Corbel Mt. Brucellosis: An overview. Emerg Infect Dis 1997; 3:313–321.
   Google Scholar
• Young EJ. An overview of human brucellosis. ClM Infect Dis 1995; 21: 283–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean DR, Russell N, Khan Y. Neurobrucellosis. Clinical and therapeutic features. ClM Infect Dis 1992; 15:582–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haier J, Nasralla M, Franco RA et al. Detection of mycoplasmal infections in blood of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol 1999; 38:504–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nasralla M, Haier J, Nicolson GL. Multiple Mycoplasmal infections detected in blood of patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and/or Fibromyalgia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1999; 18:859–865.
   Google Scholar
• Nasralla MY, Haier J, Nicolson NL, Nicolson GL. Examination of Mycoplas-mas in blood of 565 chronic illness patients by polymerase chain reaction. Intern J Med Biol Environ 2000; 28(1):15–23.
   Google Scholar
• Queipo-Ortuno MI, Morata P, Ocon P, Manchado P, Colmenero JD. Rapid di-agnosis of human brucellosis by peripheral blood PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:2927–2930.
   Google Scholar
• Morata P, Queipo-Ortuno MI, Reguera JM, Miralles F, Lopez-Gonzalez JJ, Colmenero JD. Diagnostic yield of a PCR assay in focal complications of brucellosis. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39:3743–3746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barham WP, Church P, Brown J, Paparello S. Misidentification of Brucella spe-cies with the use of rapid bacterial identification systems. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17:1068–1069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Picket M. Identification of Brucella species with a procedure for detecting acid-ification of glucose. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 19:976–977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Costa M, Guillou J-P, Garin-Bastuji B, Thiebaud M, Dubray G. Specificity of six gene sequences for the detection of the genus Brucella by DNA amplification. J Appl Bacteriol 1996; 81:267–275.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolson GL, Gan R, Haier J. Multiple co-infections (Mycoplasma, Chlamydia, human herpesvirus-6) in blood of chronic fatigue syndrome patients: Association with signs and symptoms. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand 2003; 111:557–566.
   Google Scholar
• Giner P, El-Amrani A, Corrrales AJ, Guijarro R, Sanchez-Palencia JA, Jimenez-Alonso J. Simultaneous isolation of Brucella melitensis and Mycobacterium tubercu-losis in pleural empyrema. Enferm Infect Microbiol ClM 1990; 8:505–506.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fox KF, Fox A, Nagpal M, Steinberg P, Heroux K. Identification of Brucella by ribosomal-spacer-region PCR and differentiation of Brucella canis from other Brucella spp. pathogenic for humans by carbohydrate profiles. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:3217–3222.
   Google Scholar
• Nicolson GL, Nasralla M, Franco AR et al. Mycoplasmal infections in fatigue illnesses: Chronic Fatigue and Fibromyalgia Syndromes, Gulf War Illness and Rheu-matoid Arthritis. J Chronic Fatigue Syndr 2000; 6(3/4):23–39.
   Google Scholar
• Baseman J, Tully J. Mycoplasmas: Sophisticated, reemerging, and burdened by their notoriety. Emerg Infect Dis 1997; 3:21–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicolson GL, Nasralla M, Nicolson NL. The pathogenesis and treatment of mycoplasmal infections. Antimicrob Infect Dis Newsl 1999; 17:81–88.
   Google Scholar
• Colmenero JD, Reguera TM, Martos F et al. Complications associated with Brucella melitensis infection: A study of 530 cases. Medicine 1996; 75:195–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar