7
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Section Review; Cardiovascular & Renal: Calcium channel blockers for the treatment of renal disease

Pages 521-534 | Published online: 03 Mar 2008

References to Primarv Literature

  • US RENAL DATA SYSTEM: USRDS 1995 Annual Data Report. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (1995) 26:S39–50.
  • MAGEE H, UNGER AM, RICHARDSON DW: Changes in renal function associated with drug or placebo therapy of human hypertension. Am. J. Med. (1964) 36:795–804.
  • YAMADA T, ISHIHARA M, ICHIKAWA K, HIRAMATSU K:Proteinuria and renal function during antihypertensive treatment for essential hypertension. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. (1980) 28:114–117.
  • MORDUCHOWICZ G, BONER G, BEN-BASSAT N, ROSEN-FELD JB: Proteinuria in benign nephrosclerosis. Arch. Intern. Med. (1986) 146:1513–1516.
  • MITCHELL HC, GRAHAM RM, PETTINGER WA: Renal func-tion during long-term treatment of hypertension with minoxidiL Comparison of benign and malignant hy-pertension. Ann. Intern. Med. (1980) 93:6764681.
  • HARTFORD M, WENDELHAG 1, BERGLUND G, WALLENTIN I, LJUNGMAN S, WIKSTAND J: Cardiovascular and renal effects of long-term antihypertensive treatment. J. Am. Med. Assoc. (1988) 259:2553–2557.
  • LJUNGMAN S, AURELL M, HARTFORD M, WIKSTRAND J, BERGLUND G: Renal function before and after with-drawal of long-term antihypertensive treatment in pri-mary hypertension. Drugs (1988) 35\(Suppl. 5):55–58.
  • ROSTAND SG, BROWN G, KIRK K, RUTS1CY EA, DUSTAN HP: Renal insufficiency in treated essential hyperten-sion. New Engl. J. Med. (1989) 320:684–688.
  • TIERNEY WM, MCDONALD CJ, LUFT FC: Renal disease in hypertensive adults: Effect of race and type 11 diabetes mellitus. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (1989) 13:485–493.
  • BRAZY PC, FITZWILLIAM JF: Progressive renal disease: role of race and antihypertensive medications. Kidney Int. (1990) 37:1113–1119.
  • ZANCHI A, BRUNNER HR, WALKER B, BURNIER M: Renalhaemodyna:mics and protective effects of calcium an-tagonists in hypertension. J. Hypertension (1995) 13:1365–1375.
  • FEW LG, VAN LIEW JB, BRENTJENS JR, BOYLAN JW: Renallesions and proteinuria in the spontaneously hyperten-sive rat made nortnotensive by treatment Kidney Int. (1981) 20:606–614.
  • ANDERSON S, MEYER TH, RENNKE HG, BRENNER BM: Control of glomerular hypertension limits glomerular Injury in rats with reduced renal mass. J. Clin. Invest. (1985) 76:612–619.
  • ANDERSON S, RENNKE HG, BRENNER BM: Therapeutic advantage of converting enzyme inhibitors in arresting progressive renal disease associated with systemic hy-pertension in the rat. J. Clin. Invest. (1986) 77:1993–2000.
  • RAIJ L, CHIOU XC, OWENS R, WRIGLEY B: Therapeutic Implications of hypertension-induced glomerular in-jury. Am. J. Med. (1985) 79(Suppl. 3C):37–41.
  • DWORKIN LD, FEINER HD, RANDAZZO J: Glomerular hypertension and injury in deoxycorticosterone-salt rats on antihypertensive therapy. Kidney Int. (1987) 31:718–724.
  • GARCIA DL, RENNKE HG, BRENNER BM, ANDERSON S:Chronic glucocorticoid therapy amplifies glomerular Injury in rats with renal ablation. J Clin. Invest. (1987) 80:867–874.
  • MEYER TW, ANDERSON 5, RENNKE HG, BRENNER BM: Reversing glomerular hypertension stabilizes estab-lished glomerular injury. Kidney Int. (1987) 31:752–759.
  • BUHLER FR: Calchun-channel blockers in arterial hyper-tension. In: CardiovascularDrug Therapy. Messedi Hi (Ed.) Philadelphia, WB Saunders Company, pp 918–925.
  • BAUER JH, REAMS GP: Do calcium antagonists protect the human hypertensive kidney? Am.]. Hypertension (1989) 2:173s–178s.
  • BIRKENHAGER WH, SCHALEKAMP MADH, KRAUSS XH, KOLSTERS G, SCHALEKAMP-KUYKEN MPA, KROON BJM, TEULINGS FAG: Systemic and renal hemodynamic, body fluids and renin in benign essential hypertension with special references to natural history. Eur. J. Chn. Invest. (1972) 2:115–122.
  • DELEEUW PW, KHO TL, FALKE HE, BIRKENHAGER WH,WESTER A: Hemodynatnic and endocrinological profile In essential hypertension. Acta Med. Scand. (1978) (Suppl. 622):1–86.
  • REUBI FC, WEIDMANN P, HODLER J, COTTIER PT: Changes in renal function in essential hypertension. Am.J. Med. (1978) 64:556–563.
  • LJUNGMAN S, AURELL M, HARTFORD M, WIKSTRAND J, WILHELMSEN L, BERGLUND G: Blood pressure and renal function. Acta Med. Scand. (1980) 208:17–25.
  • BAUER JH, BROOKS CS, BURGH RN: Renal function and hemodynamir studies in low- and normal-renin essen-tial hypertension. Arch. Intern. Med. (1982) 142:1317–1323.
  • LINDEMAN RD, TOBIN JD, SHOCK NW: Association be-tween blood pressure and the rate of decline in renal function with age. Kidney Int. (1984) 26:861–868.
  • LONDON GM, SAFAR ME, SASSARD JE, LEVENSON JA, SIMON AC: Renal and systemic hemodynamic in sus-tained essential hypertension. Hypertension (1984) 6:743–754.
  • BELL ET, CLAWSON BJ: Primary (essential) hyperten-sion, a study of four hundred and twenty cases. Arch. Pathol. (1928) 5:939–1002.
  • MCGREGOR L: Histological changes in the renalglomerulus in essential (primary) hypertension. Am.J. Pathol. (1930) 6:347–369.
  • CASTLEMAN B, SMITHWICK RH: The relation of vasculardisease to the hypertensive state. J. Am. Med. Assoc. (1943) 121:1256–1261.
  • CASTLEMAN B, SMITHWICK RH: The relationship of vas-cular disease to the hypertensive state. New Engl. J. Med. (1948) 1239:729–732.
  • SMITH DE, ODEL HM, KERNOHAN JW: Causes of death in hypertension. Ant.] Med. (1950) 9:516–527.
  • PERERA GA: Hypertensive vascular disease, description and natural history.]. Chronic Dis. (1955) 1:33–42.
  • MOYER JH, HEIDER CH, PEVEY JK, FORD RV: The vascular status of a heterogeneous group of patients with hyper-tension, with particular emphasis on renal function. Am.]. Med. (1958) 24:164–176.
  • ARENDSHORST WJ, BEIERWALTERS WH: Renal and neph-ron hemodynamic in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am.]. Physio1 (1979) 236:F246–F251.
  • AZAR S, JOHNSON MA, SCHEINMAN J, BRUNO L, TOBIAN L: Regulation of glomerular capillary pressure and filtration rate in young Kyoto hypertensive rats. Clin. Sci. (1979) 56:203–209.
  • DIBONA GF, BIOS LL: Mechanism of exaggerated diure-sis in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am. J. Physiol. (1979) 235:F409–F416.
  • PARV1NG H-H, JENSEN HAE, MOGENSEN CE, ERVIN PE: Increased urinary albumin-excretion rate in benign essential hypertension. lancet (1974) i:1190–1192.
  • PEDERSEN EB, MOGENSEN CF: Effect of antihypertensive treatment on urinary albumin excretion, glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow rate in patients with essential hypertension. Scand.]. din. Lab. Invest. (1976) 36:231–237.
  • PEDERSEN EB: Some aspects of kidney function, therenin-aldosterone system and sympathetic activity in essential hypertension. Acta Med. Scand. (1980) (Suppl. 636).1–66.
  • GIACONI S, LEVANTI C, FOMMEI E, INNOCENTI F, SEGHIERI G, PALLA L, PALOMBO C, GHIONE S: Microal-buminuria and casual and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in normotensives and in patients with borderline and mild essential hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. (1989) 2:259–261.
  • DWORKIN ID, FEINER HD: Glomerular injury in un-inephrectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats. A consequence of glomerular capillary hypertension.]. Clin. Invest. (1986) 77:797–809.
  • REUBI FC: The late effects of hypotensive drug therapyon renal functions of patients with essential hyperten-sion. In: Essential Hypertension: An International Sympo-sium.Bock KD, Couier PT (Eds.), Springer-Verlag, Berlin (1960)317–331.
  • VETERANS ADMINISTRATION CO-OPERATIVE STUDY GROUP ON ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS: Effects of treat-ment on morbidity in hypertension H. Results in pa-tients with diastolic blood pressures averaging 90 through 114 inmHg. J. Am. Med. Assoc. (1970) 213:1143–1152.
  • BRAZY PC, STEAD WW, FITZWILLIAM JF: Progression ofrenal insufficiency: role of blood pressure. Kidney Int. (1989) 35: 670–674.
  • PEITINGER WA, LEE HC, REISCH J, MITCHELL HC: Long-term improvement In renal function after short-term strict blood pressure control in hypertensive neph-rosclerosis. Hypertension (1989) 13:766–772.
  • WHELTON PK AND KLAG MJ: Hypertension as a risk factor for renal disease. Hypertension (1989) 13\(Suppl. 0:1-19-1-27.
  • MOGENSEN CE: Microalbutninuria as a predictor of clinical diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. (1977) 31:673–689.
  • HOSTEFIER TH, TROY JL, BRENNER BM: Glomerular hemodynatnic in experimental diabetes mellitus. Kid-ney Int. (1981) 19:410–415.
  • ZATZ R, MEYER TW, RENNKE HG, BRENNER BM: Predomi-nance of hemodynamic rather than metabolic factors In the pathogenesis of diabetic glomerulopathy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1985) 82:5963–5967.
  • ZATZ R, DUNN BR, MEYER TW, ANDERSON S, RENNKE HG,BRENNER BM: Prevention of diabetic glomerulopathy by pharmacological amelioration of glomerular capillary hypertension. J. Clin. Invest. (1986) 77:1925–1930.
  • JENSEN PK, CHRISTIANSEN JS, STEVEN K, PARVING H-H: Strict metabolic control and renal function in the strep-tozotocin diabetic rat. Kidney Int. (1987) 31:47–51.
  • SCHOLEY JW, MEYER TW: Control of glomerular hyper-tension by insulin administration in diabetic rats. J. Clin. Invest. (1989) 83:1384–1389.
  • MAUER SM, STEFFES MW, BROWN DM: The kidney indiabetes. Am. J. Med. (1981) 70:603–612.
  • MOGENSEN CE: Renal function changes in diabetes. Diabetes (1976) 25:872–879.
  • MOGENSEN CE: Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow in short-term and long-term juvenile dia-betes mellitus. Scand.J. Ctn. Lab. Invest. (1971) 28:91–100.
  • MOGENSEN CE, CHRISTENSEN CK: Predicting diabetic nephropathy in insulin-dependent patients. New Engl. J. Med. (1984) 311:89–93.
  • MOGENSEN CE, CHRISTENSEN CK: Blood pressure changes and renal function in incipient and overt diabetic nephropathy. Hypertension (1985) 7\(Suppl. 11):11-64-11-73.
  • MOGENSEN CE: Glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow in long-term juvenile diabetes without proteinuria Br. Med. J. (1972) 4:257–259.
  • VIBERTI GC, HILL RD, JARREIT RJ, ARGYROPOULOS A,MAHMUD U, KEEN H: Microalbuminuria as a prediction of clinical nephropathy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet (1982) 11430–1432.
  • MOGENSEN CE: Microalbuminuria predicts clinical pro-teinuria and each mortality in maturity-onset diabetes. New Engl. J. Med. (1984) 310:356–360.
  • MATHIESEN ER, OXENBOLL B, JOHANSEN K, SVENDSEN PA, DECICERT T: Incipient nephropathy in type I (insu-lin-dependent) diabetes. Diabetologia (1984) 26:406–410.
  • CHRISTENSEN CK MOGENSEN CE: Effect of antihyperten-sive treatment on progression of incipient diabetic nephropathy. Hypertension (1985) 7\(Suppl. 10:109–113.
  • MOGENSEN CE: Progression of nephropathy in long-term diabetics with proteimula and effect of initial antihypertensive treatment. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. (1976) 36:383–388.
  • MOGENSEN CE: Antihypertensive treatment inhibitingthe progression of diabetic nephropathy. Acta Endocri-not. (1980) 94\(Suppl. 238):103–111.
  • PARVING H-H, SMIDT WM, FRISBERG B, BONNEVIE-NIEL-SON V, ANDERSEN AR: A prospective study of glomerular filtration rate and arterial blood pressure in insulin-de-pendent diabetes with diabetic nephropathy. Diabetolo-gia (1981) 20:457–461.
  • MOGENSEN CE: Long-term antihypertensive treatment Inhibiting progression of diabetic nephropathy. Br. Med. J. (1982) 285:685–688.
  • PARV1NG H-H, ANDERSEN AR, SMIDT WM, CHRISTIANSEN JS, OXENBOLL B, SVENDESEN PAR: Diabetic neph-ropathy and arterial hypertension. The effect of anti-hypertensive treatment. Diabetes (1983) 32\(Suppl. 2):83–87.
  • PARVING H-H, ANDERSEN AR, SMIDT WM, SVENDSEN PAR: Early aggressive antihypertensive treatment re-duces rate of decline in kidney function in diabetic nephropathy. Lancet (1983) 1:1175–1178.
  • PARVING H-H, ANDERSEN AR, SMIDT WM, HOMMEL E,MATHIESEN ER, SVENDSEN PAR: Effect of antihyperten-sive treatment on kidney function in diabetic neph-ropathy. Br. Med. J. (1987) 294:1443–1447.
  • GELLMAN DD, PIRANI CL, SOOTHILL JF, MUEHRCKE RC,KIRK RM: Diabetic nephropathy: clinical and pathologic study based on renal biopsies. Medicine (1959) 38:321–367.
  • KAHAN BD: Cyclosporine. New Engl. J. Med. (1989)321:1725–1738.
  • MYERS BD, NEWTON L: Cyclosporine - indured chronic nephropathy: an obliterative microvascular renal in-jury. J. Am. Soc. Nepbrol. (1991) 2:545–552.
  • MCNALLY PG, FEEHALLY J: Pathophysiology of cy-dosporin A nephrotoxicity: experimental and clinical observations. Nepbrol. Dial. Transplant. (1992) 7:791–804.
  • SOLEZ K, RACUSEN LC, MARCUSSEN N, SLATNIK I, KE-OWIN P, BURDICK JF, OLSEN J: Morphology of ischaemic acute renal failure, normal function, and cyclosporine toxidty in cyclosporine-treated renal allograft recipi-ents. Kidney Int. (1993) 43:1058–1067.
  • LUKE RG: Mechanism of cyclosporine-induced hyper-tension. Am. J. Hypertension (1991) 4:468–471.
  • MYERS BD, ROSS J, NEWTON L: Cydosporin -associated chronic nephropathy. New Engl. J. Med. (1984) 311:699–705.
  • LOUTZENHISER R, EPSTEIN M. Effects of calcium antago-nists on renal haemodynatnics. Am. J. Pbysiol. (1985) 249:F619–F629.
  • FLEMING JT, PAREKH N, STEINHAUSEN M: Caldum an-tagonists preferentially dilate preglomerular vessels of hydronephrotic kidney. Am.J. Physiol. (1987) 253:F1157–F1163.
  • ISSHIKI T, AMODEO C, MESSERLI FH, PEGRAM BL, FROHLICH ED: Diltiazem maintains renal vasodRation with hyperfiltration in hypertension: studies in essen-tial hypertensive man and the spontaneously hyperten-sive rat. Cardiovas. Drugs Ther. (1987) 1:359–366.
  • PELAYO JC, HARRIS DCH, SHANLEY PF, MILLER GJ, SCHRIER RW: Glomentlar hemodynamic adaptations in remnant nephrons: effects of verapamiL Am. J. Pbysiol. (1988) 254:F425–F431.
  • CARMINES PK, NAVAR LG: Disparate effects of Ca chan-nel blockade on afferent and efferent arteriolar re-sponses to ANG H. Am. J. Physiol. (1989) 256:F1015–F1020.
  • DWORIUN ID, LEVIN RI, BENSTEIN JA: Effects of nifedip-ine and enalapril on g,lomerular injury in rats with deoxycorticosterone-salt hypertension. Am. J. Physiot (1990) 259:F598–F604.
  • ICIMURA G, DEGUCHI F, KOJIMA S, ASHIDA T, YOSHIMIH, ABE H, KAWANO Y, YOSHIDA K, KAWAMURA M, IMANISHI M, SANAI T, KURAUMOCHI M, OMAE T: Effect of a calcium-entry blocker, nicardipine, on intrarenal hemodynamic in essential hypertension. Am. J. Kidney. Dis. (1991) 17:47–54.
  • ICHIKAWA I, MIELE JF, BRENNER BM: Reversal of renalcortical actions of angiotensin II by verapamil and manganese. Kidney Int. (1979) 16:137–147.
  • ISSHIKI T, AMODEO C, MESSERLI FH, PEGRAM BL, FROHLICH ED: Diltiazem maintains renal vasodilation with hyperfiltration in hypertension: studies in essen-tial hypertensive man and the spontaneously hyperten-sive rat. Cardiovas. Drugs Tber. (1987) 1:359–366.
  • OHASHI H, ISHIGURO M, YASUE T, KOTOO Y, KAMAKURA M, WATANABE S, SUGISHITA N, MORITA N: Effects of dihiazem hydrochloride on the reduction of blood pressure, and cardiac and renal functions in essential hypertensive patients with renal dysfunction. Int. J. Clin. Pbarmacol. 713er. Toxicol. (1987) 25:291–296.
  • SUNDERRAJAN S, REAMS GP, BAUER JH: Long-term renaleffects of diltiazem in essential hypertension. Am. Heart J. (1987) 114:383–388.
  • SCHMIEDER RE, MESSERLI FH, GARAVAGLIA GE, NUNEZBD: Cardiovascular effects of verapamil in patients with essential hypertension. Circulation (1987) 75:1030–1036.
  • KATZMAN PL, HENNINGSEN NC, FAGHER B, THULIN T,HULTHEN UL: Renal and endocrine effects of long-term converting enzyme inhibition as compared with cal-cium antagonism in essential hypertension. J Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1990) 15:360–364.
  • HULTHEN UL, KATZMAN PL: Renal effects of acute andlong-term treatment with felodipine in essential hyper-tension. J. Hypertension (1988) 6:231–237.
  • ANDERSON OK, GRANERUS G, VOLKMANN R, WYSOCKI M: Hemodynamic, and long-term renal effects of felodipine in severe hypertensive patients. J. Cardiovasc Pbarrnacol. (1990) 15\(Suppl. 4):S41.
  • ERLEY CM, HAEFELE U, HEYNE N, BRAUN N, RISLER T:Microalbuminuria in essential hypertension. Hyperten-sion(1993) 21:810–815.
  • PEDERSEN OL, KRUSELL LR, SIHM I, JESPERSEN LT, THOM-SEN K: Long-term effects of isradipine on blood pres-sure and renal function. Am. J. Med. (1989) 86(Suppl 4A):15–18.
  • PERSSON B, ANDERSSON OK, WYSOCKI M, HEDNER T,AURELL M: Renal and hemodynamic effects of isradip-ine in essential hypertension. Am. J. Med. (1989) 86(Suppl. 4A):60–64.
  • WITTENBERG C, ROSENFELD JB: Long-term antihyper-tensive and renal effects of isradipine in hypertensive patients with normal and reduced renal function. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1992) 19\(Suppl. 3):S93–S95.
  • SIAMOPOULOS KC, ELISAF M, DARDAMANIS M, SFERO-POULOS G, PAPPAS M: Effects of Isradipine on hyper-tension and renal hemodynamic. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1992) 19\(Suppl. 3):587–89.
  • BIGAZZI R, BIANCHI S, BALDARI D, SGHERRI G, BALDARI G, CAMPESE VM: Long-term effects of a converting enzyme inhibitor and a calcium channel blocker on urinary albumin excretion in patients with essential hypertension. Am. J. Hypertens. (1993) 6:108–113.
  • REAMS GP, LAU A, BAUER JH: Short-term and long-term renal response to nifedipine monotherapy. Am. J. Hy-pertens. (1989) 2:188–190.
  • FROHLICH ED, MCLOUGLIN MJ, LOSEM CJ, KETELHUT R, MESSERLI FH: Hemodynamic comparison of two nffedipine formulations in patients with essential hy-pertension. Am. J. Cardiol. (1991) 58:62–67.
  • CORUZZI P, MUSIARI L, MOSSINI GL, NOVARINI A: Regu-lation of sodium excretion in human hypertension: long-term effect of calcium antagonist and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor. J. Cardiovascular. Pbarma-col. (1993) 21:920–925.
  • GROSSMAN E, OREN S, GARAVAGLIA GE, MESSERLI FH, FROHLICH ED: Systemic and regional hemodynamic and humoral effects of nitrendipine in essential hyper-tension. Circulation (1988) 78:1394–1400.
  • BIANCHI S, BIGAZZI R, BALDARI G, CAMPESE VM: Microal-buminuria in patients with essential hypertension: Effects of several antihypertensive drugs. Am. I Med. (1992) 93:525–528
  • REAMS GP, LAU A, HAMORY A, BAUER JH: Amlodipine therapy corrects renal abnormalities encountered in the hypertensive state. Am. J. Kid. Dis. (1987) 10:446–451.
  • SAKURAI T, KURITA T, NAGANO S, SONODA T: Antihy-pertensive, vasodiLsting and sodium diuretic actions of D-Ci-isomer of benzothiampine derivative (CRD-401). Acta Urol. Jpn. (1972) 8:695–707.
  • TOJO S, SHISHIDO H, YAMAMOTO S: Effects of CRD-401 on blood pressure and renal function. Jap. J. Clin. Exp. Med. (1972) 49:1958–1965.
  • LENZ T, MOLLER FB, SOTELO JE, LARAGH JH, AUGUST P: Hemodynamic responses to verapamil monotherapy in patients with renal disease. Am. J. Hypertens. (1991) 4:939–43.
  • ANDERSSON OK, HEDNER T, GRANERUS G: Felodipine in combination with a beta-blocker and a diuretic in chronic treatment of patients with refractory primary hypertension. Drugs (1987) 34\(Suppl. 3):156–60.
  • LARSSON R, LINDSJO MK, DANIELSSON B, BENGTSSON U, HARDLUND JH, SJOSTROM PA, ELMFELDT D, MOBERG L: Felodipine in the treatment of patients with severe hypertension and impaired renal function. Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther. (1990) 4:253–259.
  • HERLITZ H, GRANERUS G, AURELL M: Long-term effect of felodipine on blood pressure and renal hemodynamic In severe hypertension. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1990) 15\(Suppl. 4):S100–S102.
  • BIANCHI 5, BIGAZZI R, BALDARI G, CAMPESE VM: Long-term effects of enalapril and nicardipine on urinary albumin excretion hi patients with chronic renal insuf-ficiency: a 1 year follow up. Am. J. Nephrot (1991) 11:131–137.
  • BRUUN NE, IBSEN H, NIELSEN F, NIELSEN MD, MOELBAK A, HARTLING OJ: Lack of effect of nifedipine in counter-regulatory mechanisms in essential hypertension. Hy-pertension (1986) 8:655–661.
  • ZUCCHELLI P, ZUCCALA A, BORGHI M, FUSAROLI M, SASDELLI M, STALLONE C, SANNA G, GAGGI R: Long-term comparison between captopril and nifedipine in the progression of renal insufficiency. Kidney Int. (1992) 42:452–458.
  • REAMS GP: Do calcium channel blockers have renal protective effects? Drugs and Ageing (1994) 5:263–287.
  • VELUSSI M, BROCCO E, FRIGATO F, ZOLLI M, MUOLLO B, MAIOLI M, CARRARO A, TONOLO G, FRESU P, CERNIGOI AM, FIORETTO P, NOSANDINI R: Effects of cilazapril and amlodipine on kidney function in hypertensive NIDDM patients. Diabetes (1996) 45:216–222.
  • SLATAPER R, VICKNAIR N, SADLER R, BAKRIS G: Compara-tive effects of different antihypertensive treatments on progression of diabetic renal disease. Arch. Intern. Med. (1993) 153:973–980.
  • FIORETTO P, FMGATO F, VELUSSI M, RIRA F, MUDLO B, CARRARO A, BROCCO E, CIPOLLINA MR, TREVISAN M, CREPALDI G, NOSADINE R: Effects of angiotensin con-verting enzyme inhibition and calcium antagonists on atrial natriuretic peptide release and action on albumin excretion rate in hypertensive insulin-dependent dia-betic patients. Am. J. Hypertens. (1992) 5:837–846.
  • MELBOURNE DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY STUDY GROUP: Comparison between perindopril and nifedipine in hypertensive and normotensive diabetic patients with microalliuminuria. Br. Med. J. (1991) 302:210–216.
  • Cl-IAN JCN, COCKRAM CS, NICHOLLS MG, CHEUNG CK, SWAMINATHAN R: Comparison of enaLapril and nifedip-ine in treating non-insulin dependent diabetes associ-ated with hypertension: one year analysis. Br. Med. J. (1992) 305:981–985.
  • FERDER L, DACCORDI H, MARTELLO M, PANZALIS M, INSERRA F: Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors versus calcium antagonists hi the treatment of diabetic hypertensive patients. Hypertension (1992) 19\(Suppl. 3):237–242.
  • ROMERO R, SALINAS I, LUCAS A, TELXIDO J, AUDI L, SANMARTI A: Comparative effects of captopril versus nifedipine on proteinuria and renal function of type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. (1992) 17:191–198.
  • BRETZEL RG, BOLLEN CC, MAESER E, FEDERLIN RE: Neph-roprotective effects of nitrendipine in hypertensive type I and type II diabetic patients. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (1993) 21:53–64.
  • DEMARIE BK, BAKRIS GL: Effects of different calcium antagonists hi proteinuria associated with diabetes mel-litus. Ann. Intern. Med. (1990) 113:987–988.
  • BABA T, TOMIYAMA T, MURABAYASHI S, TAKEHE K: Renal effects of nicardipine, a calcium antagonist, in hypertensive type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients with and without nephropathy. Eur. J. Clin. Pharrnacol. (1990) 38: 425–429
  • STORNELLO M, VALVO EV, SCAPELLATO L: Hemody-namic, renal, and humoral effects of the calcium entry "docker nicardipine and converting enzyme inhibitor captopril in hypertension type II diabetic patients with nephropathy. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1989) 14:851–855.
  • BAKRIS GL, BARNHILL BW, SADLER R: Treatment of arterial hypertension in diabetic humans: importance of therapeutic selection. Kidney Int. (1992) 41:912–919.
  • MIMRAN A, INSUA A, RIBSTEIN J, MONNIER L, BRINGER J, MIROUZE J: Contrasting effects of captopril and nifedip-hie in normotensive patients with incipient diabetic nephropathy. J. Hypertens. (1988) 6:919–923.
  • BAUER JH, REAMS GP, HEWETT J, KLACHKO D: A random-ised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effect of enaiapril in patients with clinical diabetic nephropathy. Am. J. Kidney Dis. (1992) 20:443457.
  • SHAPIRO J, CHELTNG C, ITABASHI A, CHAN L, SCHRIER R: The effect of verapamil on renal function after warm and cold ischaemia in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Transplantation (1985) 40:596–600.
  • WOOLLEY J, BARKER G, JACOBSEN W, GINGRICH GA, STEWART SC, BRIGGS BA, MARTIN RD, MELASHENKO RA: Effect of the calcium entry blocker verapamil on renal ischaemia. Olt. Care Med. (1988) 16:48–51.
  • AGATSTEIN E, FARRER J, KAPLAN L, RANDOZZO R, GLAS-SOCK R, KAUFMAN J: The effect of verapamil in reducing the severity of acute tubular necrosis in canine renal autotransplants. Transplantation (1957) 44:355–357.
  • NEUMAYER HH, WAGNER K: Prevention of delayed graft function in cadaver kidney transplants by dilti271-m-outcome of two prospective randomised clinical trials. J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. (1987) 10:S170–S177.
  • DIEPERINK H, LEYSSOC P, STARKLINT H, JORGENSEN K, KEMP E: Antagonist capacities of nifedipine, captopril, phenoxybenzamine, prostacyclin, and indomethacin on cyclosporin A-induced impairment of rat renal func-tion. Earl Clin. Invest. (1986) 16:540–548.
  • FREEHALLY J, WALLS J, MISTRY W, HORSBURGH T, TAY-LOR J, WITCH PS, BELL PRF: Does nifedipine ameliorate cyclosporin A nephrotoxicity? Br. Med.J. (1987) 295:310.
  • WEIR MR: Calcium channel blockers in organ transplan-tation: important new therapeutic modalities. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. (1990) 1:S28–S38.
  • ROOTH P, DAWIDSON I, DILLER K, TALJEDAC TB: Protec-tion against cyclosporine-induced impairment of renal microcircuiation by verapamil hi mice. Transplantation (1988) 45:433–437.
  • ROOTH P, DAWIDSON I, CLOTHIER N, DIJIFR K: In vivo fluorescence microscopy of kidney subcapsular blood flow in mice. Transplantation (1988) 46:566–569.
  • KIBERD BA: Cyclosporine-induced renal dysfunction in human renal allograft recipients. Transplantation (1989) 48:965–969.
  • DAWIDSON I, ROOTH P, FISHER D, FRY WR, ALWAY C, COORPENDER L, REISCH J: Verapamil ameliorates acute cydosporine A (CSA) nephrotoxicity and improves imnumosuppression after cadaver renal transplanta-tion. Transplant. Proc. (1989) 21:1511–1513.
  • MORALES JM, ANDRES A, PRIETO C, ORTUNO B, ESTENOZ J, DORADO C, ARENAS J, RUILOPE LM, FERNANDEZ-CRUZ L, RODICIO JL: Calcium antagonist treatment of recipi-ents minimises early cyclosporine nephrotoxicity in renal transplantation: a prospective randomised trial. Transplant. Proc. (1989) 21:1537–1559.
  • VAN DER SCHAAF MR, HENE RJ, FLOOR M, BLANKENST1JN PJ, KOOMANS HA: Hypertension after renal transplan-tation. Hypertension (1995) 25:77–81.
  • SALTER JH, REAMS GP: Short- and long-term effects of calcium entry blockers on the kidney. Am. J. Cardiol. (1987) 59:66A–71A.
  • HARRIS DCH, HAMMOND WS, BURKE TJ, SCHRIER RW: Verapamil protects against progression of experimen-tal chronic renal failure. Kidney Int. (1987) 31:41–46.
  • ROMERO JC, RAU L, GRANGER JP: Multiple effects of calcium entry blockers on renal function in hyperten-sion. Hypertension (1987) 10:140–151.
  • KLAHR S, SCHREINER G, ICHIKAWA I: The progression of renal disease. New Engl. J. Med. (1988) 318:1657–1666.
  • SHULTZ PJ, RAU L: Inhibition of human mesangial cell proliferation by calcium blockers. Hypertension (1990) 15\(Suppl. 1):76–80.
  • DWORKIN U), BENSTEIN JA: Antihypertensive agents, glomerular hemodynamic and glomerular injury. In: Calcium Antagonists and the Kidney. Epstein M, Loutzenhiser R (Eds.), Hanley & Belfur, Inc., Philadelphia (1990):155–176.
  • KEANE WJ, RAU L: Relationship among altered glomeru-lar barrier, perselectivity, angiotensin II, and mesangial uptake of macromolecules. Lab. Invest. (1985) 52:599–604.
  • PSATY BM, HECKBERT S, KOEPSELL TD, SISCOVICK DS, RAGHUNATHAN TE, WEISS NS, ROSENDAAL FR, LEMAITRE RN, SMITH NL, WAHL PW, WAGNER EH, FURBERG CD: The risk of myocardial infarction associated with antihyper-tensive drug therapies. J. Am. Med. Assoc. (1995) 274:620–625.
  • FURBERG CD, PSATY BM, MEYER JV: Nffedipine: dose related increase in mortality in patients with coronary heart disease. Circulation (1995) 92:1326–1331.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.