Current investigational drugs in psoriasis

Bibliography

• Nestle FO, Kaplan DH, Barker J. Psoriasis. N Engl J Med 2009;361(5):496-509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman SR, Fleischer AB, Reboussin DM, The economic impact of psoriasis increases with psoriasis severity. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997;37(4):564-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb A, Korman NJ, Gordon KB, Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: section 2. Psoriatic arthritis: overview and guidelines of care for treatment with an emphasis on the biologics. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58(5):851-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gladman DD, Antoni C, Mease P, Psoriatic arthritis: epidemiology, clinical features, course, and outcome. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64(Suppl 2):ii14-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gelfand JM, Neimann AL, Shin DB, Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with psoriasis. JAMA 2006;296(14):1735-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neimann AL, Shin DB, Wang X, Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2006;55(5):829-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menter A, Korman NJ, Elmets CA, Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: section 4. Guidelines of care for the management and treatment of psoriasis with traditional systemic agents. J Am Acad Dermatol 2009;61(3):451-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menter A, Gottlieb A, Feldman SR, Guidelines of care for the management of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: section 1. Overview of psoriasis and guidelines of care for the treatment of psoriasis with biologics. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008;58(5):826-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortonne J, Sterry W, Tasset C, Reich K. Safety and efficacy of subcutaneous certolizumab pegol, a new anti-tnf-alpha monoclonal antibody, in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic plaque psoriasis: preliminary results from a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Dermatology; Washington DC; 2007
   Google Scholar
• Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, Stoinov S, Certolizumab pegol for the treatment of crohn's disease. N Engl J Med 2007;357(3):228-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keystone E, Heijde D, Mason D, Certolizumab pegol plus methotrexate is significantly more effective than placebo plus methotrexate in active rheumatoid arthritis: findings of a fifty-two-week, phase iii, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58(11):3319-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Available from: http://www.Clinicaltrials.Gov/ct2/results?Term=psoriasis [Last accessed 27 November 2011]
   Google Scholar
• Lowes MA, Kikuchi T, Fuentes-Duculan J, Psoriasis vulgaris lesions contain discrete populations of th1 and th17 t cells. J Invest Dermatol 2008;128(5):1207-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao Z, Painter SL, Fanslow WC, Human il-17: a novel cytokine derived from t cells. J Immunol 1995;155(12):5483-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nograles KE, Davidovici B, Krueger JG. New insights in the immunologic basis of psoriasis. Semin Cutan Med Surg 2010;29(1):3-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper EG, Guo C, Rizzo H, Th17 cytokines stimulate ccl20 expression in keratinocytes in vitro and in vivo: implications for psoriasis pathogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2009;129(9):2175-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nograles KE, Zaba LC, Guttman-Yassky E, Th17 cytokines interleukin (il)-17 and il-22 modulate distinct inflammatory and keratinocyte-response pathways. Br J Dermatol 2008;159(5):1092-102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trifari S, Kaplan CD, Tran EH, Identification of a human helper t cell population that has abundant production of interleukin 22 and is distinct from t(h)-17, t(h)1 and t(h)2 cells. Nat Immunol 2009;10(8):864-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duhen T, Geiger R, Jarrossay D, Production of interleukin 22 but not interleukin 17 by a subset of human skin-homing memory t cells. Nat Immunol 2009;10(8):857-63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yawalkar N, Tscharner GG, Hunger RE, Hassan AS. Increased expression of il-12p70 and il-23 by multiple dendritic cell and macrophage subsets in plaque psoriasis. J Dermatol Sci 2009;54(2):99-105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yawalkar N, Karlen S, Hunger R, Expression of interleukin-12 is increased in psoriatic skin. J Invest Dermatol 1998;111(6):1053-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piskin G, Sylva-Steenland RM, Bos JD, Teunissen MB. In vitro and in situ expression of il-23 by keratinocytes in healthy skin and psoriasis lesions: enhanced expression in psoriatic skin. J Immunol 2006;176(3):1908-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee E, Trepicchio WL, Oestreicher JL, Increased expression of interleukin 23 p19 and p40 in lesional skin of patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Exp Med 2004;199(1):125-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal S, Ghilardi N, Xie MH, Interleukin-23 promotes a distinct cd4 t cell activation state characterized by the production of interleukin-17. J Biol Chem 2003;278(3):1910-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong R, Altare F, Haagen IA, Severe mycobacterial and salmonella infections in interleukin-12 receptor-deficient patients. Science 1998;280(5368):1435-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fieschi C, Casanova JL. The role of interleukin-12 in human infectious diseases: only a faint signature. Eur J Immunol 2003;33(6):1461-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fieschi C, Dupuis S, Catherinot E, Low penetrance, broad resistance, and favorable outcome of interleukin 12 receptor beta1 deficiency: medical and immunological implications. J Exp Med 2003;197(4):527-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doffinger R, Dupuis S, Picard C, Inherited disorders of il-12- and ifngamma-mediated immunity: a molecular genetics update. Mol Immunol 2002;38(12-13):903-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanal O, Turul T, De Boer T, Presentation of interleukin-12/-23 receptor beta1 deficiency with various clinical symptoms of salmonella infections. J Clin Immunol 2006;26(1):1-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livonesi MC, Souto JT, Campanelli AP, Deficiency of il-12p40 subunit determines severe paracoccidioidomycosis in mice. Med Mycol 2008;46(7):637-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman LA, Cardillo F, Owyang AM, Il-23 provides a limited mechanism of resistance to acute toxoplasmosis in the absence of il-12. J Immunol 2004;173(3):1887-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orgun NN, Mathis MA, Wilson CB, Way SS. Deviation from a strong th1-dominated to a modest th17-dominated cd4 t cell response in the absence of il-12p40 and type i ifns sustains protective cd8 t cells. J Immunol 2008;180(6):4109-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry CJ, Grayson JM, Brzoza-Lewis KL, The roles of il-12 and il-23 in cd8+ t cell-mediated immunity against listeria monocytogenes: insights from a dc vaccination model. Cell Immunol 2010;264(1):23-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wozniak TM, Saunders BM, Ryan AA, Britton WJ. Mycobacterium bovis bcg-specific th17 cells confer partial protection against mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the absence of gamma interferon. Infect Immun 2010;78(10):4187-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chackerian AA, Chen SJ, Brodie SJ, Neutralization or absence of the interleukin-23 pathway does not compromise immunity to mycobacterial infection. Infect Immun 2006;74(11):6092-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khader SA, Pearl JE, Sakamoto K, Il-23 compensates for the absence of il-12p70 and is essential for the il-17 response during tuberculosis but is dispensable for protection and antigen-specific ifn-gamma responses if il-12p70 is available. J Immunol 2005;175(2):788-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Happel KI, Dubin PJ, Zheng M, Divergent roles of il-23 and il-12 in host defense against klebsiella pneumoniae. J Exp Med 2005;202(6):761-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aujla SJ, Chan YR, Zheng M, Il-22 mediates mucosal host defense against gram-negative bacterial pneumonia. Nat Med 2008;14(3):275-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rudner XL, Happel KI, Young EA, Shellito JE. Interleukin-23 (il-23)-il-17 cytokine axis in murine pneumocystis carinii infection. Infect Immun 2007;75(6):3055-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr JA, Rogerson J, Mulqueen MJ, Interleukin-12 exhibits potent antiviral activity in experimental herpesvirus infections. J Virol 1997;71(10):7799-803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazzinelli RT, Giese NA, Morse HC. In vivo treatment with interleukin 12 protects mice from immune abnormalities observed during murine acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (maids). J Exp Med 1994;180(6):2199-208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozmen L, Aguet M, Trinchieri G, Garotta G. The in vivo antiviral activity of interleukin-12 is mediated by gamma interferon. J Virol 1995;69(12):8147-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milich DR, Wolf SF, Hughes JL, Jones JE. Interleukin 12 suppresses autoantibody production by reversing helper t-cell phenotype in hepatitis b e antigen transgenic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92(15):6847-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoag KA, Lipscomb MF, Izzo AA, Street NE. Il-12 and ifn-gamma are required for initiating the protective th1 response to pulmonary cryptococcosis in resistant c.B-17 mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1997;17(6):733-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decken K, Kohler G, Palmer-Lehmann K, Interleukin-12 is essential for a protective th1 response in mice infected with cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun 1998;66(10):4994-5000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunda MJ, Luistro L, Warrier RR, Antitumor and antimetastatic activity of interleukin 12 against murine tumors. J Exp Med 1993;178(4):1223-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cifaldi L, Quaglino E, Di Carlo E, A light, nontoxic interleukin 12 protocol inhibits her-2/neu mammary carcinogenesis in balb/c transgenic mice with established hyperplasia. Cancer Res 2001;61(7):2809-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavallo F, Quaglino E, Cifaldi L, Interleukin 12-activated lymphocytes influence tumor genetic programs. Cancer Res 2001;61(8):3518-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langowski JL, Zhang X, Wu L, Il-23 promotes tumour incidence and growth. Nature 2006;442(7101):461-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonardi CL, Kimball AB, Papp KA, investigators Ps. Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab, a human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody, in patients with psoriasis: 76-week results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (phoenix 1). Lancet 2008;371(9625):1665-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papp KA, Langley RG, Lebwohl M, Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab, a human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody, in patients with psoriasis: 52-week results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (phoenix 2). Lancet 2008;371(9625):1675-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb A, Menter A, Mendelsohn A, Ustekinumab, a human interleukin 12/23 monoclonal antibody, for psoriatic arthritis: randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Lancet 2009;373(9664):633-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strober BE, Crowley JJ, Yamauchi PS, Efficacy and safety results from a phase iii, randomized controlled trial comparing the safety and efficacy of briakinumab with etanercept and placebo in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2011;165(3):661-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gordon KB, Langley RG, Gottlieb AB, A phase iii, randomized, controlled trial of the fully human il-12/23 mab briakinumab in moderate-to-severe psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2012;132(2):304-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reich K, Langley RG, Papp KA, A 52-week trial comparing briakinumab with methotrexate in patients with psoriasis. N Engl J Med 2011;365(17):1586-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan C, Leonardi CL, Krueger JG, Association between biologic therapies for chronic plaque psoriasis and cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. JAMA 2011;306(8):864-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hueber W, Patel DD, Dryja T, Effects of ain457, a fully human antibody to interleukin-17a, on psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and uveitis. Sci Transl Med 2010;2(52):52ra72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurzeja M, Rudnicka L, Olszewska M. New interleukin-23 pathway inhibitors in dermatology: ustekinumab, briakinumab, and secukinumab. Am J Clin Dermatol 2011;12(2):113-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genovese MC, Van den Bosch F, Roberson SA, Ly2439821, a humanized anti-interleukin-17 monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a phase i randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept study. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62(4):929-39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Available from: http://www.Clinicaltrials.Gov 2011
   Google Scholar
• Wagner J, von Matt P, Faller B, Structure-activity relationship and pharmacokinetic studies of sotrastaurin (aeb071), a promising novel medicine for prevention of graft rejection and treatment of psoriasis. J Med Chem 2011;54(17):6028-39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skvara H, Dawid M, Kleyn E, The pkc inhibitor aeb071 may be a therapeutic option for psoriasis. J Clin Invest 2008;118(9):3151-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen C, Vinter H, Soegaard-Madsen L, Preferential inhibition of the mrna expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase regulated cytokines in psoriatic skin by anti-tnfalpha therapy. Br J Dermatol 2010;163(6):1194-204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen C, Kragballe K, Westergaard M, The mitogen-activated protein kinases p38 and erk1/2 are increased in lesional psoriatic skin. Br J Dermatol 2005;152(1):37-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whartenby KA, Small D, Calabresi PA. Flt3 inhibitors for the treatment of autoimmune disease. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008;17(11):1685-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith BD, Levis M, Beran M, Single-agent cep-701, a novel flt3 inhibitor, shows biologic and clinical activity in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 2004;103(10):3669-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Changelian PS, Flanagan ME, Ball DJ, Prevention of organ allograft rejection by a specific janus kinase 3 inhibitor. Science 2003;302(5646):875-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sestito R, Madonna S, Scarponi C, Stat3-dependent effects of il-22 in human keratinocytes are counterregulated by sirtuin 1 through a direct inhibition of stat3 acetylation. FASEB J 2011;25(3):916-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeung F, Hoberg JE, Ramsey CS, Modulation of nf-kappab-dependent transcription and cell survival by the sirt1 deacetylase. EMBO J 2004;23(12):2369-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodgers JT, Lerin C, Haas W, Nutrient control of glucose homeostasis through a complex of pgc-1alpha and sirt1. Nature 2005;434(7029):113-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonsiorek W, Fan X, Hesk D, Pharmacological characterization of sch527123, a potent allosteric cxcr1/cxcr2 antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007;322(2):477-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godaly G, Hang L, Frendeus B, Svanborg C. Transepithelial neutrophil migration is cxcr1 dependent in vitro and is defective in il-8 receptor knockout mice. J Immunol 2000;165(9):5287-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen SC, Huang CC, Chien CL, Cross-linking of p-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 induces death of activated t cells. Blood 2004;104(10):3233-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossi B, Constantin G. Anti-selectin therapy for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets 2008;7(2):85-93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Piccirillo CA, d'Hennezel E, Sgouroudis E, Yurchenko E. Cd4+foxp3+ regulatory t cells in the control of autoimmunity: in vivo veritas. Curr Opin Immunol 2008;20(6):655-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deal Watch. Boosting tregs to target autoimmune disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011;10(8):566
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansorge S, Bank U, Heimburg A, Recent insights into the role of dipeptidyl aminopeptidase iv (dpiv) and aminopeptidase n (apn) families in immune functions. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47(3):253-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lendeckel U, Arndt M, Bukowska A, Synergistic action of dpiv and apn in the regulation of t cell function. Adv Exp Med Biol 2003;524:123-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan C, Kirby B. Neuropeptides and psoriasis. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2007;142(5):479-88
   Google Scholar
• Raychaudhuri SK, Raychaudhuri SP. Ngf and its receptor system: a new dimension in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Ann NY Acad Sci 2009;1173:470-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raychaudhuri SP, Raychaudhuri SK. Role of ngf and neurogenic inflammation in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Prog Brain Res 2004;146:433-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raychaudhuri SP, Jiang WY, Smoller BR, Farber EM. Nerve growth factor and its receptor system in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2000;143(1):198-200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raychaudhuri SP, Sanyal M, Weltman H, Kundu-Raychaudhuri S. K252a, a high-affinity nerve growth factor receptor blocker, improves psoriasis: an in vivo study using the severe combined immunodeficient mouse-human skin model. J Invest Dermatol 2004;122(3):812-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David M, Akerman L, Ziv M, Treatment of plaque-type psoriasis with oral cf101: data from an exploratory randomized phase 2 clinical trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2012;26(3):361-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feige E, Mendel I, George J, Modified phospholipids as anti-inflammatory compounds. Curr Opin Lipidol 2010;21(6):525-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bluml S, Kirchberger S, Bochkov VN, Oxidized phospholipids negatively regulate dendritic cell maturation induced by tlrs and cd40. J Immunol 2005;175(1):501-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herzinger T, Kleuser B, Schafer-Korting M, Korting HC. Sphingosine-1-phosphate signaling and the skin. Am J Clin Dermatol 2007;8(6):329-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schonefuss A, Wendt W, Schattling B, Upregulation of cathepsin s in psoriatic keratinocytes. Exp Dermatol 2010;19(8):e80-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sredni-Kenigsbuch D, Shohat M, Shohat B, The novel tellurium immunomodulator as101 inhibits interleukin-10 production and p38 mapk expression in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2008;50(3):232-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frei GM, Kremer M, Hanschmann KM, Antitumour effects in mycosis fungoides of the immunomodulatory, tellurium-based compound, as101. Br J Dermatol 2008;158(3):578-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bissonnette R, Bolduc C, Maari C, Efficacy and safety of topical wbi-1001 in patients with mild to moderate psoriasis: results from a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled, phase ii trial. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011 [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Bissonnette R, Chen G, Bolduc C, Efficacy and safety of topical wbi-1001 in the treatment of atopic dermatitis: results from a phase 2a, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arch Dermatol 2010;146(4):446-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haustein UF, Rytter M. Methotrexate in psoriasis: 26 years' experience with low-dose long-term treatment. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2000;14(5):382-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rees RB, Bennett JH, Hamlin EM, Maibach HI. Aminopterin for psoriasis. A decade's observation. Arch Dermatol 1964;90:544-52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rees RB, Bennett JH. Psoriasis–chemotherapy with aminopterin and methotrexate. Skin (Los Angeles) 1962;1:381-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cole PD, Drachtman RA, Masterson M, Phase 2b trial of aminopterin in multiagent therapy for children with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2008;62(1):65-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cole PD, Zebala JA, Alcaraz MJ, Pharmacodynamic properties of methotrexate and aminotrexate during weekly therapy. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2006;57(6):826-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratliff AF, Wilson J, Hum M, Phase i and pharmacokinetic trial of aminopterin in patients with refractory malignancies. J Clin Oncol 1998;16(4):1458-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bantia S, Parker C, Upshaw R, Potent orally bioavailable purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor bcx-4208 induces apoptosis in b- and t-lymphocytes–a novel treatment approach for autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation and hematologic malignancies. Int Immunopharmacol 2010;10(7):784-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papp K, Bissonnette R, Rosoph L, Efficacy of isa247 in plaque psoriasis: a randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase iii study. Lancet 2008;371(9621):1337-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kunynetz R, Carey W, Thomas R, Quality of life in plaque psoriasis patients treated with voclosporin: a canadian phase iii, randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Dermatol 2011;21(1):89-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mrowietz U, Rostami-Yazdi M, Neureither M, Reich K. 15 years of fumaderm: fumaric acid esters for the systemic treatment of moderately severe and severe psoriasis vulgaris. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2009;7(Suppl 2):S3-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wain EM, Darling MI, Pleass RD, Treatment of severe, recalcitrant, chronic plaque psoriasis with fumaric acid esters: a prospective study. Br J Dermatol 2010;162(2):427-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugteren-Huying WM, van der Schroeff JG, Hermans J, Suurmond D. Fumaric acid therapy for psoriasis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;22(2 Pt 1):311-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghoreschi K, Bruck J, Kellerer C, Fumarates improve psoriasis and multiple sclerosis by inducing type ii dendritic cells. J Exp Med 2011;208(11):2291-303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallah Arani S, Neumann H, Hop WC, Thio HB. Fumarates vs. Methotrexate in moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis: a multicentre prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Br J Dermatol 2011;164(4):855-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bespalov VG, Aleksandrov VA, Petrov AS, Troian DN. The anticarcinogenic effects of fumaric acid on models of carcinogenesis in the esophagus, nervous system and kidney. Vopr Onkol 1992;38(8):956-61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loewe R, Valero T, Kremling S, Dimethylfumarate impairs melanoma growth and metastasis. Cancer Res 2006;66(24):11888-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang S, Li XY, Voorhees JJ. Pharmacology and molecular action of retinoids and vitamin d in skin. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 1996;1(1):15-21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Meyer V, Goerge T, Luger TA, Beissert S. Successful treatment of palmoplantar hyperkeratotic psoriasis with a combination of etanercept and alitretinoin. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2011;4(4):45-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Siegenthaler G, Saurat JH, Salomon D, Merot Y. Skin cellular retinoid-binding proteins and retinoid-responsive dermatoses. Dermatologica 1986;173(4):163-73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Verfaille CJ, Thissen CA, Bovenschen HJ, Oral r115866 in the treatment of moderate to severe plaque-type psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2007;21(8):1038-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henno A, Blacher S, Lambert C, Altered expression of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis markers in the uninvolved skin of plaque-type psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2009;160(3):581-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simonetti O, Lucarini G, Goteri G, Vegf is likely a key factor in the link between inflammation and angiogenesis in psoriasis: results of an immunohistochemical study. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2006;19(4):751-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zervos EE, Shafii AE, Rosemurgy AS. Matrix metalloproteinase (mmp) inhibition selectively decreases type ii mmp activity in a murine model of pancreatic cancer. J Surg Res 1999;81(1):65-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauder DN, Dekoven J, Champagne P, Neovastat (ae-941), an inhibitor of angiogenesis: randomized phase i/ii clinical trial results in patients with plaque psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;47(4):535-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adorini L, Penna G. Dendritic cell tolerogenicity: a key mechanism in immunomodulation by vitamin d receptor agonists. Hum Immunol 2009;70(5):345-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adorini L, Penna G. Control of autoimmune diseases by the vitamin d endocrine system. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol 2008;4(8):404-12
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reichrath J, Rappl G. Ultraviolet light (uv)-induced immunosuppression: is vitamin d the missing link? J Cell Biochem 2003;89(1):6-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryan C, Moran B, McKenna MJ, The effect of narrowband uv-b treatment for psoriasis on vitamin d status during wintertime in ireland. Arch Dermatol 2010;146(8):836-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masuda S, Strugnell SA, Knutson JC, Evidence for the activation of 1alpha-hydroxyvitamin d2 by 25-hydroxyvitamin d-24-hydroxylase: delineation of pathways involving 1alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin d2 and 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin d2. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006;1761(2):221-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine D, Even-Chen Z, Lipets I, Pilot, multicenter, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled bilateral comparative study of a combination of calcipotriene and nicotinamide for the treatment of psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;63(5):775-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar