Opioid dependence treatment: options in pharmacotherapy

Bibliography

• Administration SAaMHS. Results from the 2007 National Survey of Drug Use and Health: National Findings. Rockville, MD: Administration SAaMHS, 2008
   Google Scholar
• Amato L, Davoli M, Minozzi S, et al. Methadone at tapered doses for the management of opioid withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;3:CD003409
   Google Scholar
• Ward J, Bell J, Mattick RP. Methadone maintenance therapy for opioid dependence: a guide to appropriate use. CNS Drugs 1996;6(6):440-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dole VP, Robinson JW, Orraca J, et al. Methadone treatment of randomly selected criminal addicts. N Engl J Med 1969;280(25):1372-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowing LR, Farrell M, Bornemann R, et al. Brief report: methadone treatment of injecting opioid users for prevention of HIV infection. J Gen Intern Med 2006;21(2):193-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gronbladh L, Ohlund LS, Gunne LM. Mortality in heroin addiction: impact of methadone treatment. Acta Psychiat Scand 1990;82(3):223-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newman RG, Whitehill WB. Double-blind comparison of methadone and placebo maintenance treatments of narcotic addicts in Hong Kong. Lancet 1979;2(8141):485-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lenne M, Lintzeris N, Breen C, et al. Withdrawal from methadone maintenance treatment: prognosis and participant perspectives. Aust NZ J Publ Health 2001;25(2):121-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ehret GB, Voide C, Gex-Fabry M, et al. Drug-induced long QT syndrome in injection drug users receiving methadone: high frequency in hospitalized patients and risk factors. Arch Int Med 2006;166(12):1280-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fanoe S, Hvidt C, Ege P, Jensen GB. Syncope and QT prolongation among patients treated with methadone for heroin dependence in the city of Copenhagen. Heart 2007;93(9):1051-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowing LR, Ali RL. The place of detoxification in treatment of opioid dependence. Current Opin Psychiatry 2006;19(3):266-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senay EC, Dorus W, Goldberg F. Withdrawal from methadone maintenance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1977;34:361-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerra G, Zaimovic A, Rustichelli P, et al. Rapid opiate detoxication in outpatient treatment: relationship with naltrexone compliance. J Subst Abuse Treat 2000;18(2):185-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glasper A, Gossop M, de Wet C, et al. Influence of the dose on the severity of opiate withdrawal symptoms during methadone detoxification. Pharmacology 2008;81(2):92-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vocci FJ, Acri J, Elkashef A. Medication development for addictive disorders: the state of the science. Am J Psychiatry 2005;162(8):1432-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas MA, Bradley TC, Annon JJ, Longshore D. Levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) versus methadone Maintenance: 1-year treatment retention, outcomes and status. Addiction 2007;102:1432-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longshore D, Annon J, Anglin MD, Rawson RA. Levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM) versus methadone: treatment retention and opiate use. Addiction 2005;100(8):1131-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deamer RL, Wilson DR, Clark DS, Prichard JG. Torsades de pointes associated with high dose levomethadyl acetate (ORLAAM). J Addict Dis 2001;20(4):7-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreek MJ, Vocci FJ. History and current status of opioid maintenance treatments: blending conference session. J Subst Abuse Treat 2002;23(2):93-105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fudala PJ, Bridge TP, Herbert S. A multisite efficacy evaluation of a buprenorphine/naloxone product for opiate dependence treatment. NIDA Res Monogr 1998;179:105
   Google Scholar
• Obadia Y, Perrin V, Feroni I, et al. Injecting misuse of buprenorphine among French drug users. Addiction 2001;96(2):267-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amass L, Kamien JB, Mikulich SK. Efficacy of daily and alternate-day dosing regimens with the combination buprenorphine-naloxone tablet. Drug Alcohol Depend 2000;58(1-2):143-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amass L, Kamien JB, Mikulich SK. Thrice-weekly supervised dosing with the combination buprenorphine-naloxone tablet is preferred to daily supervised dosing by opioid-dependent humans. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001;61(2):173-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petry NM, Bickel WK, Badger GJ. Examining the limits of the buprenorphine interdosing interval: daily, every-third-day and every-fifth-day dosing regimens. Addiction 2001;96(6):823-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh SL, Preston KL, Bigelow GE, Stitzer ML. Acute administration of buprenorphine in humans: partial agonist and blockade effects. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995;274(1):361-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh SL, Preston KL, Stitzer ML, et al. Clinical pharmacology of buprenorphine: ceiling effects at high doses. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1994;55(5):569-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris DS, Jones RT, Welm S, et al. Buprenorphine and naloxone co-administration in opiate-dependent patients stabilized on sublingual buprenorphine. Drug Alcohol Depend 2000;61(1):85-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelson J, Jones RT, Welm S, et al. Buprenorphine and naloxone combinations: the effects of three dose ratios in morphine-stabilized, opiate-dependent volunteers. Psychopharmacology 1999;141(1):37-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendelson J, Jones RT, Welm S, et al. Buprenorphine and naloxone interactions in methadone maintenance patients. Biol Psychiatry 1997;41(11):1095-101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattick RP, Kimber J, Breen C, Davoli M. Buprenorphine maintenance versus placebo or methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;(2):Art No.: CD002207. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002207.pub3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fudala PJ, Bridge TP, Herbert S, et al. Office-based treatment of opiate addiction with a sublingual-tablet formulation of buprenorphine and naloxone. N Engl J Med 2003;349(10):949-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson RE, Eissenberg T, Stitzer ML, et al. A placebo controlled clinical trial of buprenorphine as a treatment for opioid dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 1995;40(1):17-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kakko J, Svanborg KD, Kreek MJ, Heilig M. 1-year retention and social function after buprenorphine-assisted relapse prevention treatment for heroin dependence in Sweden: a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2003;361(9358):662-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krook AL, Brors O, Dahlberg J, et al. A placebo-controlled study of high dose buprenorphine in opiate dependents waiting for medication-assisted rehabilitation in Oslo, Norway. Addiction 2002;97(5):533-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling W, Charuvastra C, Collins JF, et al. Buprenorphine maintenance treatment of opiate dependence: a multicenter, randomized clinical trial. Addiction 1998;93(4):475-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fischer G, Gombas W, Eder H, et al. Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance for the treatment of opioid dependence. Addiction 1999;94(9):1337-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosten TR, Schottenfeld R, Ziedonis D, Falcioni J. Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance for opioid dependence. Journal Nerv Ment Dis 1993;181(6):358-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattick RP, Ali R, White JM, et al. Buprenorphine versus methadone maintenance therapy: a randomized double-blind trial with 405 opioid-dependent patients. Addiction 2003;98(4):441-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petitjean S, Stohler R, Deglon JJ, et al. Double-blind randomized trial of buprenorphine and methadone in opiate dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001;62(1):97-104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strain EC, Stitzer ML, Liebson IA, Bigelow GE. Comparison of buprenorphine and methadone in the treatment of opioid dependence. Am J Psychiatry 1994;151(7):1025-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West SL, O'Neal KK, Graham CW. A meta-analysis comparing the effectiveness of buprenorphine and methadone. J Subst Abuse 2000;12(4):405-14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Petitjean S, von Bardeleben U, Weber M, Ladewig D. Buprenorphine versus methadone in opiate detoxification: Preliminary results. Drug Alcohol Depend 2002;66(Suppl):S138
   Google Scholar
• Kakko J, Gronbladh L, Svanborg KD, et al. A stepped care strategy using buprenorphine and methadone versus conventional methadone maintenance in heroin dependence: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164(5):797-803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne A, Wodak A. Data do not support buprenorphine as a first-line treatment of addiction. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164(11):1757
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connock M, Juarez-Garcia A, Jowett S, et al. Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess (Winchester, England) 2007;11(9):1-171, iii-iv
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kosten TR, Krystal J, Morgan C, et al. Opioid detoxification using buprenorphine. NIDA Res Monogr 1988;90:68
   Google Scholar
• Farrell M. Opiate withdrawal. Addiction 1994;89(11):1471-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preston KL, Bigelow GE. Pharmacological advances in addiction treatment. Int J Addict 1985;20(6-7):845-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowing L, Ali R, White JM. Buprenorphine for the management of opioid withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;(2): Art No.: CD002025. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002025.pub3
   Google Scholar
• Ebner R, Schreiber W, Zierer C. Buprenorphine or methadone for detoxification of young opioid addicts? Psychiatr Prax 2004;31(Suppl 1):S108-10
   Google Scholar
• Seifert J, Metzner C, Paetzold W, et al. Detoxification of opiate addicts with multiple drug abuse: a comparison of buprenorphine vs. methadone. Pharmacopsychiatry 2002;35(5):159-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umbricht A, Hoover DR, Tucker MJ, et al. Opioid detoxification with buprenorphine, clonidine, or methadone in hospitalized heroin-dependent patients with HIV infection. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003;69(3):263-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameron D, Allen D, Galway K. A pilot study of the effectiveness of buprenorphine and methadone as detoxification agents when choice in given to the consumer. J Subst Use 2001;6(2):101-9
   Google Scholar
• Fingerhood MI, Thompson MR, Jasinski DR. A Comparison of Clonidine and Buprenorphine in the Outpatient Treatment of Opiate Withdrawal. Subst Abuse 2001;22(3):193-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lintzeris N. Buprenorphine dosing regime in the management of out-patient heroin withdrawal. Drug Alcohol Rev 2002;21(1):39-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lintzeris N, Bell J, Bammer G, et al. A randomized controlled trial of buprenorphine in the management of short-term ambulatory heroin withdrawal. Addiction 2002;97(11):1395-404
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nigam AK, Ray R, Tripathi BM. Buprenorphine in opiate withdrawal: a comparison with clonidine. J Subt Abuse Treat 1993;10(4):391-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor PG, Carroll KM, Shi JM, et al. Three methods of opioid detoxification in a primary care setting. A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1997;127(7):526-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amass L, Bickel WK, Higgins ST, Hughes JR. A preliminary investigation of outcome following gradual or rapid buprenorphine detoxification. J Addict Dis 1994;13(3):33-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang RI, Young LD. Double-blind controlled detoxification from buprenorphine.NIDA Res Monogr 1996;162:114
   Google Scholar
• Pycha C, Resnick RB, Galanter M. Buprenorphine: Rapid and slow dose-reductions for heroin detoxification. NIDA Res Monogr 1994;141:453
   Google Scholar
• Ling W, Hillhouse M, Domier C, et al. Buprenorphine tapering schedule and illicit opioid use. Addiction 2009;104(2):256-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling W, Amass L, Shoptaw S, et al. A multi-center randomized trial of buprenorphine-naloxone versus clonidine for opioid detoxification: findings from the National Institute on Drug Abuse Clinical Trials Network. Addiction 2005;100(8):1090-100
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breen CL, Harris SJ, Lintzeris N, et al. Cessation of methadone maintenance treatment using buprenorphine: transfer from methadone to buprenorphine and subsequent buprenorphine reductions. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003;71(1):49-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin FR, Fischman MW, Connerney I, Foltin RW. A protocol to switch high-dose, methadone-maintained subjects to buprenorphine. Am J Addict 1997;6(2):105-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson RE, Strain EC, Amass L. Buprenorphine: How to use it right. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003;70(Suppl 2):S59-77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horspool MJ, Seivewright N, Armitage CJ, Mathers N. Post-treatment outcomes of buprenorphine detoxification in community settings: a systematic review. Eur Addict Res 2008;14(4):179-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrau K, Thirion X, Micallef J, et al. Comparison of methadone and high dosage buprenorphine users in French care centres. Addiction 2001;96(10):1433-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thirion X, Micallef J, Barrau K, et al. Recent evolution in opiate dependence in France during generalisation of maintenance treatments. Drug Alcohol Depend 2001;61(3):281-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vignau J, Brunelle E. Differences between general practitioner- and addiction centre-prescribed buprenorphine substitution therapy in France. Preliminary results. Eur Addict Res 1998;4(Suppl 1):24-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carrieri MP, Rey D, Loundou A, et al. Evaluation of buprenorphine maintenance treatment in a French cohort of HIV-infected injecting drug users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2003;72(1):13-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gueye PN, Megarbane B, Borron SW, et al. Trends in opiate and opioid poisonings in addicts in north-east Paris and suburbs, 1995-99. Addiction 2002;97(10):1295-304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiellin DA, Pantalon MV, Pakes JP, et al. Treatment of heroin dependence with buprenorphine in primary care. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2002;28(2):231-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor PG, Oliveto AH, Shi JM, et al. A pilot study of primary-care-based buprenorphine maintenance for heroin dependence. Am Jo Drug Alcohol Abuse 1996;22(4):523-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor PG, Oliveto AH, Shi JM, et al. A randomized trial of buprenorphine maintenance for heroin dependence in a primary care clinic for substance users versus a methadone clinic. Am J Med 1998;105(2):100-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cunningham C, Giovanniello A, Sacajiu G, et al. Buprenorphine treatment in an urban community health center: what to expect. Fam Med 2008;40(7):500-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiellin DA, Moore BA, Sullivan LE, et al. Long-term treatment with buprenorphine/naloxone in primary care: results at 2-5 years. Am J Addict 2008;17(2):116-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mintzer IL, Eisenberg M, Terra M, et al. Treating opioid addiction with buprenorphine-naloxone in community-based primary care settings. Ann Fam Med 2007;5(2):146-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold MS, Pottash AC. The neurobiological implications of clonidine HCI. Ann NY Acad Sci 1989;362:191-202
   Google Scholar
• Gossop M. Clonidine and the treatment of the opiate withdrawal syndrome. Drug Alcohol Depend 1988;21(3):253-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowing L, Farrell M, Ali R, White J. Alpha2 adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Online) 2004;4:CD002024
   Google Scholar
• Akhurst JS. Lofexidine in opiate withdrawal: a safety and usage survey. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2000;9(1):43-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beswick T, Best D, Bearn J, et al. The effectiveness of combined naloxone/lofexidine in opiate detoxification: results from a double-blind randomized and placebo-controlled trial. Am J Addict 2003;12(4):295-305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raistrick D, West D, Finnegan O, et al. A comparison of buprenorphine and lofexidine for community opiate detoxification: results from a randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2005;100(12):1860-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strang J, Bearn J, Gossop M. Lofexidine for opiate detoxification: review of recent randomised and open controlled trials. Am J Addict 1999;8(4):337-48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White R, Alcorn R, Feinmann C. Two methods of community detoxification from opiates: an open-label comparison of lofexidine and buprenorphine. Drug Alcohol Dependence 2001;65(1):77-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu E, Miotto K, Akerele E, et al. A Phase 3 placebo-controlled, double-blind, multi-site trial of the alpha-2-adrenergic agonist, lofexidine, for opioid withdrawal. Drug Alcohol Depend2008;97(12):158-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold MS, Redmond DE Jr, Kleber HD. Clonidine blocks acute opiate-withdrawal symptoms. Lancet 1978;2(8090):599-602
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Washton AM, Resnick RB. Clonidine for opiate detoxification: outpatient clinical trials. Am J Psychiatry 1980;137(9):1121-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bearn J, Gossop M, Strang J. Accelerated lofexidine treatment regimen compared with conventional lofexidine and methadone treatment for in-patient opiate detoxification. Drug Alcohol Depend 1998;50(3):227-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cami J, de Torres S, San L, et al. Efficacy of clonidine and of methadone in the rapid detoxification of patients dependent on heroin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1985;38(3):336-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleber HD, Riordan CE, Rounsaville B, et al. Clonidine in outpatient detoxification from methadone maintenance. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42(4):391-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• San L, Cami J, Peri JM, et al. Efficacy of clonidine, guanfacine and methadone in the rapid detoxification of heroin addicts: a controlled clinical trial. Br J Addict 1990;85(1):141-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jiang Z. Rapid detoxification with clonidine for heroin addiciton: A comparative study on its efficacy vs. methadone. Chin J Neurol Psychiatry 1993;26(1):10-3
   Google Scholar
• Gowing L, Ali R, White J. Buprenorphine for the management of opioid withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Online) 2006;2:CD002025
   Google Scholar
• Kleber HD. Naltrexone. J Subst Abuse Treat 1985;2(2):117-22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Navaratnam V, Jamaludin A, Raman N, et al. Determination of naltrexone dosage for narcotic agonist blockade in detoxified Asian addicts. Drug Alcohol Depend 1994;34(3):231-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rawson RA, Mccann MJ, Hasson AJ, Ling W. Addiction pharmacotherapy 2000: new options, new challenges. J Psychoactive Drugs 2000;32(4):371-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minozzi S, Amato L, Vecchi S, et al. Oral naltrexone maintenance treatment for opioid dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev (Online) 2006;1:CD001333
   Google Scholar
• Brewer C, Wong VS. Naltrexone: report of lack of hepatotoxicity in acute viral hepatitis, with a review of the literature. Addiction Biol 2004;9(1):81-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Croop RS, Faulkner EB, Labriola DF. The safety profile of naltrexone in the treatment of alcoholism. Results from a multicenter usage study. The Naltrexone Usage Study Group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1997;54(12):1130-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrazzi MA, Wroblewski JM, Kinzie J, Luby ED. High-dose naltrexone and liver function safety. Am J Addict 1997;6(1):21-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhopesh VP, Taylor KR, Burke WM. Survey of hepatitis B and C in addiction treatment unit. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2000;26(4):703-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallinan R, Byrne A, Amin J, Dore GJ. Hepatitis C virus prevalence and outcomes among injecting drug users on opioid replacement therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;20(7):1082-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor PG, Farren CK, Rounsaville BJ, O'Malley SS. A preliminary investigation of the management of alcohol dependence with naltrexone by primary care providers. Am J Med 1997;103(6):477-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen MH, Ko HC, Tang FI, et al. Study of hepatotoxicity of naltrexone in the treatment of alcoholism. Alcohol 2006;38:117-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowley TJ, Wagner JE, Zerbe G, Macdonald M. Naltrexone-induced dysphoria in former opioid addicts. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142(9):1081-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miotta K, Mccann MJ, Basch J, et al. Naltrexone and dysphoria–fact or fiction. Am J Psychiatry 2002;11:151-60
   Google Scholar
• Johansson BA, Berglund M, Lindgren A. Efficacy of maintenance treatment with naltrexone for opioid dependence: a meta-analytical review. Addicyion 2006;101(4):491-503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan MA, Garawi F, Bisaga A, et al. Management of relapse in naltrexone maintenance for heroin dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2007;91:289-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothenberg JL, Sullivan MA, Church SH, et al. Behavioral naltrexone therapy: an integrated treatment for opiate dependence. J Subst Abuse Treat 2002;23(4):351-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenstein RA, O'Brien CP, Mclellan AT, et al. Naltrexone: a short-term treatment for opiate dependence. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1981;8(3):291-300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tennant FS Jr, Rawson RA, Cohen AJ, Mann A. Clinical experience with naltrexone in suburban opioid addicts. J Clin Psychiatry 1984;45(9 Pt 2):42-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang CN, Hollister LE, Gillespie HK, Foltz RL. Clinical evaluation of a naltrexone sustained-release preparation. Drug Alcohol Depend 1985;16(1):1-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comer SD, Collins ED, Kleber HD, et al. Depot naltrexone: long-lasting antagonism of the effects of heroin in humans. Psychopharmacology 2002;159(4):351-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Comer SD, Sullivan MA, Yu E, et al. Injectable, sustained-release naltrexone for the treatment of opioid dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2006;63:210-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garbutt JC, Kranzler HR, O'Malley SS, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of long-acting injectable naltrexone for alcohol dependence: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005;293(13):1617-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kranzler HR, Modesto-Lowe V, Nuwayser ES. Sustained-release naltrexone for alcoholism treatment: a preliminary study. Alcohol Clinical Exp Res 1998;22(5):1074-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kranzler HR, Wesson DR, Billot L. Naltrexone depot for treatment of alcohol dependence: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004;28(7):1051-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngo HT, Arnold-Reed DE, Hansson RC, et al. Blood naltrexone levels over time following naltrexone implant. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008;32(1):23-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster J, Brewer C, Steele T. Naltrexone implants can completely prevent early (1-month) relapse after opiate detoxification: a pilot study of two cohorts totalling 101 patients with a note on naltrexone blood levels. Addiction Biol 2003;8(2):211-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lintzeris N, Lee S, Scopelliti L, et al. Unplanned admissions to two Sydney public hospitals after naltrexone implants. Med J Aust 2008;188(8):441-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson AE, Degenhardt LJ, Hall WD. Opioid overdose deaths can occur in patients with naltrexone implants. Med J Aust 2007;186(3):152-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tait RJ, Ngo HT, Hulse GK. Mortality in heroin users 3 years after naltrexone implant or methadone maintenance treatment. J Subst Abuse Treat 2008;35(2):116-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngo HT, Tait RJ, Hulse GK. Comparing drug-related hospital morbidity following heroin dependence treatment with methadone maintenance or naltrexone implantation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008;65(4):457-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davoli M, Bargagli AM, Perucci CA, et al. Risk of fatal overdose during and after specialist drug treatment: the VEdeTTE study, a national multi-site prospective cohort study. Addiction 2007;102(12):1954-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleber HD, Topazian M, Gaspari J, et al. Clonidine and naltrexone in the outpatient treatment of heroin withdrawal. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1987;13(1-2):1-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gowing L, Ali R, White J. Opioid antagonists and adrenergic agonists for the management of opioid withdrawal. Cochrane Database Syst Rev(Online) 2000;2:CD002021
   Google Scholar
• Gerra G, Marcato A, Caccavari R, et al. Clonidine and opiate receptor antagonists in the treatment of heroin addiction. J Subst Abuse Treat 1995;12(1):35-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Connor PG, Waugh ME, Carroll KM, et al. Primary care-based ambulatory opioid detoxification: the results of a clinical trial. J Gen Intern Med 1995;10(5):255-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vining E, Kosten TR, Kleber HD. Clinical utility of rapid clonidine-naltrexone detoxification for opioid abusers. Br J Addict 1988;83(5):567-75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gerra G, Zaimovic A, Giusti F, et al. Lofexidine versus clonidine in rapid opiate detoxification. J Subst Abuse Treat 2001;21(1):11-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umbricht A, Montoya ID, Hoover DR, et al. Naltrexone shortened opioid detoxification with buprenorphine. Drug Alcohol Depend 1999;56(3):181-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerra G, Fantoma A, Zaimovic A. Naltrexone and buprenorphine combination in the treatment of opioid dependence. J Psychopharmacol 2006;20(6):806-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camarasa X, Khazaal Y, Besson J, Zullino DF. Naltrexone-assisted rapid methadone discontinuation: a pilot study. Eur Addict Res 2007;13(1):20-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badenoch J. A death following ultra-rapid opiate detoxification: the General Medical Council adjudicates on a commercialized detoxification. Addiction 2002;97(5):475-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins ED, Kleber HD, Whittington RA, Heitler NE. Anesthesia-assisted vs buprenorphine- or clonidine-assisted heroin detoxification and naltrexone induction: a randomized trial. JAMA 2005;294(8):903-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albanese AP, Gevirtz C, Oppenheim B, et al. Outcome and six month follow up of patients after Ultra Rapid Opiate Detoxification (UROD). J Addict Dis 2000;19(2):11-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hensel M, Kox WJ. Safety, efficacy, and long-term results of a modified version of rapid opiate detoxification under general anaesthesia: a prospective study in methadone, heroin, codeine and morphine addicts. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2000;44(3):326-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawental E. Ultra rapid opiate detoxification as compared to 30-day inpatient detoxification program: a retrospective follow-up study. J Subst Abuse 2000;11(2):173-81
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grabowski J. Outcome of Five Month Open vs. Blind Dose Reduction after LAAM Maintenance: Heroin Use, Risks, and QTc. under review
   Google Scholar
• Maxwell S, Shinderman M. Optimizing response to methadone maintenance treatment: use of higher-dose methadone. J Psychoactive Drugs 1999;31(2):95-102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Available from: http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/nsduh/2k5nsduh/2k5Results.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kleinschmidt KC, Wainscott M, Ford MD. Opioids. In: Ford Kad MD, Ling LJ, Erickson T, editors, Ford: Clinical Toxicology, 1st edition, Philadelphia: W.B Saunder;2001:627-39
   Google Scholar
• Woody GE, Poole SA, Subramaniam G, et al. Extended vs short-term buprenorphine-naloxone for treatment of opioid-addicted youth: a randomized trial. JAMA 2008;300(17):2003-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fulghesu AM, Lanzone A, Apa R, et al. The hypothalamic-pituitary-luteal axis in women: effects of long-term orally active opioid antagonist (naltrexone) administration. J Endocrinol Invest 1997;20(7):368-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haney M, Kosten T. Therapeutic vaccines for substance dependence. Drug Discov Today: Ther Strateg 2005;2(1):65-9
   Google Scholar
• Orson FM, Kinsey BM, Singh RA, et al. The future of vaccines in the management of addictive disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2007;9(5):381-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Martell BA, Mitchell E, Poling J, et al. Vaccine pharmacotherapy for the treatment of cocaine dependence. Biol Psychiatry 2005;58(2):158-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar