Bibliography
- Papers of special note have been highlighted as:
- • either of interest
- •• of considerable interest
- Stumvoll M, Goldstein BJ, Van Haeften TW. Type 2 diabetes: principles of pathogenesis and therapy. Lancet. 2005;365:1333–1346.
- International Diabetes Federation. IDF diabetes atlas. 6th. Brussels, Belgium: International Diabetes Federation;2014. Update. Available at: http://www.idf.org/diabetesatlas. (Accessed on 14 Aug 2015).
- Kahn SE, Hull RL, Utzschneider KM. Mechanisms linking obesity to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2006;444:840–846.
- Cho YM, Merchant CE, Kieffer TJ. Targeting the glucagon receptor family for diabetes and obesity therapy. Pharmacol Ther. 2012;135:247–278.
• Comprehensive review of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs).
- Tahrani AA, Piya MK, Kennedy A, et al. Glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: targets and new therapies. Pharmacol Ther. 2010;125:328–361.
- Tahrani AA, Bailey CJ, Del Prato S, et al. Management of type 2 diabetes: new and future developments in treatment. Lancet. 2011;378:182–197.
• A useful review on the management of type 2 diabetes.
- Burcelin R, Knauf C, Cani PD. Pancreatic alpha-cell dysfunction in diabetes. Diabetes Metab. 2008;34(Suppl 2):S49S55.
- Bailey CJ. Safety of antidiabetes medications: An update. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015;98:185–195.
- Lund A, Knop FK, Vilsboll T. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: differences and similarities. Eur J Intern Med. 2014;25:407–414.
• A recent review on the properties of the currently available GLP-1RAs.
- Del Prato S, Bianchi C, Marchetti P. beta-cell function and anti-diabetic pharmacotherapy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2007;23:518–527.
- Bolen S, Feldman L, Vassy J, et al. Systematic review: comparative effectiveness and safety of oral medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:386–399.
- Schernthaner G, Chilton RJ. Cardiovascular risk and thiazolidinediones–what do meta-analyses really tell us?. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2010;12:1023–1035.
- Ferrannini E, DeFronzo RA. Impact of glucose-lowering drugs on cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:2288–2296.
•• Detailed review on the effects of glucose-lowering drugs on cardiovascular outcomes.
- Scheen AJ. Safety of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors for treating type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015;14:505–524.
- Kahn SE, Haffner SM, Heise MA, et al. Glycemic durability of rosiglitazone, metformin, or glyburide monotherapy. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:2427–2443.
- Garber AJ. Long-acting glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists: a review of their efficacy and tolerability. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(Suppl 2):S279S284.
- Finan B, Clemmensen C, Muller TD. Emerging opportunities for the treatment of metabolic diseases: Glucagon-like peptide-1 based multi-agonists. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2015. DOI:10.1016/j.mce.2015.07.003. [ Epub ahead of print].
•• An important review on the emerging GLP-1-based agonists.
- Lund A, Knop FK, Vilsboll T. Emerging GLP-1 receptor agonists. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2011;16:607–618.
- Prasad-Reddy L, Isaacs D. A clinical review of GLP-1 receptor agonists: efficacy and safety in diabetes and beyond. Drugs Context. 2015;4:212283.
- Shyangdan DS, Royle P, Clar C, et al. Gl ucagon-like peptide analogues for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev. 2011;(10):CD006423. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD006423.pub2
- Gallwitz B. Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues for Type 2 diabetes mellitus: current and emerging agents. Drugs. 2011;71:1675–1688.
- Vilsboll T, Christensen M, Junker AE, et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on weight loss: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. Bmj. 2012;344:d7771.
- Meier JJ. GLP-1 receptor agonists for individualized treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2012;8:728–742.
•• A good summary of GLP-1RAs for the management of type 2 diabetes.
- Parker HE, Reimann F, Gribble FM. Molecular mechanisms underlying nutrient-stimulated incretin secretion. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2010;12:e1.
- Holst JJ, Deacon CF. Is there a place for incretin therapies in obesity and prediabetes?. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2013;24:145–152.
- Holst JJ. The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1. Physiol Rev. 2007;87:1409–1439.
- Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:2131–2157.
- Drucker DJ. Enhancing incretin action for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2929–2940.
- Bagger JI, Knop FK, Lund A, et al. Impaired regulation of the incretin effect in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:737–745.
- Ross SA, Brown JC, Dupre J. Hypersecretion of gastric inhibitory polypeptide following oral glucose in diabetes mellitus. Diabetes. 1977;26:525–529.
- Kim W, Egan JM. The role of incretins in glucose homeostasis and diabetes treatment. Pharmacol Rev. 2008;60:470–512.
- Nauck MA, Vardarli I, Deacon CF, et al. Secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in type 2 diabetes: what is up, what is down?. Diabetologia. 2011;54:10–18.
- Meier JJ, Nauck MA. Is the diminished incretin effect in type 2 diabetes just an epi-phenomenon of impaired beta-cell function?. Diabetes. 2010;59:1117–1125.
- Nauck MA, Heimesaat MM, Orskov C, et al. Preserved incretin activity of glucagon-like peptide 1 [7-36 amide] but not of synthetic human gastric inhibitory polypeptide in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. J Clin Invest. 1993;91:301–307.
- Mentis N, Vardarli I, Kothe LD, et al. GIP does not potentiate the antidiabetic effects of GLP-1 in hyperglycemic patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes. 2011;60:1270–1276.
- Verspohl EJ. Novel therapeutics for type 2 diabetes: incretin hormone mimetics (glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists) and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther. 2009;124:113–138.
- Drucker DJ, Nauck MA. The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes. Lancet. 2006;368:1696–1705.
- Pyke C, Heller RS, Kirk RK, et al. GLP-1 receptor localization in monkey and human tissue: novel distribution revealed with extensively validated monoclonal antibody. Endocrinology. 2014;155:1280–1290.
- Wei Y, Mojsov S. Tissue-specific expression of the human receptor for glucagon-like peptide-I: brain, heart and pancreatic forms have the same deduced amino acid sequences. FEBS Lett. 1995;358:219–224.
- Xu G, Stoffers DA, Habener JF, et al. Exendin-4 stimulates both beta-cell replication and neogenesis, resulting in increased beta-cell mass and improved glucose tolerance in diabetic rats. Diabetes. 1999;48:2270–2276.
- Buteau J, El-Assaad W, Rhodes CJ, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 prevents beta cell glucolipotoxicity. Diabetologia. 2004;47:806–815.
- De Marinis YZ, Salehi A, Ward CE, et al. GLP-1 inhibits and adrenaline stimulates glucagon release by differential modulation of N- and L-type Ca2+ channel-dependent exocytosis. Cell Metab. 2010;11:543–553.
- Fineman MS, Cirincione BB, Maggs D, et al. GLP-1 based therapies: differential effects on fasting and postprandial glucose. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2012;14:675–688.
- Hare KJ, Vilsboll T, Asmar M, et al. The glucagonostatic and insulinotropic effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 contribute equally to its glucose-lowering action. Diabetes. 2010;59:1765–1770.
- Meier JJ, Gallwitz B, Salmen S, et al. Normalization of glucose concentrations and deceleration of gastric emptying after solid meals during intravenous glucagon-like peptide 1 in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:2719–2725.
- Nauck MA, Niedereichholz U, Ettler R, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 inhibition of gastric emptying outweighs its insulinotropic effects in healthy humans. Am J Physiol. 1997;273:E981–E988.
- Shirazi R, Palsdottir V, Collander J, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor induced suppression of food intake, and body weight is mediated by central IL-1 and IL-6. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110:16199–16204.
- Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors in the brain: controlling food intake and body weight. J Clin Investig. 2014;124:4223–4226.
- Meier JJ, Gethmann A, Gotze O, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 abolishes the postprandial rise in triglyceride concentrations and lowers levels of non-esterified fatty acids in humans. Diabetologia. 2006;49:452–458.
- Yamamoto H, Lee CE, Marcus JN, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor stimulation increases blood pressure and heart rate and activates autonomic regulatory neurons. J Clin Invest. 2002;110:43–52.
- Smilowitz NR, Donnino R, Schwartzbard A. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for diabetes mellitus: a role in cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2014; 129:2305–2312.
- Ussher JR, Drucker DJ. Cardiovascular actions of incretin-based therapies. Circ Res. 2014;114:1788–1803.
- Tate M, Chong A, Robinson E, et al. Selective targeting of glucagon-like peptide-1 signalling as a novel therapeutic approach for cardiovascular disease in diabetes. Br J Pharmacol. 2015;172:721–736.
• Recent review of the potential mechanisms of drugs acting through GLP-1 on cardiovascular disease.
- Ussher JR, Drucker DJ. Cardiovascular biology of the incretin system. Endocr Rev. 2012;33:187–215.
- Kolovou GD, Mikhailidis DP, Kovar J, et al. Assessment and clinical relevance of non-fasting and postprandial triglycerides: an expert panel statement. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2011;9:258–270.
- Pirillo A, Norata GD, Catapano AL. Postprandial lipemia as a cardiometabolic risk factor. Curr Med Res Opin. 2014;30:1489–1503.
- Stefanutti C, Labbadia G, Athyros VG. Hypertriglyceridaemia, postprandial lipaemia and non-HDL cholesterol. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20:6238–6248.
- Trahair LG, Horowitz M, Stevens JE, et al. Effects of exogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 on blood pressure, heart rate, gastric emptying, mesenteric blood flow and glycaemic responses to oral glucose in older individuals with normal glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2015;58:1769–1778.
• Review of many of the effects of GLP-1RAs.
- Sun F, Wu S, Guo S, et al. Impact of GLP-1 receptor agonists on blood pressure, heart rate and hypertension among patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2015;110:26–37.
- Consoli A, Formoso G. Potential side effects to GLP-1 agonists: understanding their safety and tolerability. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2015;14:207–218.
- Yabe D, Kuwata H, Usui R, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist therapeutics for total diabetes management: assessment of composite end-points. Curr Med Res Opin. 2015;31:1267–1270.
- Jendle J, Martin SA, Milicevic Z. Insulin and GLP-1 analog combinations in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a critical review. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2012;21:1463–1474.
- Malone J, Trautmann M, Wilhelm K, et al. Exenatide once weekly for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2009;18:359–367.
- Scott LJ. Liraglutide: a review of its use in adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Drugs. 2014;74:2161–2174.
- Drab SR. Clinical studies of liraglutide, a novel, once-daily human glucagon-like peptide-1 analog for improved management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Pharmacotherapy. 2009;29:43S54S.
- Pi-Sunyer X, Astrup A, Fujioka K, et al. A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:11–22.
• The first study to show the weight-reducing effects of a GLP-1RA in obese nondiabetics.
- Davies MJ, Bergenstal R, Bode B, et al. Efficacy of Liraglutide for Weight Loss Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The SCALE Diabetes Randomized Clinical Trial. Jama. 2015;314:687–699.
- Marso SP, Poulter NR, Nissen SE, et al. Design of the liraglutide effect and action in diabetes: evaluation of cardiovascular outcome results (LEADER) trial. Am Heart J. 2013;166:823830 e5.
- Christensen M, Knop FK, Vilsboll T, et al. Lixisenatide for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2011;20:549–557.
- Bronden A, Naver SV, Knop FK, et al. Albiglutide for treating type 2 diabetes: an evaluation of pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics and clinical efficacy. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2015;11:1493–1503.
- Fisher M, Petrie MC, Ambery PD, et al. Cardiovascular safety of albiglutide in the Harmony programme: a meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3:697–703.
- Sanford M. Dulaglutide: first global approval. Drugs. 2014;74:2097–2103.
- Rosenstock J, Balas B, Charbonnel B, et al. The fate of taspoglutide, a weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist, versus twice-daily exenatide for type 2 diabetes: the T-emerge 2 trial. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:498–504.
- Gier B, Butler PC, Lai CK, et al. Glucagon like peptide-1 receptor expression in the human thyroid gland. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97:121–131.
- Monami M, Dicembrini I, Nardini C, et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and pancreatitis: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2014;103:269–275.
- Egan AG, Blind E, Dunder K, et al. Pancreatic safety of incretin-based drugs–FDA and EMA assessment. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:794–797.
• Review of the pancreatic safety issues with incretin-based drugs.
- Buse JB, Garber A, Rosenstock J, et al. Liraglutide treatment is associated with a low frequency and magnitude of antibody formation with no apparent impact on glycemic response or increased frequency of adverse events: results from the Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes (LEAD) trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1695–1702.
- Sivertsen J, Rosenmeier J, Holst JJ, et al. The effect of glucagon-like peptide 1 on cardiovascular risk. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2012;9:209–222.
- Robinson LE, Holt TA, Rees K, et al. Effects of exenatide and liraglutide on heart rate, blood pressure and body weight: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2013;3:pii:e001986.
- Kalra S, Gupta Y. Injectable Coformulations in Diabetology. Diabetes Ther. 2015;6:101–111.
- Rendell M. First fixed-ratio combination of insulin degludec and liraglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Drugs Today (Barc). 2015;51:185–196.
- Lau J, Bloch P, Schaffer L, et al. Discovery of the Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogue Semaglutide. J Med Chem. 2015;58:7370–7380.
- Nauck MA, Petrie JR, Sesti G, et al. A Phase 2, Randomized, Dose-Finding Study of the Novel Once-Weekly Human GLP-1 Analog, Semaglutide, Compared With Placebo and Open-Label Liraglutide in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;pii:dc150165. [Epub ahead of print].
- Novo Nordisk successfully completes first phase 3a trial with semaglutide in people with type 2 diabetes. [ cited 2015 19 Oct]. Available from: http://globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/07/10/751271/0/en/Novo-Nordisk-successfully-completes-first-phase-3a-trial-with-semaglutide-in-people-with-type-2-diabetes.html.
- Steinert RE, Poller B, Castelli MC, et al. Orally administered glucagon-like peptide-1 affects glucose homeostasis following an oral glucose tolerance test in healthy male subjects. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2009;86:644–650.
- Henry RR, Logan D, Alessi T, et al. A randomized, open-label, multicenter, 4-week study to evaluate the tolerability and pharmacokinetics of ITCA 650 in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Ther. 2013;35:63445,e1.
- Henry RR, Rosenstock J, Logan D, et al. Continuous subcutaneous delivery of exenatide via ITCA 650 leads to sustained glycemic control and weight loss for 48 weeks in metformin-treated subjects with type 2 diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 2014;28:393–398.
- Henry RR, Rosenstock J, Logan DK, et al. Randomized trial of continuous subcutaneous delivery of exenatide by ITCA 650 versus twice-daily exenatide injections in metformin-treated type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:2559–2565.
- Baggio LL, Huang Q, Cao X, et al. An albumin-exendin-4 conjugate engages central and peripheral circuits regulating murine energy and glucose homeostasis. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:1137–1147.
- CJC-1134-PC. [ cited 2015 19 Oct]. Available from: http://www.conjuchem.com/pipeline/cjc-1134-pc.
- Hanmi Pharmaceutical. [ cited 2015 Oct 19]. Available from: http://www.hanmipharm.com/ehanmi/handler/Rnd-ProjectBio.
- Superagonistic Mechanism of Increased Glucodynamic and Weight Loss Effects of LAPSCA-Exendin-4 (HM11260C) [Abstract]. Presented at the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 75th Scientific Sessions; 2015 Jun 59; Boston, USA. [cited 2015 Oct 16]. Available from: http://app.core-apps.com/tristar_ada15/abstract/160858d53930b598d64b10f393bc599d.
- A Monthly Dosed GLP-1 Analog for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [Abstract]. Presented at the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 70th Scientific Sessions; 2010 Jun 25 - 29; Orlando(FL). [cited 2015 Oct 19]. Available from: http://professional.diabetes.org/Abstracts_Display.aspx?TYP=1&CID=79329.
- Significant Effects of HM11260C on Body Weight over 20 Weeks in Obese Subjects without Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study [Abstract]. Presented at the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 75th Scientific Sessions; 2015 Jun 5–9; Boston, USA. [cited 2015 Oct 16]. Available from: http://app.core-apps.com/tristar_ada15/abstract/1678f29f2a56ce35baedcc25f3959e9d.
- Weekly Subcutaneous Doses of Glymera (PB1023) a Novel GLP-1 Analogue Reduce Glucose Exposure Dose-Dependently [Abstract]. Presented at the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 72th Scientific Sessions; 2012 Jun 812; Philadelphia (PA). [cited 2015 Oct 16]. Available from: http://www.abstractsonline.com/Plan/ViewAbstract.aspx?sKey=761b96ad-5b5d-4d0c-80d2-a7cb9c3b63fa&cKey=657f214c-9b3b-4072-aaa5-d48f4dfca4f7&mKey=0f70410f-8df3-49f5-a63d-3165359f5371.
- XTEN-Modified Glucagon and Exenatide Constructs for Improving Glycemic Control in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes [Abstract]. Presented at the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 70th Scientific Sessions; 2010 Jun 25 - 29; Orlando (FL). [cited 2015 Oct 19]. Available from: http://professional.diabetes.org/Abstracts_Display.aspx?TYP=1&CID=79329.
- Noninferior Delay in Gastric Emptying vs. Liraglutide and Favorable Glucometabolic Profile following Treatment with LAPSExendin-4 (HM11260C) in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM).[Abstract]. Presented at the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 75th Scientific Sessions; 2015; Jun 5–9; Boston, USA. [cited 2015 Oct 16]. Available from: http://app.core-apps.com/tristar_ada15/abstract/160858d53930b598d64b10f39345322d.
- TTP054, a Novel, Orally-Available Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Agonist, Lowers HbA1c in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). [Abstract]. Presented at the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 74th Scientific Sessions; 2014 Jun 1317; San Francisco (CA). [cited 2015 Oct 19]. Available from: http://app.core-apps.com/tristar_ada14/abstract/e3048dedfd3d5fbcc516bc8638a09fb8.
- Koole C, Wootten D, Simms J, et al. Differential impact of amino acid substitutions on critical residues of the human glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor involved in peptide activity and small-molecule allostery. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2015;353:52–63.
- Paul SK, Klein K, Maggs D, et al. The association of the treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exenatide or insulin with cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective observational study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2015;14:10.
- Schellenberger V, Wang CW, Geething NC, et al. A recombinant polypeptide extends the in vivo half-life of peptides and proteins in a tunable manner. Nat Biotechnol. 2009;27:1186–1190.
- TTP273, an Orally-Available Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Agonist, Notably Reduces Glycemia in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. [Abstract] Presented at the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 74th Scientific Sessions; 2014 Jun 1317; San Francisco (CA). [cited 2015 Oct 19]. Available from: http://app.core-apps.com/tristar_ada14/abstract/e3048dedfd3d5fbcc516bc8638a09315.
- NN9924 ClinicalTrials. [ cited 2015 Oct 19]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=NN9924&Search=Search.
- ARI-1732TS, a Long Acting, Protease Resistant, Orally Active GLP-1 Analog. [Abstract] Presented at Diabetes Summit 2015; 2015 Apr 2729; Boston, USA. [cited 2015 Oct 19]. Available from: http://www.giiconference.com/gtc321496/diabetes-drug-discovery-development-agenda.shtml
- Cadila Gets DCGT Approval For ZYOG1 Clinical Trial. [ cited 2015 Oct 16]. Available frpm: http://www.rttnews.com/1338897/cadila-gets-dcgt-approval-for-zyog1-clinical-trial.aspx
- Show study NTC02094521: evaluation of Optimal Dosing Conditions for GLP-1 Analogue NNC0113-0987 When Administered Orally in Healthy Male Subjects. [ cited 2015 Oct 19]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02094521?term=NN9926&rank=1.
- Show study NTC01978613: Investigation on Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Multiple Doses of NNC0113-0987 in an Oral Formulation in Healthy Subjects. [ cited 2015 Oct19]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01978613?term=NN9927&rank=1.
- Trujillo JM, Nuffer W, Ellis SL. GLP-1 receptor agonists: a review of head-to-head clinical studies. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2015;6:19–28.
- Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2015;38:140–149.
- Deacon CF. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a comparative review. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2011;13:7–18.
- Monami M, Ahren B, Dicembrini I, et al. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2013;15:112–120.
- Frederich R, Alexander JH, Fiedorek FT, et al. A systematic assessment of cardiovascular outcomes in the saxagliptin drug development program for type 2 diabetes. Postgrad Med. 2010;122:16–27.
- Scirica BM, Bhatt DL, Braunwald E, et al. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1317–1326.
• One of the first cardiovascular outcome studies with a DPP4 inhibitor.
- White WB, Cannon CP, Heller SR, et al. Alogliptin after acute coronary syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1327–1335.
• Another of the first cardiovascular outcome studies with a DPP4 inhibitor.
- Zannad F, Cannon CP, Cushman WC, et al. Heart failure and mortality outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes taking alogliptin versus placebo in EXAMINE: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind trial. Lancet. 2015;385:2067–2076.
- Green JB, Bethel MA, Armstrong PW, et al. Effect of Sitagliptin on Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:232–242.
• The cardiovascular outcome study with sitagliptin.
- First CVD Outcome Trial of a GLP-1 Agonist Finds No Cardiac Risk or Benefit.[ cited 2015 Oct 19]. http://www.diabetes.org/newsroom/press-releases/2015/elixa.html.
- Hirshberg B, Katz A. Insights From Cardiovascular Outcome Trials with Novel Antidiabetes Agents: what Have We Learned? An Industry Perspective. Curr Diab Rep. 2015;15:87.
- Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2117–2128.
•• The first outcome study with a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitor.
- Rosenstock J, Ferrannini E. Euglycemic Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Predictable, Detectable, and Preventable Safety Concern With SGLT2 Inhibitors. Diabetes Care. 2015;38:1638–1642.