New quinolones in development

References

• MITSCHER LA, DEVASTHALE P, ZAVOD R: Structure-activ-ity relationships. In: Quinolone Antimicrobial Agents, 2nd Edition (1993) Hooper DC, Wolfson JS (Eds), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• HOOPER DC, WOLFSON JS: Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to quinolones. In: Quinolone AntimicrobialAgents, 2nd Edition (1993) Hooper, DC, Wolfson, JS (Eds) American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• HOOPER DC, WOLFSON JS: Adverse effects of qui-nolones. In: Quinolone Antimicrobial Agents, 2nd Edition (1993) Hooper DC, Wolfson JS (Eds), American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• A thorough review of adverse effects seen with ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin.
   Google Scholar
• CHRIST W, LEHNERT T, ULBRICH B: Specific toxicologicaleffects of quinolones. Rev. Infect. Dis. (1988) 10 (Suppl. 1):S141–146.
   Google Scholar
• Healthcare Forecasting: Increased sales of fluorinated quinolones. (1992) Issue 32.
   Google Scholar
• BALL P: Emergent resistance to ciprofloxacin amongst Pseudonsonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus: clinical significance and therapeutic approaches. J. An-timicrob. Chemother. (1990) 26 (Suppl. F):S165–179.
   Google Scholar
• BLUMBERG HM, RIMLAND D, CARROLL DJ, TERRY P, WACHSMUTH IK: Rapid development of ciprofloxacin resistance in methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J. Infect. Dis. (1991) 163:1279–1285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISAACS RP, KUNKE PJ, COHEN RI, SMITH, JW: Ciproflox-acin resistance in epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Lancet (1988) ii: 843.
   Google Scholar
• PETERSON LR, QUICK JN, JENSEN B, HOMANN S, JOHNSON S, TENQUIST j, SHANHOLTZER C, PETZEL RA,SINN L, GERDING DN: Emergence of ciprofloxacin resis-tance in nosocomial methicillin-resistant Staphylococ-cus aureus (MRSA) isolates during ciprofloxacin plus rifampin therapy for MRSA colonization. Arch. Intern. Med. (1990) 150:2151–2155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A paper that illustrates the rapid emergence of clinical resistance to ciprofloxacin in staphylococci.
   Google Scholar
• NAKANISHI N, YOSHIDA S, WAKEBE H, INOUE M, YAMA- GUCHI T, MITSUHASHI S: Mechanisms of clinical resis-tance to fluoroquinolones in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:2562–2567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OKUDA J, OKAMOTO S, TAKAHATA M, NISHINO T: Inhibi- tory effects of ciprofloxacin and sparfloxacin on DNA gyrase purified from fluoroquinolone-resistant strains of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus. Antimi-crob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:2288–2293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SREEDHARAN S, ORAM M, JENSEN B, PETERSON LR, FISHER LM: DNA gyrase gyrA mutations in ciprofkm-acin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus: close similarity with quinolone resistance in Escherichia coll. J. Bacteriol. (1990) 172:7260–7262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A detailed study of mutations in DNA gyrase at the genetic level.
   Google Scholar
• SREEDHARAN S, PETERSON LR, FISHER LM: Ciprofloxacin resistance in coagulase-positive and -negative staphylo-cocci; role of mutations of serine 84 in the DNA gyrase A protein of Staphylococcus aureus andS. epidermidis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:2151–2154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HOOPER DC, WOLFSON JS: Bacterial resistance to the quinolone antimicrobial agents. Amer. J. Med. (1989) 87 (Suppl. 6C):17S–23S.
   Google Scholar
• JONSSON M, WALDER M, FORSGREN A: First clinical isolate of b ighly fluoroquinolone-resistantEscherichia coil in Scandinavia. Eur. J. Clin. Microbial. Infect. Dis. (1990) 9:851–853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MUDER RR, BRENNEN C, GOETZ AM, WAGENER MM, RIHS JD: Association with prior fluoroquinolone therapy of widespread ciprofloxacin resistance among Gram-negative isolates in a Veterans Affairs medical center. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:256–258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PARRY MF, PANZER KB, YUKNA ME: Quinolone resis-tance: susceptibility data from a 300-bed community hospital. Am. J. Med. (1989) 87 (Suppl. 5A):12S–15S.
   Google Scholar
• NAKAMURA S, et cit: In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of AT-4140, a new broad spectrum quinolone. Antimic rob. Agents Chemother. (1989) 33:1167–1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEE BL, PADULA AM, KIMBROUGH RC, JONES SR, CHATS- SON RE, MILLS J, SANDE MA: Infectious complicationswith respiratory pathogens despite ciprofloxacin ther-apy. N. Engl. J. Med. (1991) 325:520–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PEREZ-TRALLERO E, GARCIA-ARENZANA JM, JIMENEZ JA, PERIS A: Therapeutic failure and selection of resistance to quinolones in a case of pneumococcal pneumonia treated with ciprofloxacin. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (1990) 9:905–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RIGHTER J: Pneumococcal meningitis during intrave-nous ciprofloxacin therapy. Amer. J. Med. (1990) 88:548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CANTON E, PEMAN J, JIMINEZ MT, RAMON, MS, GOBER-NADO, M: In vitro activity of sparfloxacin compared with those of five other quinolones. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:558–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARRY A, FUCHS PC: In vitro activities of sparfloxacin, tosufloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and fieroxacin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:955–960.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RICHARD P, GUTMANN L: Sparfloxacin and other new fiuoroquinolones. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1992)30:739–744.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A review of the antimicrobial and pharmacokinetic properties of sparfloxac in .
   Google Scholar
• SPANGLER SK, JACOBS MR, APPELBAUM PC: Susceptibili- ties of penicillin-susceptible and -resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae to RP59500, vancomycin, erythromycin, P13131628, sparfloxacin, tetnafloxachi, WIN57273, ofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:856–859.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COHEN MA, HUBAND MD, MAILLOUX GB, YODER SL, ROLAND GE, HEIFETZ CL: In vitro activity of sparfloxacin (CI-978, AT-4140, and PD131501) a quhmlone with high activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (1991) 14:403–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARRY AL, FUCHS PC: Antistaphylococcal activity of the fluoroquinolones CI-960, PE/131628, sparfloxacin, ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Eur.J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (1991) 10:168–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FORSTALL GJ, KNAPP CC, WASIIINGTON JA: Activity of new quinolones against ciprofloxacin-resistant staphy-lococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:1679–1681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FUCHS PC, BARRY AL, PFAUER MA, ALLEN SD, GERLACHEH: Multicenter evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo activities of three new quinolones, sparfloxacin, CI-960 and P13131628, compared with the activity of ciproflox-acin against 5,252 clinical bacterial isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:764–766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MIRANDA AG, WANGER AR, SINGH KU, MURRAY BE: Comparative in vitro activity of P13127391, a new fluoro-quinolone agent, against susceptible and resistant clini-cal isolates of Gram-positive cocci Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:1325–1328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOLDSTEIN EJC, CITRON DM: Comparative activity of ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin, temafloxacin, CI-960, CI-990, and WIN 57273 against anaerobic bacte- ria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:1158–1162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A thorough data summary describing the in vitro activity of several quinolones against clinically important anaerobes.
   Google Scholar
• GOLDSTEIN EJ: Patterns of susceptibility to fluoroqui- nolones among anaerobic bacterial isolates in the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis. (1993) 16 (Suppl. 4):S377–S381.
   Google Scholar
• NORD CE, HAGELI3ACK A: Susceptibility of anaerobicbacteria to P13131628. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (1992) 11:68–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WAITES KB, DUFFY LB, SCHMID T, CFtABB D, PATE MS,CASSELL GH: In vitro susceptibilities of Mycoplasma pneumoniae,M. bominis, and Ureaplasma ureakticum to sparfloxacin and P1)127391. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:1181–1185.
   Google Scholar
• RENAUDIN H, BEBEAR C: Activité in vitro de la sparflox-acine sur les mycyplasmes. Pat ho. Biologie. (1992) 40:450–454.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• LEFEURE JC, BAURIAUD R, GAUBERT E, ESCAFFRE MC,LARENG MB: In vitro activity of sparfloxacin and other antimicrobial agents against genital pathogens. Chemother. (1992) 38:303–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAKATA, K, MAEDA, H, FUJI, A, ARAICAWA, S, UMEZU, K,KAMIDONO, S: In vitro and in vivo activities of sparfiox-acin, other quinolones, and tetracyclines against Cblansydia tracbomatis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:188–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COOPER MA, ANDREWS FM, ASHBY p, MATTHEWS RS,WISE R: In vitro activity of sparfloxacin, a new qui-nolone antimicrobial agent. J. Antimicrob. Cbemother, (1990) 26:667–676.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RASTOGI N, LABROUSSE U, GOH KS, DESOUSA JPC: An-timycobacterial spectrum of sparfloxacin and its activi-ties alone and in association with other drugs against Mycobacterium avium complex growing extracellu-larly and intracellularly in murine and human macro-phages. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:2473–2480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RASTOGI N, GOH KS:In vitro activity of the new difluor-Mated quinolone sparfioxacin (AT-4140) against Myco-bacterium tuberculosis compared with activities of ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:1933–1936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arro H, TOMIOKA H, SATO K: Comparative antimyco-bacterial activities of newly synthesized quinolones, AM-1155 and sparfloxacin. 32nd International Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Anaheim (1992) Abstr. 998.
   Google Scholar
• RAOULT D, BRES P, DRANCOURT M, VESTRIS G: In vitrosusceptibilities of Coxiella burnetii, Rickettsia rick-ettsi i, and Rickettsia conori to the fluoroquinolone sparfioxacin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:88–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LEWIN CS, MORRISSEY I, SMITH JT: The bactericidal activity of sparfloxacin. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1992) 30:625–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PIDDOCK LJV, ZHU M: Mechanism of action of sparflox-acin against and mechanism of resistance in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:2423–2427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AZOULAY-DUPUIS E, et al.: In vivo efficacy of a new fluoroquinolone, sparfloxacin, against penicillin-sus-ceptible and -resistant and multiresistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in a mouse model of pneu-monia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:2698–2703.
   Google Scholar
• COCHEREAU-MASSIN I, et al.: Efficacy and ocular pene- tration of sparfloxacin in experimental streptococcal endophthahnitis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:633–636.
   Google Scholar
• LALANDE V, et al.: Powerful bactericidal activity of spar-floxacin against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:407–413.
   Google Scholar
• FRANZBLAU SG, PARRILLA MLR, CHAN GP: Sparfloxacin is more bactericidal than ofloxacin against Mycobac-terium leprae in mice. Intl. J. Lepro. (1993) 61:66–69.
   Google Scholar
• NISHINO T, OTSUKI M, NAKAMURA M: mn vitro and in vivoantibacterial activities of sparfloxadn, a new dilluori-nated quinolone. 30th Interscience Conference on Antimi-crobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Atlanta, (1990), Abstr. 1244.
   Google Scholar
• NAKAMURA S, KUROBE N, OHUE T, HASHIMOTO M, SHIMIZU M: Phartnacokinetics of a novel quinolone, AT-4140, in animals. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1990) 34:89–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SEKINE Y, MATSUNAGA Y, MIYAZAIU H, et al.: Absorp-tion, distribution, metabolism and excretion of AT-4140 in animals. 28th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Los Angeles, (1988), Abstr. 1489.
   Google Scholar
• MONTAY G, et al.: Dose-dependent pharmacokinetic study of sparfloxacin in healthy young volunteers. 30th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Che-motherapy, Atlanta, (1990), Abstr. 1248.
   Google Scholar
• JOHNSON JH, COOPER MA, ANDREWS JM, WISE R: Phar-roacoldnetics and inflammatory fluid penetration of sparfloxacin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:2444–2446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SORGEL F, KINZIG M: Pharmacokinetics of gyrase inhibi- tors, part 2: renal and hepatic elimination pathways anddrug interactions. Amer.J. Med. (1993) 94 (Suppl. 3A):565-69S.
   Google Scholar
• An excellent review covering the metabolism of fluoroquinolones in humans.
   Google Scholar
• TAKAGI, K YAMAKI K, NADAI M, KUZUYA T, HASEGAWA T: Effect of a new quinolone, sparfloxacin, on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in asthmatic pa-tients. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:1137–1141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAORA K, KATAGIRI Y, IWAMOTO K, TANAKA K, YAMA-GUCHI T, SEKINE Y: Effect of fenbufen on the pharma-cokinetics of sparfloxacin in rats. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1992) 30:673–683.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• GARCIA I, PASCUAL A, GUZMAN MC, PEREA EJ: Uptake and Intracellular activity of sparfloxacin in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes and tissue culture cells. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:1053–1056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KORTEN U, MURRAY BE, Impact of the fluoroquinolones on gastrointestinal flora. Drugs (1993) 45 (Suppl. 3):125–133.
   Google Scholar
• BARRETT MS, JONES RN, ERWIN ME, JOHNSON DM, BRIGGS BM: Antimicrobial activity evaluations of two new quinolones, P0127391 (CI-960 and AM-1091) and P0131628. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (1991) 14:389–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ALDRIDGE KE, GELFAND MS, SCHIRO DD, BARG NL: The rapid emergence of fluoroquinolone-methicillin-resis-tant Staphylococcus aureus infections in a community hospital. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (1992) 15:601–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• THOMSON KS, SANDERS CC, HAYDEN ME:In vitro studies with five quinolones: evidence for changes in relativepotency as quinolone resistance rises. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:2329–2334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A careful analysis describing the activity of clinafloxacin against c iprofloxac in-resistant staphylococci. Includes frequencies of in vitro resistance emergence.
   Google Scholar
• KING A, BOOTHMAN C, PHILLIPS I: The in vitro activity of P0127391, a new quinolone. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1988) 22:135–141.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BAUERNFEIND A:. Comparative in vitro activities of thenew quinolone, Bay y 3118, and ciprofloxacin, spar- floxadn, tosufloxacin, CI-960 and CI-990. J. Antimicrob. Chemotber. (1993) 31:505–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FORD AS, BALTCH AL, SMITH RP, RITZ W: In vitro suscep-tibilities of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudo-monas spp. to the new fluoroquinolones clinafloxacin and P0131628 and nine other antimicrobial agents. J. Antimicrob. Chemother, (1993) 31:523–532.
   Google Scholar
• LEWIN C, DOHERTY C, GOVAN J: In vitro activities ofmeropenem, P0127391, P0131628, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, co-tritnaxazole, and ciprofloxadn against Pseudomonas cepacia. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 31:123–125.
   Google Scholar
• BRIGGS GOODING B, ERWIN ME, BARRETT MSJOHNSONDM, JONES RM: Antimicrobial activitks of two investiga-tional fluoroquinolones (CI-960 and E4695) against over 100 Legionella sp. isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:2049–2050.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BARRETT MSJONES RN, ERWIN ME, KOONTZ FP: CI-960, sparfloxacin, WIN57273, and is epamicin activity against clinical isolates of Mycobacterium avium-in-tracellularae complex, M. cbelonae, and M. fortuitum. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. (1992) 15:169–171.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• JABARIT-ALDIGHIERI N, TORRES H, RAOULT O: Suscepti-bility of Rickettsia conor 1, R. rickettsii, and Coxiella burnetii to P0127,391, PD131,628, pefloxacin, oflox-acin, and ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:2529–2532.
   Google Scholar
• BARRY AL, FUCHS PC, CITRON DM, ALLEN SD, WEXLERHM: Methods for testing the susceptibility of anaerobic bacteria to two fluoroquinolone compounds, P0131628 and clinafloxacin. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1993) 31:893–900.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KAATZ GW, SEO SM, LAMP KC, BAILEY EM, RYBAK MJ: CI-960, a new fluoroquinolone, for therapy of experi-mental ciprofloxacin-susceptible and -resistant Staphy-lococcus aureus endocarditis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:1192–1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A detailed study describing the activity of clinafloxacin in an endocarditis model.
   Google Scholar
• PATTON DL, COSGROVE YT, KUO C-C, CAMPBELL LA: Effects of quinolone analog CI-960 in a monkey model of Cbtamydia tracbomatis salpingitis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:8–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DOOR MB, WEBB CL, BRON N, JASSOS AB: Single-dosetolerance and pharmacokinetics of CI-960 (P0127391) In healthy volunteers. 31st Interscience Conference of Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, (1991), Abstr. 1154.
   Google Scholar
• LEWIN CS: Antibacterial activity of a 1,8-naphthyridinequinolone, PD131628. J. Med. Microbiol.(1992) 36:353–357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COHEN MA, HUBAND MD, MAILLOUX GB, YODER SL, ROLAND GE, DAMAGA_LA JM, HEIFETZ CL: In vitro an-tibacterial activities of M131628, anew 1,8-naphthyrid-ine anti-infective agent. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:141–146.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HUBAND MD, COHEN MA, MESERVEY MA, ROLAND GE, YODER SL, DAZER ME, DOMAGALA JM: ma vitro antibac-terial activities of P0138312 and P0140248, new fluoro-naphthyridines with outstanding Gram-positive potency. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:2563–2570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COOPER MA, ANDREWS JM, WISE R: In vitro activity ofP13131628, a new quinolone antimicrobial agent. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1992) 29:519–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SESNIE J, DESATY T, DEVER J, JOANNIDES E, SHAPIRO M,VANDERROEST S: In vivo efficacy of a novel fluoroqui-nolone PD 140248. 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimi-crobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, (1993), Abstr. 1020.
   Google Scholar
• SHAPIRO MA, DEVER JAJOANNIDES ET, SESNIE JC: In vivoactivity of P13138312, a new F-naphthyridine with ex-cellent Gram-positive potency. 33rd Interscience Confer-ence on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, (1993), Abstr. 1021.
   Google Scholar
• ITO T, OTSUKI M, NISHINO T: In vitro antibacterial activity of Q-35, a new fluoroquinolone. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:1708–1714.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOHARA Y, et al.: In vitro and in vivo activities of Q-35, a new fluoroquinolone, against Mycoplasma pneunto-niae. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:1826–1830.
   Google Scholar
• TAKASHMA I, NGOMA M, HASHIMOTO N: Antimicrobial effects of a new carboxyquinolone drug, Q-35, on five serogroups of Leptospira interrogans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:901–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MATSUMOTO M, KOJIMA K, NAGANO H, MATSUBARA S, YOKOTA T: Photostability and biological activity of fluoroquinolones substituted at the 8-position after uv Irradiation. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:1715–1719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An interesting study which attempts to draw correlations between the photo degradation of fluoroquinolone analogs with in vitro cytotoxicity.
   Google Scholar
• SHIBA K, YOSHIDA M, UZU M, MATSUBARA S, SAKAI O:Effect of antacids on oral absorption of a new 8-methoxy fluoroquinolone, Q-35. 33rd Interscience Con-ference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, (1993) Abstr. 1505.
   Google Scholar
• HOSAKA M, YASUE T, FUKUDA H, TOMIZAWA H, AOYAMA H, HIRAI H: In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of AM-1155, a new 6-fluoro-8-methoxy qui-nolone. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:2108–2117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CHIN NX, HUANG HB, WI] JE, NEU HC: In vitro activityof AM-1155, a new fluoroquinolone, compared to other quinolones. 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, (1993), Abstr. 1007.
   Google Scholar
• GOTO S, AOKI K, MIYAZAKI S, TSUJI A: In vitro and invivo antibacterial activities of AM-1155, a new qui-nolone. 32nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Anaheim, (1992), Abstr. 1002.
   Google Scholar
• NISHINO T, OTSUKI M, HOSAKA M: In vitro and in vivoantibacterial activities of AM-1155, a new 8-methoxy quinolone. Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy, Anaheim, (1992), Abstr. 1001.
   Google Scholar
• WAKABAYASHI E, MITSUHASHI S: Antibacterial activities of AM-1155 and AM-1174, novel 6-fluoro-8-methoxy quinokznes. 31st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, (1991), Abstr. 1493.
   Google Scholar
• TOMIOKA H, SAITO H, SATO K: Comparative antinayco-bacterial activities of the newly synthesized quinolone AM-1155, sparfloxacin, and ofloxacin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:1259–1263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KOSUGE K, WADA K, et al.: Phase I study of AM-1155. 32nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Anaheim, (1992), Abstr. 1003.
   Google Scholar
• UENO K, ICATO H, WATANABE K, BANDOH K, TANAKA Y, KATO N: Effect of AM-1155 oral administration on fecal microflora of humans. 31st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, (1991), Abstr. 1004.
   Google Scholar
• OZAKI M, et al.: In vitro antibacterial activity of a new quinolone, NM394. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:2490–2495.
   Google Scholar
• YOSHIDA T, MITSUHASHI S: Antibacterial activity of NM394, the active form of prodrug NM441, a new quinolone. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:793–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAKASHIO S, HORI S, YANAGAWA A, SHIMADA J: Com-parative antimicrobial activity of NM394, a new qui-nolone compound against clinical isolates. 32nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Che-motherapy, Chicago, (1992), Abstr. 638,
   Google Scholar
• OZAKI M, et al.: In vivo evaluation of NM441, a new thiazeto-quinoline derivative. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:2496–2499.
   Google Scholar
• MORINO A, OKUYAMA Y, MOMOTA K, OHYABU M, USHI-MARU K: Pharmacokinetics of NM441, a new quinolone, In laboratory animals. 32nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Anaheim, (1992), Abstr. 659.
   Google Scholar
• TOTSUICA K, SHIMIZU K: Pharmacokinetics of NM441, with probenecid in healthy volunteers. 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, (1993), Abstr. 1005.
   Google Scholar
• SAITO A: Influence of milk on the absorption of NM441, a new prodrug type of quinolone. 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, (1993), Abstr. 1006.
   Google Scholar
• FUKUOKA Y, IKEDA Y, YAMASHIRO Y, TAKAHATA M, TODO Y, NARITA H: In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of T-3761, a new quinolone derivative. Antimi-crob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:384–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MURATANI T, INOUE M, MITSUHASHI S: In vitro activity of T-3761, a new fluoroquinolone. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:2293–2303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WU JF, CHIN NX, NEU HC: In vitro activity of a new fluoroquinolone, T-3761. 33rd lnterscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, (1993), Abstr. 1010.
   Google Scholar
• YOKOTA T, TAT'EDA E, HIRAMATSU K: A novel quinolone useful orally and parenterally, T-3761: its in vitro an-tibacterial activity and cytotoxicity. 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, (1993), Abstr. 1011.
   Google Scholar
• GOTO S, TAKAHISHI H, MIYAZAKI S, KANEKO Y, YAMA-GUCHI K: In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of T-3761, a new fluoroquinolone. 33rd Interscience Confer-ence on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Or-leans, (1993), Abstr. 1012.
   Google Scholar
• NAKASHIMA M, UEMATSU T, KOSUGE K, TAI M, NAKA-GAWA S, TSUDA H: Pharmacokinetics and safety of T-3761 in healthy volunteers. 32nd Interscience Confer-ence on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Anaheim, (1992), Abstr. 656.
   Google Scholar
• WISER, ANDREWS JM, MATTHEWS R, WOLSTENHOLME M: The in vitro activity of two new quinolones: rufloxacin and MF961. j Antimicrob. Chemother. (1992) 29:649–660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MATTINA R, COCUZZA CE, CESANA M, BONFIGLIO G: In vitro activity of a new quinolone, rufloxacin, against nosocomial isolates. Chemother. (1991) 37:260–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WISE R, JOHNSON J, O'SULLIVAN N, ANDREWS JM, IM- BIMBO BP: Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of rufloxacin, a long acting quinolone antimicrobial agent J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1991) 28:905–909.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IMBIMBO BP, BROCCALI G, CESANA M, CREMA F, AT- TARDO-PARRINELLO G: Inter- and intrasubject variabili-ties in the pharmacokinetics of rufloxacan after single oral administration to healthy volunteers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1991) 35:390–393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A useful study that highlights the extreme variability in pharmacok-inetic properties seen between subjects given rufloxacin.
   Google Scholar
• SEGRE G, CERRETANI D, URSO R: Pharmacokinetics of rufloxacin in healthy volunteers. Eur.J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1992) 42:101–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KISICKI JC, et al.: Multiple-dose pharmanokinetics and safety of rufloxacin in normal volunteers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:1296–1301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PRIVITERA G, et al.: BiHary excretion of rufloxacin in humans. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:2545–2549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CESANA M, BROCCALI G, IMBIMBO BP, CREMA A: Effect of single doses of rufloxacin on the disposition of theophylline and caffeine after single administration. InternI.J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. Toxicol. (1991) 29:133–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PERRY G, MANT GK, MORRISON PJ, SACKS S, WOODCOOK J, WISE R, IMBIMBO BP: Pharmacokinetics of rufloxacin in patients with impaired renal function. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:637–641.
   Google Scholar
• MATTINA R, COCUZZA CE, CESANA M: Rufloxacin once daily versus ofloxacin twice daily for treatment of complicated cystitis and upper urinary tract infections. Infection (1993) 21:106–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BONINA L, CARBONE M, MASTROENI P, COSTA GB, MAS-TROENI P: Effects of rufloxacin in Salmonella ty-pbimurium infection in mice. J. Chemother. (1992) 4:353–357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GOLLAPUDI SV, CHUAH SK, HARVEY T, THADEPALLI HD, THADEPALLI H: In vivo effects of rufloxacin and ciprofloxacin on T-cell subsets and tumor necrosis factor production in mice infected with Bacteroides fragilis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:1711–1712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FU KP, LAFREDO SC, FOLENO B, ISAACSON DM, BARRETt JF, TOB1A AJ, ROSENTHALE, ME: In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of levofloxacin (1-ofloxacin), an optically active ofloxacin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:860–866.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEU HC, CHIN N-X: In vitro activity of S-ofloxacin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1989) 33:1105–1107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNE T, FUJIMOTO T, SATO K, OSADA Y: In vitro activity of DR-3355, an optically active ofloxacin. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1988) 32:1336–1340.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TANAKA K-I, et al,: Laboratory and clinical studies on levofloxacin. Jap. j Antibiot. (1992) 45:548–556.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• PATEL J, PACHUCKI CT, LENTINO JR: Synergy of levoflox-acin and oxacillin against quinolone-resistant Staphy-lococcus aureus, measured by the time-kill method. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:339–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAKASHIMA M, UEMATSU T, KANAMARU M, OKAZAKI O, HAKUSUI H: Phase I study of levofloxacin. Jpn. J. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. (1992) 23:515–520.
   Google Scholar
• GOOTZ TD, BRIGHTY ICE, ANDERSON ME, HASICELL SL, SUTCLIFFE JA, CASTALDI MJ, MILLER SA: In vitro activity and synthesis of CP-99,219, a novel 7-(3-azabicy-clo[3.1.0] hexyl)naphthyridone. 32nd Interscience Con-ference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Anaheim, (1992), Abstr. 751.
   Google Scholar
• NEU HC, CHIN NX: In vitro activity of CP-99,219, 7-(3-aza-bicyclo[3.1.01hexyl)naphthyridone. 32nd Inter-science Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Anaheim, (1992), Abstr. 754.
   Google Scholar
• GOODING BB, JONES RN: In vitro antimicrobial activity of CP-99,219, a novel azabicyclo-naphthyridone. An-timicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:349–353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ELIOPOULOS GM, KLIMM K, ELIOPOULOS CT, FERRARA MJ, MOELLERING RC: In vitro activity of CP-99,219, anew fluoroquinolone, against clinical isolates of Gram-posi-tive bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:366–370.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• TENG R, KHOSLA NB, RENOUF DN, GIRARD D, SILBER BM, FOULDS G, LISTON TE: Pharmacokinetics of CP-99,219, a new oral quinolone antibiotic, in Sprague-Dawley rats, beagle dogs and cynomolgus monkeys. Pharm Res. (1993) 10:S336.
   Google Scholar
• GIRARD AE, FAIELLA JA, CIMOCHOWSKI CR, BRIGHTY RE: /n vivo activity of CP-99,219 in models of acute and localized infection in mice. 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, (1993), Abstr. 1510.
   Google Scholar
• TENG R, HARRIS SC, NIX D, SCHENTAG J, FOULDS G, SILBER BM, LISTON TE: Pharmacokinetics of CP-99,219, a new quinolone antibiotic, following single oral doses to healthy volunteers. 33rd lnterscience Conference An-timicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, (1993), Abstr. 1512.
   Google Scholar
• WAKEBE H, MITSUHASHI S: Comparative in vitro activi-ties of a new quinolone, OPC-17116, possessing potent activity against Gram-positive bacteria. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother (1992) 36:2185–2191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IMADA T, MIYAZAKI S, NISHIDA M, YAMAGUCHI K, GOTO S: In vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of a new quinolone, OPC-17116. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:573–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEU HC, FANG W, GU J-W, CHIN N-X: In vitro activity of OPC-17116. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:1310–1315.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WISER, ANDREWS JM, BRENWALD N: The in vitro activity of OPC-17116, a new 5-methyl substituted quinolone. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1993) 31:497–504,
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPANGLER SK, JACOBS MR, PANKUCI I GA, APPELBAUM PC: Susceptibility of 170 penicillin-susceptible and peni-cillin-resistant pneumococci to six oral cephalospor-ins, four quinolones, desacetylcefotaxirne, Ro 23-9424 and RP 67829.1. Antimicrob. Chemother. (1993) 31:273–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KENNY GE, CARTWRIGHT FD: Susceptibilities of Myco-plasma botninis,M. pneumoniae, and Ureaplasma ure-a6licum to a new quinolone, OPC-17116. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:1726–1727.
   Google Scholar
• KIMURA M, KISHIMOTO T, NIKI Y, SOEJIMA R: In vitro andin vivo antichlamydial activities of newly developed quinolone antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:801–803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na DE, SYMONDS WT, PITLICK WH, O'CONNOR G, SCHENTAG JJ: Comparative bioavailability and pH de-pendency of tablet and solution formulations of OPC-17116. 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, (1993), Abstr. 406.
   Google Scholar
• SHIBA K, YOSHIDA M, HORI S, SHIMADA J, SAITO A, SAKAI O: Pharmacokinetic interaction of OPC-17116 with probenecicl in healthy volunteers. 31st Interscience Con-ference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Atlanta, (1991), Abstr. 1483.
   Google Scholar
• KOIKE M, Nil S, MORITA S, AKIYAMA H, ODOMI M: OPC-17116, a new quinolone: pharmacokinetics and metabolism in healthy volunteers. 31st Interscience Con-ference on Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy, Atlanta, (1991), Abstr. 1482.
   Google Scholar
• YAWADA Y, KANIMOTO Y, SAITO I: Pharmacokinetics of OPC-17116, a new quinolone, in patients with impaired renal function. 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicro-bial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, (1993), Abstr. 409.
   Google Scholar
• TAIRA K, KOGA H, KOHNO S: Accumulation of a newly developed fluoroquinolone, OPC-17116, by human po-lymorphonuclear leukocytes. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:1877–1881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GU J-W, FANG W, NEU HC: Plasma bactericidal activity of a new C-5 methyl fluoroquinolone after oral doses of 400 and 800 mg. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (1992) 32:804–807.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SATO K, HOSHINO K, TANAKA M, HAYAKAWA I, OSADA Y: Antimicrobial activity of DU-6859, a new potent fluoroquinolone, against clinical isolates. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1992) 36:1491–1498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MARSHALL SA, JONES RN: In vitro activity of DU-6859a, a new fluorocyclopropyl quinolone. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (1993) 37:2747–2753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NAKANE T, IYOBE S, MITSUHASHI S: Antibacterial activ-ity of DU-6859a, a new quinolone. 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, (1993), Abstr. 978.
   Google Scholar
• FELMINGHAM D, ROBBINS MJ, GHOSH G, et al.: In vitro studies with DU-6859a, a new fluoroquinolone antimi-crobial 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents Chemotherapy, New Orleans, (1993), Abstr. 981.
   Google Scholar
• CHIN NX, HUANG HB, NEU HC: In vitro activity of DU-6859a, a new fluoroquinolone. 33rd Interscience Con-ference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, (1993), Abstr. 983.
   Google Scholar
• KORTEN U, TOMAYKO JF, MURRAY BE: DU-6859a, a new fluoroquinolone agent: comparative in vitro activity against Gram-positive cocci. 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, (1993), Abs-tr. 985.
   Google Scholar
• KATO N, WATANABE K, KATO H, TANAKA K, TANAKA Y, UENO K: Comparative in vitro activity of DU-6859a, a new quinolone, against anaerobic bacteria. 33rd Inter-science Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemother-apy, New Orleans, (1993), Abstr. 990.
   Google Scholar
• SAITO H, TOMIOKA H, SATO K: in vitro and in vivo antimycobacterial activities of a new quinolone, DU-6859a. 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobiol Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, (1993), Abstr. 80.
   Google Scholar
• TANAKA M, AOKI H, KURATA T, OKAZAKI O, HAKUSUI H: DU-6859a, a novel quinolone: pharmacokinetics in rats, dogs, and monkeys. 33rd Interscience Conference on An-timicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, (1993), Abstr. 1000.
   Google Scholar
• NAKASHIMA M, UEMATSU T, NAKANO M, KOSUGE K, TANAKA M, HAKUSUI H: Pharmacokinetics and safety Investigation of a new fluoroquinolone, DU-6859a, in healthy male volunteers. 33rd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, New Orleans, (1993), Abstr. 1004.
   Google Scholar
• SCHAAD UB: Role of the new quinolones in pediatric practice. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. (1992) 11:1043–1046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A thorough review surrounding the contentious issue of using fluoroquinolones in children. Data concerning the frequency of arthralgia and other side effects is presented and the currently accepted indications along with potential future indications in paediatrics are clearly outlined.
   Google Scholar