3
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Deaths Among Heroin Users in and out of Methadone Treatment

&
Pages 45-61 | Received 22 Apr 1998, Accepted 15 Dec 1998, Published online: 17 Oct 2008

References

  • Baden , M. M. 1970 . Methadone related deaths in New York City . International Journal of the Addictions , 5 : 489 – 498 .
  • Barrett , D. H. , Luk , A. J. , Parrish , R. G. and Jones , T. S. 1996 . An investigation of medical examiner cases in which methadone was detected, Harris County, Texas, 1987–1992 . Journal of Forensic Sciences , 41 : 442 – 448 .
  • Bewley , T. H. , Ben-Arie , O. and James , I. P. 1968 . Morbidity and mortality from heroin dependence: Survey of heroin addicts known to Home Office . British Medical Journal , 1 : 725 – 32 .
  • Caplehorn , J. R.M. , Dalton , M. S. , Haldar , F. , Petrenas , A M. and Nisbet Methadone , J. G. 1996 . Maintenance and addicts' risk of fatal heroin overdose . Substance Use and Misuse , 31 ( 2 ) : 177 – 196 .
  • Caplehorn , J. R.M. and Ross , M. W. 1995 . Methadone maintenance and the likelihood of risky needle sharing . International Journal of Addictions , 30 : 685 – 698 .
  • Chappel , J. N. , Mays , V. M. and Senay , E. C. 1973 . Death and treatment of drug addiction: A five year study of deaths occurring to members of the Illinois Drug Abuse Program , Vol. 1 , 530 – 537 . New York : National Association for the Prevention of Addiction to Narcotics . Proceedings of the 5th National Conference on Methadone Treatment
  • Cherubin , C. , McCusker , J. , Baden , M. , Kavaler , F. and Amsel , Z. 1972 . The epidemiology of death in narcotic addicts . American Journal Epidemiology , 96 : 11 – 22 .
  • Concool , B. , Smith , H. and Stimmel , B. 1979 . Mortality rates of persons entering metha-done maintenance: A seven year study . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 6 : 345 – 353 .
  • Cooper , J. R. 1989 . Methadone treatment and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome . Journal of the American Medical Association , 262 ( 12 ) : 1664 – 1668 .
  • Cottrell , D. , Childs-Clarke , A. and Ghodse , A. H. 1985 . British opiate addicts: An 11-year follow-up . British Journal of Psychiatry , 146 : 448 – 450 .
  • Cushman , P. 1977 . Ten years of methadone maintenance treatment: Some clinical observations . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 4 : 543 – 553 .
  • Des Jarlais , D. C. 1984 . “ Research design, drug use, and deaths: Cross study comparisons ” . In The Social and Medical Aspects of Drug Abuse , Edited by: Serban , G. 229 – 235 . Jamaica, NY : Spectrum Publications .
  • Dole , V. P. and Nyswander , M. 1965 . A medical treatment for diacetylmorphine (heroin) addiction: A clinical trial with methadone hydrochloride . Journal of the American Medical Association , 193 : 80 – 84 .
  • Drummer , O. H. , Opeskin , K. , Syrjanen , M. and Cordner , S. M. 1992 . Methadone toxicity causing death in ten subjects starting on a methadone maintenance program . American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology , 13 : 346 – 350 .
  • Duvall , H. J. , Locke , B. Z. and Brill , L. 1963 . Follow-up study of narcotic drug addicts five years after hospitalization . Public Health Reports , 78 : 185 – 93 .
  • Farrell , M. , Ward , J. , Mattick , R. , Hall , W. , Stimson , G. V. , Des Jarlais , D. , Gossop , M. and Strang , J. 1994 . Methadone maintenance treatment in opiate dependence: A review . British Medical Journal , 309 : 997 – 1001 .
  • Fugelstad , A. , Rajs , J. , Bottiger , M. and De Verdier , M. G. 1995 . Mortality among HIV-in-fected intravenous drug addicts in Stockholm in relation to methadone treatment . Addiction , 90 : 711 – 716 .
  • Gearing , F. R. Deaths before, during, and after methadone maintenance treatment in New York City . Proceedings of the Fourth National Conference on Methadone Treatment . pp. 493 – 494 . New York : National Association for Prevention of Addiction to Narcotics .
  • Gearing , F. R. and Schweitzer , M. D. 1974 . An epidemiologic evaluation of long-term methadone maintenance treatment for heroin addiction . American Journal of Epidemiology , 100 : 102 – 112 .
  • Gossop , M. and Grant , M. 1991 . A six country survey of the content and structure of heroin treatment programmes using methadone . British Journal of Addiction , 86 : 1151 – 1160 .
  • Greene , M. H. , Luke , J. L. and DuPont , R. L. Opiate overdose deaths in the District of Columbia. Part II-Methadone-related fatalities . Journal of Forensic Sciences , 19 575 – 584 .
  • Grönbladh , L. , Öhlund , L.S. and Gunne , L. M. Mortality in heroin addiction: Impact of methadone treatment . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica , 82 223 – 227 .
  • Gunne , L. and Grönbladh , L. The Swedish methadone maintenance program: A controlled study . Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 7 249 – 256 .
  • Hser , Y. , Anglin , M. D. and Powers , K. A 24-year follow-up of California narcotics addicts . Arch General Psychiatry , 50 577 – 584 .
  • James , I. P. Suicide and mortality amongst heroin addicts in Britain . British Journal of Addiction , 62 391 – 398 .
  • Joe , G. W. , Lehman , W. and Simpson , D. D. Addict death rates during a four-year posttreatment follow-up . American Journal of Public Health , 72 703 – 709 .
  • Joe , G. W. and Simpson , D. D. Mortality rates among opioid addicts in a longitudinal study . American Journal of Public Health , 77 347
  • Kreek , M. J. Medical safety and side effects of methadone in tolerant individuals . Journal of the American Medical Association , 223 665 – 668 .
  • Lowinson , J. H. , Marion , I. J. , Joseph , H. and Dole , V. P. “ Methadone maintenance ” . In Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook , Edited by: Lowinson , J. H. , Ruiz , P. , Millman , R. B. and Langrod , J. G. 550 – 561 . Baltimore : Williams & Wilkins .
  • Maddux , J. F. and Desmond , D. P. Careers of Opioid Users , New York : Praeger Publishers .
  • Maddux , J. F. and Desmond , D. P. Outcomes of methadone maintenance 1 year after admission . Journal of Drug Issues , 27 225 – 238 .
  • Manning , T. , Bidanset , J. H. , Cohen , S. and Lukash , L. Evaluation of AbuscreenR for methadone . Journal of Forensic Sciences , 21 112 – 120 .
  • Marks , J. Deaths from methadone and heroin (letter) . Lancet , 343 976
  • Mason , P. Mortality among young heroin addicts . Journal of Mount Sinai Hospital , 34 4 – 10 .
  • Nadler , J. , Fumia , F. , Cherubin , C. and Gearing , F. Deaths of narcotic addicts in New York City in 1971: Those reported to be using methadone . International Journal of the Addictions , 10 135 – 147 .
  • Newcombe , R. Live and let die: Is methadone more likely to kill you than heroin? . Druglink , Jan-Feb.
  • O'Donnell , J. A. Narcotic Addicts in Kentucky , Chevy Chase, MD : U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare .
  • Olsen , G. D. , Wilson , J. E. and Robertson , G. E. Respiratory and ventilatory effects of methadone in healthy women . Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics , 29 373 – 380 .
  • Poser , W. , Koc , J. and Ehrenreich , H. Methadone treatment can reduce mortality (letter) . British Medical Journal , 310 463
  • Sells , S. B. , Chatham , L. R. and Retka , R. L. A study of differential death rates and causes of death among 9276 opiate addicts during 1970–1971 . Contemporary Drug Problems , 1 665 – 706 .
  • Selwyn , P. A. , Hartel , D. , Wasserman , W. and Drucker , E. 1989 . Impact of the AIDS epidemic on morbidity and mortality among intravenous drug users in a New York City methadone maintenance program . American Journal of Public Health , 79 : 1358 – 1362 .
  • Senay , E. C. 1994 . “ Opiods: Methadone maintenance ” . In The American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Substance Abuse Treatment , Edited by: Galanter , M. and Kleber , H. D. 209 – 221 . Washington, DC : American Psychiatric Press .
  • Serpelloni , G. , Carrieri , M. P. , Rezza , G. , Morganti , S. , Gomma , M. and Binkin , N. Methadone treatment as a determinant of HIV risk reduction among injecting drug users: a nested case-control study . AIDS Care , 6 ( 2 ) 215 – 220 .
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 1996 . Annual Medical Examiner Data Series I, Number 14-B, DHHS Publication (SMA) 96 , Bethesda, MD : SAMHSA .
  • Tu , T. 1951 . Statistical studies on the mortality rates and the causes of death among the opium addicts in Formosa . Bulletin on Narcotics , 3 : 9 – 112 .
  • Vaillant , G. E. 1966 . Twelve year followup of New York narcotic addicts, II. The natural history of a chronic disease . New England Journal of Medicine , 275 : 1282 – 1288 .
  • Verebely , K. , Volavka , J. , Mule , S. and Resnick , R. 1975 . Methadone in man: Pharmacoki-netic and excretion studies in acute and chronic treatment . Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics , 18 : 180 – 189 .
  • Watterson , O. , Simpson , D. W. and Sells , S. B. 1975 . Death rates and causes of death among opioid addicts in community drug treatment programs, 1970–1973 . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse , 2 : 99 – 111 .
  • Weber , R. , Ledergerber , B. , Opravil , M. , Siegenthaler , W. and Luthy , R. 1990 . Progression of HIV infection in misusers of injected drugs who stop injecting or follow a programme of maintenance treatment with methadone . British Medical Journal , 301 : 1362 – 1365 .
  • Wille , R. 1981 . Ten-year follow-up of a representative sample of London heroin addicts: Clinic attendance, abstinence and mortality . British Journal of Addiction , 76 : 259 – 266 .
  • Zimney , E. L. and Luke , J. L. 1981 . Narcotic-related deaths in the District of Columbia, 1971–1979 . Journal of Forensic Sciences , 26 : 462 – 469 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.