Psychological, Electromyographic, and Neurochemial Aspects of Chronic Low Back Pain: Can a Biopsychosocial Model Be Confirmed?

REFERENCES

• Clinical Standards Advisory Group. Back Pain: Report of a CS AG Committee on Back Pain. chaired by Professor Michael Rosen. HMSO, London 1994
   Google Scholar
• Vukmir R. D. Low back pain: Review of diagnosis and treatment. Am J Emerg Med 1991; 9: 328–335
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Foster N. Researching Low Back Pain? An Overview of the Pitfalls. Physical Therapy Reviews 1998; 3: 1–9
   Google Scholar
• Adams N. The Psychophysiology of Low Back Pain. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1997
   Google Scholar
• Waddell G. The Back Pain Revolution. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1998
   Google Scholar
• Nielson W. R., Weir R. Biopsychosocial approaches to the treatment of chronic pain. Clin J Pain 2001; 17(Suppl 4)S114–127
   Google Scholar
• Pincus T, Burton A. K., Vogel S, Field A. P. A systematic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity/disability in prospective cohorts of low back pain. Spine 2002; 27: E109–120
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Adams N, Ravey J, Taylor D. Psychological models of chronic pain and implications for practice. Physiotherapy 1996; 82: 124–129
   Google Scholar
• Gamsa A. The role of psychological factors in chronic pain. I. A half century of study. Pain 1994; 57: 5–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley L. A., McCreary C, Williams D. A. MMPI and personality assessment instruments: Useful in evaluating chronic pain patients, Abstracts of 7th World Congress on Pain. IASP Press, Seattle 1993; 356
   Google Scholar
• Ong K. S., Keng S. B. The biological, social and psychological relationship between depression and chronic pain. Cranio 2003; 21: 286–294
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Truchon M. Determinants of chronic disability related to low back pain: Towards an integrative biopsychosocial model. Disabil Rehabil 2001; 23: 758–767
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pincus T, Callahan L. F., Bradley L. F., Vaughn W. K., Wolfe F. Elevated MMPI scores for hypochondriasis, depression, and hysteria in patients with rheumatoid arthritis reflect disease rather than psychological status. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1986; 29: 1456–1466
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldberg R. T. Childhood abuse, depression, and chronic pain. Clin J Pain 1994; 10: 277–281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klaber Moffett J. A., Richardson P. H. The influence of psychological variables on the development and perception of musculoskeletal pain. Physiotherapy Theory and Practice 1995; 11: 3–11
   Google Scholar
• Krishnan K RR, France R. D., Pelton S, McCann U. D., Davidson J, Urban B. J. Chronic pain and depression II. symptoms of anxiety in chronic low back pain patients and their relationship to subtypes of depression. Pain 1985; 22: 289–294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twomey L. T., Taylor J. R. Age related changes of the lumbar spine and spinal rehabilitation. Critical Reviews in Physical and Rehab Med 1991; 2: 153–169
   Google Scholar
• Jayson M IV. The Lumbar Spine and Back Pain, 4th ed. Churchill Livingstone, London 1992
   Google Scholar
• Price D. D. Psychological mechansims of pain and analgesia. Progress in Pain Research and Management. IASP Press. 1999; Vol. 15
   Google Scholar
• Cesselin F, Laporte A. M., Miquel M. C., Bourgoin S, Hamon M. Serotonergic mechanisms of pain control. Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Pain. Progress in Pain Research and Management. IASP Press, Seattle 1993; Vol. 2: 669–695
   Google Scholar
• Polatin P. B., Kinney R. K., Gatchel R. J., Lillo E, Mayer T. G. Psychiatric illness and chronic low back pain. The mind and the spine-which goes first?. Spine 1993; 18: 66–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuch K. Psychological factors and the development of chronic pain. Clin J Pain 2001; 17(Suppl 4)S33–38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Russell I. J., Orr M. D., Littman B, Vipraio G. A., Alboukrek D, Michalek J. E., Lopex Y, MacKillup F. Elevated cerebrospinal levels of substance P in patients with the fibromyalgia syndrome. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1994; 37: 1593–1601
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaksh T. L., Aimone L. D. The central pharmacology of pain transmission Management of Pain, J. J. Bonica. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia 1990; Vol. 1
   Google Scholar
• Serpell M. G., Makin A, Harvey A. Acute pain physiology and pharmacological tagets: The present and the future. Acute Pain 1998; 1: 31–47
   Google Scholar
• Pillemer S. R., Bradley L. A., Crofford L. J., Moldofsky H, Chrousos G. P. The neuroscience and endocrinology of fibromyalgia. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1928; 40, 1939, 1997
   Google Scholar
• Cuello A. C., Matthews M. R. Peptides in peripheral sensory nerve fibres Textbook of Pain. Edited by PD Wall, R Melzack. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1989; 65–79
   Google Scholar
• Almay B GL, Johansson F, von Knorring L, Le Greves P, Terenius L. Substance P in CSF of patients with chronic pain syndromes. Pain 1988; 33: 3–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimon A, LeGreves P, Nyberg F, Heikkela L, Salmela L, Terenius L. Elevation of substance P immunoreactivity in the CSF of psychiatric patients. Biol Psychiatry 1984; 19: 509–516
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer H. P., Eich W, Russell I. J. A possible role for saliva as a diagnostic fluid in patients with chronic pain. Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 1998; 27: 348–359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parris W EV, Kambam J. R. Immunoreactive substance P is decreased in the saliva of patients with chronic back pain syndromes. Aneth Analg 1990; 70: 63–67
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang M. M., Leeman S. E., Niall H. D. Amino acid sequence of substance P. Nature New Biol 1971; 232: 86–87
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nawa H, Hirose T, Takashima H, Inayama S, Nakanishi S. Nucleotide sequence of cloned cDNA's for two bovine brain substance P precursor. Nature 1983; 306: 32–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor D. N., Lee C. T. Lack of correlation between frontalis electromyography and self-ratings of either frontalis tension or state anxiety. Perception and Motor Skills 1991; 72: 1131–1134
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klein A. B., Synder-Mackler L, Roy S. H., Deluca C. J. Comparison of spinal mobility and isometric trunk extensor forces with electromyographic spectral analysis in identifying low back pain. Physical Therapy 1991; 71: 445–454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Headley B. Comprehensive evaluation of postural dysfunction. Paper presented at 21st Annual Meeting of AAPB, Washington, DC, March 23–28. 1990
   Google Scholar
• Middaugh S. J., Kee W. G. Advances in EMG monitoring and biofeedback in the treatment of chronic cervical and low back pain. Adv Clin Rehabil 1987; 1: 137–172
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Linsinski P. Surface EMG in chronic low back pain. European Spine Journal 2000; 9: 559–562
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ambroz C, Scott A, Ambroz A, Talbott E. O. Chronic low back pain assessment using surface electromyography. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2000; 42: 660–669
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kravitz E, Moore M. E., Glaros A. Paralumbar muscle activiy in chronic low back pain. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1981; 62: 172–176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lariviere C, Gagnon D, Loisel P. The comparison of trunk muscles EMG activation between subjects with and without chronic low back pain during flexion-extension and lateral bending tasks. Journal of Electromyograhy and Kinesiology 2000; 10: 79–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cram J. R. Clinical EMG for Surface Recordings. Clinical Resources, Nevada City 1990; Vol. 2
   Google Scholar
• Lehman G. J. Clinical considerations in the use of surface electromyography. J Manipulative Physiol Ther 2002; 25: 293–299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahern D. K., Follick M. J. Comparison of lumbar paravertebral EMG pattern in chronic low back pain patients and non patient controls. Pain 1988; 34: 153–160
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlaeyen J. W., Seelen H. A., Peters M, de Jong P, Aretz E, Beisiegel E, Weber W. E. Fear of movement/[re]injury and muscular reactivity in chronic low back pain patients: An experimental investigation. 1999
   Google Scholar
• Martin P. R., Rose M. J., Nicholls P JR, Hughes J. G. Physiotherapy exercises for low back pain: Process and clinical outcome. Int Rehabil Med 1980; 8: 34–38
   Google Scholar
• Waddell G. Clinical assessment of lumbar impairment. Clin Orthop 1987; 221: 110–120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cram J. R. EMG scanning in diagnosis of chronic pain. Biofeedback and Self Regul 1983; 8: 229–241
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maule A. G., Shaw C, Halton D. W., Johnston C. F., Fairweather I, Buchanan K. D. Tachykinin immuno-reactivity in the parasitic flatworm diclidophora merlangi and its fish host whiting merlangius merlangus: Radio-immunoassay and chromatographic characetrisation using region specific substance P and neurokinin A antisera. Comp Biochem Physiol 1989; 94C: 533–541
   Google Scholar
• Schneider C. J., Wilson E. S. Foundations of Biofeedback Practice. Biofeedback Society of America, Wheat Ridge 1985
   Google Scholar
• Lundberg U. Stress responses in low-status jobs and their relationship to health risks: Musculoskeletal disorders. Annals of theNew York Academy of Science 1999; 896: 162–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayou R. Medically unexplained physical symptoms. Br Med J 1991; 30, 534
   Google Scholar
• Oddson L. I., De Luca C. J. Activation imbalances in lumbar spine muscles in the presence of low back pain. J Appl Physiol 2003; 94: 1410–1420
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frost H, Lamb S. E., Klaber Moffett J. A., Fairbank J CT, Moser J. S. A fitness programme for patients with chronic low back pain. Pain 1998; 75: 273–279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar