344
Views
22
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Drug Evaluations

A drug evaluation of 1% tenofovir gel and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate tablets for the prevention of HIV infection

, MClin Pharm MS (Epi), , MSc, , PhD, , PhD & , MBChB PhD
Pages 695-715 | Published online: 07 Mar 2012

Bibliography

  • Buchbinder SP. HIV epidemiology and breakthroughs in prevention 30 years into the AIDS epidemic. Top Antivir Med 2011;19(2):38-46
  • UNAIDS. UNAIDS World AIDS Day Report 2011. Available from: http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011/JC2216_WorldAIDSday_report_2011_en.pdf [Accessed 24 November 2011] Geneva: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS; 2011
  • Leclerc-Madlala S. Age-disparate and intergenerational sex in southern Africa: the dynamics of hypervulnerability. AIDS 2008;22(Suppl 4):S17-25
  • Abdool Karim Q, Kharsany AB, Frohlich JA, Recruitment of high risk women for HIV prevention trials: baseline HIV prevalence and sexual behavior in the CAPRISA 004 tenofovir gel trial. Trials 2011;12:67
  • Guay LA, Musoke P, Fleming T, Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: HIVNET 012 randomised trial. Lancet 1999;354(9181):795-802
  • de Vincenzi I. Triple antiretroviral compared with zidovudine and single-dose nevirapine prophylaxis during pregnancy and breastfeeding for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 (Kesho Bora study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2011;11(3):171-80
  • Young TN, Arens FJ, Kennedy GE, Antiretroviral post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) for occupational HIV exposure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007(1):CD002835
  • Padian NS, McCoy SI, Karim SS, HIV prevention transformed: the new prevention research agenda. Lancet 2011;378(9787):269-78
  • Kelly CG, Shattock RJ. Specific Microbicides in the Prevention of HIV Infection. J Intern Med 2011;270(6):509-19
  • De Clercq E, Sakuma T, Baba M, Antiviral activity of phosphonylmethoxyalkyl derivatives of purine and pyrimidines. Antiviral Res 1987;8(5-6):261-72
  • Bronson JJ, Kim CU, Ghazzouli I, Synthesis and antiviral activity of phosphonylmethoxyethyl derivatives of purine and pyrimidine bases. In: Martin JC, editor. ACS Symposium Series 401: Nucleosite Analogues as Antiviral Agents; 1989. American Chemical Society; Washington, DC: 1989. p. 72-87
  • Partners PrEP Study. Press Release: Pivotal Study finds that HIV Medications are Highly Effective as Prophylaxis Against HIV Infection in Men and Women in Africa. 2011. Available from: http://depts.washington.edu/astda/resources/PrEP_PressRelease-UW_13Jul2011.pdf [Cited 15 November 2011]
  • Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med 2010;363(27):2587-99
  • Thigpen MKP, Smith D, Segolodi T, Daily Oral Antiretroviral use for the Prevention of HIV Infection in Heterosexually Active Young Adults in Botswana: Results from the TDF2 Study. IAS; Rome: 2011
  • Abdool Karim Q, Abdool Karim SS, Frohlich JA, Effectiveness and safety of tenofovir gel, an antiretroviral microbicide, for the prevention of HIV infection in women. Science 2010;329(5996):1168-74
  • De Clercq E, Descamps J, De Somer P, Holy A, (S)-9-(2,3-Dihydroxypropyl)adenine: an aliphatic nucleoside analog with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Science 1978;200(4341):563-5
  • De Clercq E, Holy A, Rosenberg I, A novel selective broad-spectrum anti-DNA virus agent. Nature 1986;323(6087):464-7
  • De Clercq E. The acyclic nucleoside phosphonates from inception to clinical use: historical perspective. Antiviral Res 2007;75(1):1-13
  • Elion GB. Acyclovir: discovery, mechanism of action, and selectivity. J Med Virol 1993(Suppl 1):2-6
  • Elion GB, Furman PA, Fyfe JA, Selectivity of action of an antiherpetic agent, 9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl) guanine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1977;74(12):5716-20
  • Votruba I, Holy A, De Clercq E. Metabolism of the broad-spectrum antiviral agent, 9-(S)-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl) adenine, in different cell lines. Acta Virol 1983;27(3):273-6
  • De Clercq E. Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates: past, present and future. Bridging chemistry to HIV, HBV, HCV, HPV, adeno-, herpes-, and poxvirus infections: the phosphonate bridge. Biochem Pharmacol 2007;73(7):911-22
  • De Clercq E, Holy A. Acyclic nucleoside phosphonates: a key class of antiviral drugs. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2005;4(11):928-40
  • Balzarini J, Holy A, Jindrich J, Differential antiherpesvirus and antiretrovirus effects of the (S) and (R) enantiomers of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates: potent and selective in vitro and in vivo antiretrovirus activities of (R)-9-(2-phosphonomethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37(2):332-8
  • Balzarini J, Aquaro S, Perno CF, Activity of the (R)-enantiomers of 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-adenine and 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine against human immunodeficiency virus in different human cell systems. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996;219(2):337-41
  • Maudgal PC, De Clercq E, Huyghe P. Efficacy of (S)-HPMPA against thymidine kinase-deficient herpes simplex virus-keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987;28(2):243-8
  • Tsai CC, Follis KE, Sabo A, Prevention of SIV infection in macaques by (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine. Science 1995;270(5239):1197-9
  • Van Rompay KK, Berardi CJ, Aguirre NL, Two doses of PMPA protect newborn macaques against oral simian immunodeficiency virus infection. AIDS 1998;12(9):F79-83
  • Van Rompay KK, Marthas ML, Lifson JD, Administration of 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA) for prevention of perinatal simian immunodeficiency virus infection in rhesus macaques. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998;14(9):761-73
  • Van Rompay KK, Miller MD, Marthas ML, Prophylactic and therapeutic benefits of short-term 9-[2-(R)-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA) administration to newborn macaques following oral inoculation with simian immunodeficiency virus with reduced susceptibility to PMPA. J Virol 2000;74(4):1767-74
  • Tsai CC, Emau P, Follis KE, Effectiveness of postinoculation (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl) adenine treatment for prevention of persistent simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmne infection depends critically on timing of initiation and duration of treatment. J Virol 1998;72(5):4265-73
  • Otten RA, Smith DK, Adams DR, Efficacy of postexposure prophylaxis after intravaginal exposure of pig-tailed macaques to a human-derived retrovirus (human immunodeficiency virus type 2). J Virol 2000;74(20):9771-5
  • CONRAD. Investigators Brochure: Tenofovir Gel (GS-1278). CONRAD; Arlington, Virgina: 2010
  • Parikh UM, Dobard C, Sharma S, Complete protection from repeated vaginal SHIV exposures in macaques by a topical gel containing tenofovir alone or with emtricitabine. J Virol 2009;83(20):10358-65
  • Miller C, Rosenberg Z, Bischofberger N. Use of topical PMPA to prevent vaginal transmission of SIV. 9th International Conference on Antiviral Research; Japan; 1996
  • Van Rompay KK, McChesney MB, Aguirre NL, Two low doses of tenofovir protect newborn macaques against oral simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 2001;184(4):429-38
  • Dobard C, Sharma S, Martin A, Durable protection from vaginal simian-human immunodeficiency virus infection in macaques by tenofovir gel and its relationship to drug levels in tissue. J Virol 2012;86(2):718-25
  • Cranage M, Sharpe S, Herrera C, Prevention of SIV rectal transmission and priming of T cell responses in macaques after local pre-exposure application of tenofovir gel. PLoS Med 2008;5(8):e157
  • Van Rompay KK, Schmidt KA, Lawson JR, Topical administration of low-dose tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to protect infant macaques against multiple oral exposures of low doses of simian immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 2002;186(10):1508-13
  • Van Rompay KK, Kearney BP, Sexton JJ, Evaluation of oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and topical tenofovir GS-7340 to protect infant macaques against repeated oral challenges with virulent simian immunodeficiency virus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006;43(1):6-14
  • Subbarao S, Otten RA, Ramos A, Chemoprophylaxis with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate provided partial protection against infection with simian human immunodeficiency virus in macaques given multiple virus challenges. J Infect Dis 2006;194(7):904-11
  • Garcia-Lerma JG, Otten RA, Qari SH, Prevention of rectal SHIV transmission in macaques by daily or intermittent prophylaxis with emtricitabine and tenofovir. PLoS Med 2008;5(2):e28
  • Garcia-Lerma JG, Cong ME, Mitchell J, Intermittent prophylaxis with oral truvada protects macaques from rectal SHIV infection. Sci Transl Med 2010;2(14):14ra4
  • Garcia-Lerma JG, Aung W, Cong ME, Natural substrate concentrations can modulate the prophylactic efficacy of nucleotide HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Virol 2011;85(13):6610-17
  • Malcolm RK, Edwards KL, Kiser P, Advances in microbicide vaginal rings. Antiviral Res 2010;88(Suppl 1):S30-9
  • Moss JA, Baum MM, Malone AM, Tenofovir and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate pharmacokinetics from intravaginal rings. AIDS 2012; [Epub ahead of print]
  • Moss JA, Malone AM, Smith TJ, Simultaneous delivery of tenofovir and acyclovir via an intravaginal ring. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012;56(2):875-82
  • Johnson TJ, Gupta KM, Fabian J, Segmented polyurethane intravaginal rings for the sustained combined delivery of antiretroviral agents dapivirine and tenofovir. Eur J Pharm Sci 2010;39(4):203-12
  • AVAC: Global Advvocacy for HIV Prevention. Table: Ongoing and Planned Clinical Trials of Topical Microbicide Candidates, January 2012. 2012. Available from: http://www.avac.org/ht/a/GetDocumentAction/i/3109 [Cited 8 February 2012]
  • Gilead Sciences, Inc. Full prescribing information: Viread®. 2011 September 2011. Available from: http://rsc.tech-res.com/safetyandpharmacovigilance/PIList.aspx
  • Kearney BP, Flaherty JF, Shah J. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate: clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004;43(9):595-612
  • Dumond JB, Yeh RF, Patterson KB, Antiretroviral drug exposure in the female genital tract: implications for oral pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis. AIDS 2007;21(14):1899-907
  • Patterson KB, Prince HA, Kraft E, Penetration of tenofovir and emtricitabine in mucosal tissues: implications for prevention of HIV-1 transmission. Sci Transl Med 2011;3:112re4
  • Schwartz JL, Rountree W, Kashuba AD, A multi-compartment, single and multiple dose pharmacokinetic study of the vaginal candidate microbicide 1% tenofovir gel. PLoS One 2011;6(10):e25974
  • Hendrix C MA, Guddera V, Riddler S, MTN-001: A Phase 2 Cross-over Study of Daily Oral and Vaginal TFV in Healthy, Sexually Active Women Results in Significantly Different Product Acceptability and Vaginal Tissue Drug Concentrations [abstract#: 35LB]. 18th Conference on Opportunistic Infections and Retroviruses; 27 Februery 2011 – 22 March 2011; Boston, MA, USA; 2011
  • Abdool Karim SS, Kashuba A, Werner L, Abdool Karim Q, Drug concentrations following topical and oral antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis: implications for HIV prevention in women. Lancet 2011;378:279-81
  • Mayer KH, Maslankowski LA, Gai F, Safety and tolerability of tenofovir vaginal gel in abstinent and sexually active HIV-infected and uninfected women. AIDS 2006;20(4):543-51
  • Rosen RK, Morrow KM, Carballo-Dieguez A, Acceptability of tenofovir gel as a vaginal microbicide among women in a phase I trial: a mixed-methods study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2008;17(3):383-92
  • Schwartz JL, Poindexter A, Wheeless A, Safety evaluation of 1% tenofovir gel in healthy men. Int J STD AIDS 2009;20(6):384-6
  • ClinicalTrials.gov. A04-095: Pharmacokinetic Study of the Vaginal Microbicide Agent 1% Tenofovir Gel 2007. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00561496 [Cited 22 September 2011]
  • Keller MJ, Madan RP, Torres NM, A randomized trial to assess anti-HIV activity in female genital tract secretions and soluble mucosal immunity following application of 1% tenofovir gel. PLoS One 2011;6(1):e16475
  • MicrobicideTrials Network. MTN 002: Phase I Study of the Maternal Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Placental Transfer of Tenofovir 1% Vaginal Gel among Healthy Term Gravidas 2011. Available from: http://www.mtnstopshiv.org/news/studies/mtn002 [Cited 14 November 2011]
  • Microbicide Trials Network. Press Release: Researchers report results of first microbicide trial in pregnant women. Study indicates small amount of drug passes to fetus. Available from: http://www.mtnstopshiv.org/node/1846 [Cited 15 November 2011]
  • Anton P, Cranston R, Carballo-Dieguez A, RMP-02/MTN-006: A Phase 1 Placebo-controlled Trial of Rectally Applied 1% Vaginal TFV Gel with Comparison to Oral TDF. 18th Conference in Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections; 27 February 2011 – 22 March 2011; Boston, MA, USA; 2011
  • MicrobicideTrials Network. MTN 007: A Phase 1 Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Rectal Safety and Acceptability Study of Tenofovir 1% Gel. 2011. Available from: http://www.mtnstopshiv.org/node/912 [Cited 11 November 2011]
  • Rohan LC, Moncla BJ, Kunjara Na Ayudhya RP, In vitro and ex vivo testing of tenofovir shows it is effective as an HIV-1 microbicide. PLoS One 2010;5(2):e9310
  • MicrobicideTrials Network. MTN 008: Expanded Safety of Tenofovir 1% Gel in Pregnancy and Lactation. 2011. Available from: http://www.mtnstopshiv.org/node/1637 [Cited 10 November 2011]
  • ClinicalTrials.gov. A10-113: Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study of Tenofovir 1% Gel. 2011. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01369303?term=A10-113&rank=1 [Cited 22 September 2011]
  • Microbicide Trials Network. MTN 006: Phase 1 rectal microbicide safety and acceptability trial of topically applied tenofovir compared with oral tablet. Available from: http://www.mtnstopshiv.org/node/911 [Cited 14 November 2011]
  • Peterson L, Taylor D, Roddy R, Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for prevention of HIV infection in women: a phase 2, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. PLoS Clin Trials 2007;2(5):e27
  • ClinicalTrials.gov. CDC 4323: Extended Safety Study of Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (TDF) Among HIV-1 Negative Men. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00131677?term=CDC+4323&rank=1 [Cited 15 November 2011]
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Preliminary Results from First Safety Study of Daily Tenofovir for HIV Prevention Among MSM Find No Significant Concerns. 2010. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/prep/resources/factsheets/extended_PrEB-safety-trial.htm [Cited 15 November 2011]
  • Ramjee G, Doncel GF, Mehendale S, Microbicides 2008 conference: from discovery to advocacy. AIDS Res Ther 2008;5:19
  • Hillier SL. Safety and Acceptability of Coitally Dependent use of 1% Tenofovir Over Six Months of use. Abstract No. 655. Microbicides; New Delhi, India: 2008
  • Abdool Karim Q. on behalf of the CAPRISA 004 Trial Group. CAPRISA 004: effectiveness and safety of vaginal microbicide 1% tenofovir gel for prevention of HIV infection in women. Session TUSS05. Program and abstracts of the 18th International AIDS Conference; 18 – 23 July 2010; Vienna, Austria; 2010
  • Microbicide Trials Network. MTN 001: Phase 2 Adherence and Pharmacokinetics Study of Oral and Vaginal Preparations of Tenofovir. Available from: http://www.mtnstopshiv.org/node/71 [Cited 15 November 2011]
  • Hendrix C MA, Guddera V, Riddler S, MTN-001: A Phase II Cross-over Study of Daily Oral and Vaginal TFV in Healthy, Sexually Active Women Results in Significantly Different Product Acceptability and Vaginal Tissue Drug Concentrations. CROI; Boston; 2011
  • Microbicide Trials Network. MTN 003: Phase 2B Safety and Effectiveness Study of Tenofovir 1% Gel, Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Tablet and Emtricitabine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Tablet for the Prevention of HIV Infection in Women. Available from: http://www.mtnstopshiv.org/node/70 [Cited 15 November 2011]
  • Microbicide Trials Network. Questions and Answers on Decision to Modify VOICE. Available from: http://www.mtnstopshiv.org/node/3622 [Cited 15 November 2011]
  • Microbicide Trials Network. MTN Statement on Decision to Discontinue Use of Tenofovir Gel in VOICE, a Major HIV Prevention Study in Women. Available from: http://www.mtnstopshiv.org/node/3909 [Cited 25 November 2011]
  • National institute of allergy and infectious diseases. NIH Discontinues Tenofovir Vaginal Gel in ‘VOICE' HIV Prevention Study. 2011. Available from: http://www.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/2011/Pages/VOICEdiscontinued.aspx [Cited 25 November 2011]
  • ClinicalTrials.gov. PartnersPrEP: Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis to Prevent HIV-1 Acquisition Within HIV-1 Discordant Couples. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00557245?term=PartnersPrEP&rank=1 [Cited 22 September 2011]
  • Buchbinder SP, Liu A. Pre-exposure prophylaxis and the promise of combination prevention approaches. AIDS Behav 2011;15(Suppl 1):S72-9
  • Partners PrEP study press release. Pivotal study finds that HIV medications are highly effective as prophyalxis against HIV infection in men and women in Africa. 2011. Available from: http://depts.washington.edu/uwicrc/research/studies/files/PrEP_PressRelease-UW_13Jul2011.pdf [Cited 13 July 2011]
  • ClinicalTrials.gov. CDC 4370: Bangkok Tenofovir Study. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00119106?term=cdc+4370&rank=1 [Cited 22 September 2011]
  • Martin M, Vanichseni S, Suntharasamai P, Enrollment characteristics and risk behaviors of injection drug users participating in the Bangkok Tenofovir Study, Thailand. PLoS ONE 2011;6(9):e25127
  • ClinicalTrials.gov. FACTS 001: Safety and Effectiveness of Tenofovir Gel in the Prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV-1) Infection in Young Women and the Effects of Tenofovir Gel on the Incidence of Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV-2) Infection. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01386294?term=facts+001&rank=1 [Cited 09 November 2011]
  • ClinicalTrials.gov. MTN 003B: Bone Mineral Density Substudy - An Ancillary Study to MTN-003. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00729573?term=mtn003b&rank=1 [Cited 15 November 2011]
  • Microbicide Trials Network. MTN 003C: Household and Community Level Factors Associated with Study Product Adherence in VOICE: A Substudy of MTN-003. Available from: http://www.mtnstopshiv.org/node/1087 [Cited 15 November 2011]
  • ClinicalTrials.gov. MTN 015: Observational Study of HIV Infected Women Previously Enrolled in Other Microbicide Trials. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00514098?term=mtn015&rank=1 [Cited 15 November 2011]
  • ClinicalTrials.gov. MTN 016: Evaluation of Maternal and Baby Outcome Registry After Chemoprophylactic Exposure (EMBRACE). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01209754?term=mtn016&rank=1 [Cited 15 November 2011]
  • ClinicalTrials.gov. Trial to Assess the Impact of PrEP to Tenofovir Gel on the Efficacy of Tenofovir-containing ART on Viral Suppression (TOAST). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01387022?term=CAPRISA+009&rank=1 [Cited 24 November 2011]
  • Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. CDC Trial and another major study find PrEP can reduce risk of HIV infection among heterosexuals. CDC Press release. 2011. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchhstp/newsroom/PrEPHeterosexuals.html [Cited 13 July 2011]
  • FHI. FHI Statement on the FEM-PrEP HIV Prevention Study. 2011. Available from: http://minilicious.wordpress.com/2011/04/18/fhi-statement-on-the-fem-prep-hiv-prevention-study/ [Cited 18 April 2011]
  • WHO/UNAIDS. Next Steps with 1% Tenofovir Gel. Meeting Report; 25 – 26 August 2010; Johannesburg, South Africa; 2010
  • Cohen MS, Chen YQ, McCauley M, Prevention of HIV-1 infection with early antiretroviral therapy. N Engl J Med 2011;365(6):493-505
  • Williams BG, Abdool Karim SS, Gouws E, Abdool Karim Q, Potential impact of tenofovir gel on the HIV epidemic in South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2011;58:207-10
  • Andrei G, Lisco A, Vanpouille C, Topical tenofovir, a microbicide effective against HIV, inhibits herpes simplex Virus-2 replication. Cell Host Microbes 2011;10(4):379-89
  • Vermund SH, Van Damme L. HIV prevention in women: next steps. Science 2011;331(6015):284
  • Microbicide Trials Network. Microbicide Trials Network Statement on Decision to Discontinue Use of Oral Tenofovir Tablets in VOICE, a Major HIV Prevention Study in Women. Available from: http://www.mtnstopshiv.org/node/3619 [Cited 1 November 2011]
  • Ware NC, Wyatt MA, Haberer JE, What's love got to do with it? Explaining adherence to oral antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV serodiscordant couples. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2012; [Epub ahead of print]
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim guidance: preexposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV infection in men who have sex with men. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011;60(3):65-8
  • Hurt CB, Eron JJ Jr, Cohen MS. Pre-exposure prophylaxis and antiretroviral resistance: HIV prevention at a cost? Clin Infect Dis 2011;53(12):1265-70

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.