185
Views
25
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

The therapeutic potential of cannabis in multiple sclerosis

&
Pages 561-567 | Published online: 02 Mar 2005

Bibliography

  • COMPSTON A, COLES A: Multiple sclerosis. Lancet (2002) 359:1221–1231.
  • •Chapters review many aspects of MS, including genetics, demographics and treatments.
  • CONSROE P, MUSTY R, REIN J, TILLERY W, PERTWEE R: The perceived effects of smoked cannabis on patients with multiple sclerosis. Eur: Neurol (1997) 38:44–48.
  • •Survey of perceived effects of cannabis smoking on MS signs.
  • SCHNELLE M, GROTENHERMEN F, REIF M, GORTER RW: Results of a standardized survey on the medical use of cannabis products in the German-speaking area. Forsch Komplementanned (1999) 6\(Suppl. 3):28–36.
  • •Survey of perceived indications for cannabis use.
  • PERTWEE RG: Cannabinoids and multiple sclerosis. Phannacol Ther: (2002) 95:165–174.
  • •Review of all surveys, case reports and small scale studies of CBs used in MS up to 2002.
  • WILLIAMSON EM, EVANS FJ: Cannabinoids in clinical practice. Drugs (2000) 60:1303–1314.
  • •Review of some activities of CBs in cannabis.
  • MECHOULAM R, HANU L: The cannabinoids: an overview. Therapeutic implications in vomiting and nausea after cancer chemotherapy, in appetite promotion, in multiple sclerosis and in neuroprotection. Pain Res. Manag. (2001) 6:67–73.
  • KNOLLER N, LEVI L, SHOSHAN I et al.: Dexanabinol (HU-211) in the treatment of severe closed head injury: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial. Crit. Care Med. (2002) 30:548–554.
  • GROTENHERMEN F: Some practice- relevant aspects of the pharmacokinetics of THC. Forsch Komplementanned (1999) 6\(Suppl. 3):37–39.
  • •Some pharmokinetics of cannabis.
  • KILLESTEIN J, HOOGERVORST EL, REIF M et al.: Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of orally administered cannabinoids in MS. Neurology(2002) 58(9):1404–1407.
  • VANEY C, JOBIN P, TSCHOPP F, HEINZEL M, SCHNELLE M: Efficacy, safety and tolerability of an orally administered cannabis extract in the treatment of spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis. International Cannabinoid Research Society: 2002 Symposium on the Cannabinoids, Burlington, Vermont, USA (2002):57.
  • FOX P, THOMPSON A, ZAJICEK J: A multicentre randomised controlled trial of cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis.' Neurol Sci. (2001) 187:S453.
  • BRADY CM, DAS GUPTA R, WISEMAN 0J, DALTON CM, BERKLEY KJ, FOWLER CJ: The effects of cannabis based medicinal extracts on lower urinary tract dysfunction in advanced multiple sclerosis: preliminary results. Nemo]. Neurosurg. Psych. (2002) 72:139.
  • NOTCUTT W, PRICE M, SANSOM C, SIMMONS S, PHILLIPS C: Medicinal cannabis extract in chronic pain: Overall results of 29 "N of 1" studies (CBME-nternational Cannabinoid Research Society: 2002 Symposium on the Cannabinoids, Burlington, Vermont, USA (2002):55.
  • ROBSON PJ, WADE DT, MAKELA PM, HOUSE H: Cannabis medicinal extracts (CME), including cannabidiol, alleviated neurogenic systems in patients with multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury. International Cannabinoid Research Society: 2002 Symposium on the Cannabinoids, Burlington, Vermont, USA (2002):56.
  • BREIVOGEL CS, CHILDERS SR The functional neuroanatomy of brain cannabinoid receptors. Neurobiol Dis.(1998) 5:417–431.
  • •Review of CB receptors. This whole issue is dedicated to CB biology.
  • LUTZ B: Molecular biology of cannabinoid receptors. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids (2002) 66:123–142.
  • •Review of CB receptor structure and function. This whole issue is dedicated to CB biology.
  • MCALLISTER SD, GLASS M: CB1 and CB2 receptor-mediated signalling: a focus on endocannabinoids. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids (2002) 66:161–171.
  • PERTWEE RG: Pharmacology of cannabinoid receptor ligands. Curr: Med. Chem. (1999) 6:635–664.
  • •Review of receptor affmity of many pharmacological CB-binding compounds.
  • REGGIO PH: Endocannabinoid structure- activity relationships for interaction at the cannabinoid receptors. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Adds (2002) 66:143–160.
  • •Review of endocannabinoids.
  • SUGIURA T, KOBAYASHI Y, OKA S WAKU K: Biosynthesis and degradation of anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol and their possible physiological significance. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids (2002) 66:173–192.
  • •Review of endocannabinoid formation and degradation.
  • DEUTSCH DG, UEDA N, YAMAMOTO S: The fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty Acids (2002) 66:201–210.
  • •Review of endocannabinoid degrading enzyme.
  • CRAVATT BE DEMAREST K, PATRICELLI MP et al.: Supersensitivity to anandamide and enhanced endogenous cannabinoid signaling in mice lacking fatty acid amide hydrolase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2001) 98:9371–9376.
  • •Demonstration of regulation of anandamide by FAAH using a knockout system.
  • LICHTMAN AH, HAWKINS EG, GRIFFIN G, CRAVATT BF: Pharmacological activity of fatty acid amides is regulated, but not mediated, by fatty acid amide hydrolase in vivo. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (2002) 302:73–79.
  • •Evidence for a novel enzyme degrading 2-AG.
  • DINH TP, CARPENTER D, LESLIE FM et al.: Brain monoglyceride lipase participating in endocannabinoid inactivation. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA (2002) 99:10819–10824.
  • WILSON RI, NICOLL RA: Endocannabinoid signaling in the brain. Science (2002) 296:678–682.
  • •Review of control synaptic neurotransmission.
  • PERTWEE RG, ROSS RA: Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatg Acids (2002) 66:101–121.
  • WALKER J, HUANG S: Cannabinoid analgesia. Pharmacol Ther (2002) 95:127–135.
  • •Review of the use of CBs in pain. This whole issue is dedicated to CB biology.
  • DEGENHARDTL, HALL W: Cannabis and psychosis. Curc Psychiatry Rep. (2002) 4:191–196.
  • •Review of evidence of cannabis-induced psychosis.
  • VAN OS J, BAK M, HANSSEN M, BIJL RV, DE GRAAF R, VERDOUX H: Cannabis use and psychosis: a longitudinal population-based study. Am. I Epideiniol (2002) 156:319–327.
  • •New evidence of cannabis-induced psychosis.
  • MONORY K, TZAVARA ET, LEXIME J et al.: Novel, not adenylyl cyclase-coupled cannabinoid binding site in cerebellum of mice. Biochein. Biophys. Res. Commun. (2002) 292:231–235.
  • BROOKS JW, PRYCE G, BISOGNO T et al.: Arvanil-induced inhibition of spasticity and persistent pain: evidence for therapeutic sites of action different from the vanilloid VR1 receptor and cannabinoid CB(1)/CB(2) receptors. Eur. Pharmacol (2002) 439:83–92.
  • •Evidence for a novel non-CB1 receptor controlling experimental spasticity.
  • RICE ASC, FARQUHAR-SMITH WP, NAGY I: Endocannabinoids and pain: spinal and peripheral analgesis in inflammation and neuropathy. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essen] Fatn Acids. (2002) 66:243–256.
  • BAKER D, PRYCE G, CROXFORD JL et al.: Cannabinoids control spasticity and tremor in a multiple sclerosis model. Nature (2000) 404:84–87.
  • •First objective experimental evidence that CBs control spasticity.
  • BAKER D, PRYCE G, CROXFORD JL et al.: Endocannabinoids control spasticity in a multiple sclerosis model. FASEB (2001) 15:300–302.
  • •Experimental evidence that demonstrates endocannabinoid tone in control of spasticity.
  • STEINMAN L: Immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis: the end of the beginning. Cuir. Opin. Immunol (2001) 13:597–600.
  • •Review of some treatments in MS.
  • KLEIN TW, NEWTON CA, FRIEDMAN H: Cannabinoids and the immune system. Pain Res. Manag. (2001) 6:95–101.
  • •Review of CB effects on the immune system and cytokine secretion.
  • PAROLARO D, MASSI P, RUBINO T, MONTI E: Endocannabinoids in the immune system and cancer. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essen] Fatn "Acids. (2002) 66:319–332.
  • •Review of CB effects on the irmrtune system and cytokine secretion.
  • MCKALLIP RJ, LOMBARD C, MARTIN BR, NAGARKATTI M, NAGARKATTI PS: Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced apoptosis in the thymus and spleen as a mechanism of immunosuppression in vitro and in vivo. Pharmacol Exp. Ther. (2002) 302:451–465.
  • LYMAN WD, SONETT JR, BROSNAN CE ELKIN R, BORNSTEIN MB: Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol: a novel treatment for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neuroimmunol (1989) 23:73–81.
  • •Irnmunosuppression in an experimental MS model.
  • WIRGUIN I, MECHOULAM R, BREUER A, SCHEZEN E, VVEIDENFELD J, BRENNER T: Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by cannabinoids. Immunopharmacology (1994) 28:209–214.
  • •Irnmunosuppression in an experimental MS model.
  • DI MARZO V, GOPARAJU SK, WANG L et al.: Leptin-regulated endocannabinoids are involved in maintaining food intake. Nature (2001) 410:822–825.
  • MATARESE G, DI GIACOMO A, SANNA V et al.: Requirement for leptin in the induction and progression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Immunol (2001) 166:5909–5916.
  • NAHAS GG, SUCIU-FOCA N, ARMAND JP, MORISHIMA A: Inhibition of cellular mediated immunity in marihuana smokers. Science (1974) 183:419–420.
  • BJARTMAR C, TRAPP BD: Axonal and neuronal degeneration in multiple sclerosis: mechanisms and functional consequences. Curr. Opin. Neurol (2001) 14:271–278.
  • •Review on neurodegeneration in MS. This occurs early in disease and correlates with the development of permanent disability.
  • COLES AJ, WING MG, MOLYNEUX P et al.: Monoclonal antibody treatment exposes three mechanisms underlying the clinical course of multiple sclerosis. Ann. Nemo] (1999) 46:296–304.
  • •Although the agent inhibited relapse rate and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions patients continued to progress.
  • WUJEK JR, BJARTMAR C, RICHER E et al.: Axon loss in the spinal cord determines permanent neurological disability in an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Neuropathol Exp. Nemo] (2002) 61:23–32.
  • GLASS M, DRAGUNOW M, FAULL RL: The pattern of neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease: a comparative study of cannabinoid, dopamine, adenosine and GABA(A) receptor alterations in the human basal ganglia in Huntington's disease. Neuroscience (2000) 97:505–519.
  • SMITH T, GROOM A, ZHU B, TURSKI L: Autoimmune encephalomyelitis ameliorated by AMPA antagonists. Nat. Med. (2000) 6:62–66.
  • WERNER P, PITT D, RAINE CS: Multiple sclerosis: altered glutamate homeostasis in lesions correlates with oligodendrocyte and axonal damage. Ann. Nemo]. (2001) 50(2):169–180.
  • GUZMAN M, SANCHEZ C, GALVE-ROPERH I: Cannabinoids and cell fate. Pharmacol Ther. (2002) 95:175–184.
  • •Review of cell fate following exposure to CBs.
  • PANIKASHVILI D, SIMEONIDOU C, BEN-SHABAT S et al.: An endogenous cannabinoid (2-AG) is neuroprotective after brain injury. Nature (2001) 413:527–531.
  • GRUNDY RI: The therapeutic potential ofthe cannabinoids in neuroprotection. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs. (2002) 11:1365–1374.
  • •Review of CB-mediated neuroprotection.
  • PRYCE G, HANKEY D, AHMED Z, BAKER D: Cannabinoid treatment and CB1 receptor involvement in inflammatory disease in the CNS. International Cannabinoid Research Society: 2002 Symposium on the Cannabinoids, Burlington, Vermont, USA (2002):50.
  • •Evidence for role of CB 1-mediated neuroprotection in an experimental MS model.
  • DI MARZO V, DE PETROCELLIS L, FEZZA F, LIGRESTI A, BISOGNO T: Anandamide receptors. Prostaglandins Leukot. Essen] Fatn Acids (2002) 66:377–391.
  • •Review of the ability of anandarnide to mediate biological effects via vanilloid receptors.
  • LEVER IJ, MALCANGIO M: CB(1) receptor antagonist 5R141716A increases capsaicin-evoked release of Substance P from the adult mouse spinal cord. Br. Pharmacol (2002) 135:21–24.
  • FOWLER CJ: Intravesical treatment of overactive bladder. Urology (2000) 55(Suppl. 5A):60–64.
  • MACCARRONE M, LORENZON T, BARI M, MELINO G, FINAZZI-AGRO A: Anandamide induces apoptosis in human cells via vanilloid receptors. Evidence for a protective role of cannabinoid receptors. Biol. Chem. (2000) 275:31938–31945.

Websites

  • http://www.cannabis-trial.plymouth.ac.uk Cannabinoids in multiple sclerosis trial.
  • http://www.gwpharm.com GW Pharmaceuticals website.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.