259
Views
39
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Access denied? The status of co-receptor inhibition to counter HIV entry

, &
Pages 923-933 | Published online: 01 May 2007

Bibliography

  • GERARD C, ROLLINS BJ: Chemokines and diseases. Nature Immunol. (2001) 2(2):108-115.
  • CHARO IF, RANSOHOFF RM: The many roles of chemokines and chemokine receptors in inflammation. N. Engl. J. Med. (2006) 354(6):610-621.
  • PALELLA FJ JR, DELANEY KM, MOORMAN AC et al.: Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N. Engl. J. Med (1998) 338(13):853-860.
  • RICHMAN DD, MORTON SC, WRIN T et al.: The prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance in the United States. AIDS (2004) 18(10):1393-1401.
  • HARRIGAN PR, HOGG RS, DONG WW et al.: Predictors of HIV drug-resistance mutations in a large antiretroviral-naive cohort initiating triple antiretroviral therapy. J. Infect. Dis. (2005) 191(3):339-347.
  • PALELLA FJ JR, BAKER RK, MOORMAN AC et al.: Mortality in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: changing causes of death and disease in the HIV outpatient study. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. (2006) 43(1):27-34.
  • LAMPE FC, GATELL JM, STASZEWSKI S et al.: Changes over time in risk of initial virological failure of combination antiretroviral therapy: a multicohort analysis, 1996 to 2002. Arch. Intern. Med. (2006) 166(5):521-528.
  • GIANOTTI N, LAZZARIN A: Sequencing antiretroviral drugs for long-lasting suppression of HIV replication. New Microbiol. (2005) 28(4):281-297.
  • MATTHEWS T, SALGO M, GREENBERG M, CHUNG J, DEMASI R, BOLOGNESI D: Enfuvirtide: the first therapy to inhibit the entry of HIV-1 into host CD4 lymphocytes. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. (2004) 3(3):215-225.
  • LAZZARIN A: Enfuvirtide: the first HIV fusion inhibitor. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. (2005) 6(3):453-464.
  • CASTAGNA A, BISWAS P, BERETTA A, LAZZARIN A: From discovery of biological mechanisms to drug development: the appealing story of entry inhibitors. Drugs (2005) 65(7):879-904.
  • BERGER EA, DOMS RW, FENYO EM et al.: A new classification for HIV-1. Nature (1998) 391(6664):240.
  • COCCHI F, DEVICO AL, GARZINO-DEMO A, CARA A, GALLO RC, LUSSO P: The V3 domain of the HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoprotein is critical for chemokine-mediated blockade of infection. Nat. Med. (1996) 2(11):1244-1247.
  • HUANG W, TOMA J, FRANSEN S et al.: Modulation of co-receptor tropism and susceptibility to co-receptor inhibitors by regions outside of the V3 loop: effect of gp41 amino acid substitutions. Proceedings of the 46th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. San Francisco, USA (27 – 30 September 2006) H-245.
  • LOPALCO L, BARASSI C, PASTORI C et al.: CCR5-reactive antibodies in seronegative partners of HIV-seropositive individuals down-modulate surface CCR5 in vivo and neutralize infectivity of R5 strains of HIV-1 in vitro. J. Immunol. (2000) 164(6):3426-3433.
  • PASTORI C, WEISER B, BARASSI C et al.: Long-lasting CCR5 internalization by antibodies in a subset of long-term nonprogressors: a possible protective effect against disease progression. Blood (2006) 107(12):4825-4833.
  • MOYLE GJ, WILDFIRE A, MANDALIA S et al.: Epidemiology and predictive factors for chemokine receptor use in HIV-1 infection. J. Infect. Dis. (2005) 191(6):866-872.
  • BRUMME ZL, GOODRICH J, MAYER HB et al.: Molecular and clinical epidemiology of CXCR4-using HIV-1 in a large population of antiretroviral-naive individuals. J. Infect. Dis. (2005) 192(3):466-474.
  • HUNT PW, HARRIGAN PR, HUANG W et al.: Prevalence of CXCR4 tropism among antiretroviral-treated HIV-1-infected patients with detectable viremia. J. Infect. Dis. (2006) 194(7):926-930.
  • MELBY T, DESPIRITO M, DEMASI R, HEILEK-SNYDER G, GREENBERG ML, GRAHAM N: HIV-1 coreceptor use in triple-class treatment-experienced patients: baseline prevalence, correlates, and relationship to enfuvirtide response. J. Infect. Dis. (2006) 194(2):238-246.
  • WILKIN TJ, SU Z, KURITZKES DR et al.: HIV Type 1 chemokine coreceptor use among antiretroviral-experienced patients screened for a clinical trial of a CCR5 inhibitor: AIDS Clinical Trial Group A5211. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2007) 44(4):591-595.
  • BISWAS P, NOZZA S, SCARLATTI G, LAZZARIN A, TAMBUSSI G: Oral CCR5 inhibitors: will they make it through? Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs (2006) 15(5):451-464.
  • MELBY T: HIV coreceptor use in heavily treatment-experienced patients: does it take two to tangle? Clin. Infect. Dis. (2007) 44(4):596-598.
  • REGOES RR, BONHOEFFER S: The HIV coreceptor switch: a population dynamical perspective. Trends Microbiol. (2005) 13(6):269-277.
  • MILD M, ESBJORNSSON J, FENYO EM, MEDSTRAND P: Frequent intrapatient recombination between HIV-1 R5 and X4 envelopes: Implications for coreceptor switch. J Virol. (2007) 81(7):3369-3376.
  • FERNANDEZ G, LLANO A, ESGLEAS M, CLOTET B, ESTE JA, MARTINEZ MA: Purifying selection of CCR5-tropic human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 variants in AIDS subjects that have developed syncytium-inducing, CXCR4-tropic viruses. J. Gen. Virol. (2006) 87(5):1285-1294.
  • PHILPOTT S, WEISER B, ANASTOS K et al.: Preferential suppression of CXCR4-specific strains of HIV-1 by antiviral therapy. J. Clin. Invest. (2001) 107(4):431-438.
  • WATERS LJ, MANDALIA S, WILDFIRE A, GAZZARD B, MOYLE G: HIV co-receptor tropism in treatment-naïve patients: impact on CD4 decline and subsequent response to HAART. Proceedings of the 46th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. San Francisco, USA (27 – 30 September 2006) H-1667.
  • LEDERMAN MM, PENN-NICHOLSON A, CHO M, MOSIER D: Biology of CCR5 and its role in HIV infection and treatment. JAMA (2006) 296(7):815-826.
  • LUSSO P: HIV and the chemokine system: 10 years later. EMBO J. (2006) 25(3):447-456.
  • KISH-CATALONE TM, LU W, GALLO RC, DEVICO AL: Preclinical evaluation of synthetic -2 RANTES as a candidate vaginal microbicide to target CCR5. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2006) 50(4):1497-1509.
  • ADKISON KK, SHACHOY-CLARK A, FANG L et al.: The effects of ritonavir and lopinavir/ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of a novel CCR5 antagonist, aplaviroc, in healthy subjects. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. (2006) 62(3):336-344.
  • SANSONE A, KEUNG A, TETTEH E et al.: Vicriviroc (VCV) pharmacokinetics (PK): lack of impact of ritonavir (RTV)-boosted protease inhibitors (PI). Proceedings of the 16th International AIDS Conference. Toronto, Canada (13 – 18 August 2006) TUPE0074.
  • GULICK R, SU Z, FLEXNER C et al.: ACTG 5211: Phase II study of the safety and efficacy of vicriviroc in HIV-infected treatment-experienced subjects. Proceedings of the 16th International AIDS Conference. Toronto, Canada (13 – 18 August 2006) THLB0217.
  • FATKENHEUER G, POZNIAK AL, JOHNSON MA et al.: Efficacy of short-term monotherapy with maraviroc, a new CCR5 antagonist, in patients infected with HIV-1. Nat. Med. (2005) 11(11):1170-1172.
  • WESTBY M, LEWIS M, WHITCOMB J et al.: Emergence of CXCR4-using human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV-1) variants in a minority of HIV-1-infected patients following treatment with the CCR5 antagonist maraviroc is from a pretreatment CXCR4-using virus reservoir. J. Virol. (2006) 80(10):4909-4920.
  • MAYER H, VAN DER RYST E, SAAG M et al.: Safety and efficacy of maraviroc (MVC), a novel CCR5 antagonist, when used in combination with optimized background therapy (OBT) for the treatment of antiretroviral-experienced subjects infected with dual/mixed-tropic HIV-1: 24-week results of a Phase IIb exploratory trial. Proceedings of the 16th International AIDS Conference. Toronto, Canada (13 – 18 August 2006) THLB0215.
  • NELSON MR, FATKENHAUER G, KOUNORINA I et al.: Efficacy and safety of maraviroc (MVC) plus optimized background therapy (OBT) in viremic, antiretroviral treatment experienced patients infected with CCR5-tropic (R5) HIV-1 in Europe, Australia and North America (MOTIVATE 2): 24-week results. Proceedings of the 14th Annual Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI). Los Angeles, USA (25 – 28 February 2007)
  • KUHMANN SE, PUGACH P, KUNSTMAN KJ et al.: Genetic and phenotypic analyses of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 escape from a small-molecule CCR5 inhibitor. J. Virol. (2004) 78(6):2790-2807.
  • MAROZSAN AJ, KUHMANN SE, MORGAN T et al.: Generation and properties of a human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 isolate resistant to the small molecule CCR5 inhibitor, SCH-417690 (SCH-D). Virology (2005) 338(1):182-199.
  • MURGA JD, FRANTI M, PEVEAR DC, MADDON PJ, OLSON WC: Potent antiviral synergy between monoclonal antibody and small-molecule CCR5 inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2006) 50(10):3289-3296.
  • OLSON WC, RABUT GE, NAGASHIMA KA et al.: Differential inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 fusion, gp120 binding, and CC-chemokine activity by monoclonal antibodies to CCR5. J. Virol. (1999) 73(5):4145-4155.
  • POLI G: PRO-140 (Progenics). IDrugs (2001) 4(9):1068-1071.
  • LALEZARI J, LEDERMAN M, YADAVALLI G et al.: A Phase I, dose-escalation, placebo-controlled study of a fully human monoclonal antibody (CCR5mAb004) against CCR5 in patients with CCR5-tropic HIV-1 infection. Proceedings of the 46th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. San Francisco, USA (2006) H-1668.
  • YANG AG, BAI X, HUANG XF, YAO C, CHEN S: Phenotypic knockout of HIV Type 1 chemokine coreceptor CCR-5 by intrakines as potential therapeutic approach for HIV-1 infection. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA (1997) 94(21):11567-11572.
  • COFFIELD VM, JIANG Q, SU L: A genetic approach to inactivating chemokine receptors using a modified viral protein. Nat. Biotechnol. (2003) 21(11):1321-1327.
  • PEREZ EE, JOUVENOT Y, WANG J et al.: Towards gene knock out therapy for AIDS/HIV: targeted disruption of CCR5 using engineered zinc finger protein nucleases. Proceedings of the 46th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. San Francisco, USA (27 – 30 September 2006) H-244.
  • HOWARD OM, OPPENHEIM JJ, HOLLINGSHEAD MG et al.: Inhibition of in vitro and in vivo HIV replication by a distamycin analogue that interferes with chemokine receptor function: a candidate for chemotherapeutic and microbicidal application. J. Med. Chem. (1998) 41(13):2184-2193.
  • FARBER JM, EA BERGER: HIV’s response to a CCR5 inhibitor: I’d rather tighten than switch! Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2002) 99(4):1749-1751.
  • TRKOLAA, KUHMANN SE, STRIZKI JM et al.: HIV-1 escape from a small molecule, CCR5-specific entry inhibitor does not involve CXCR4 use. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2002) 99(1):395-400.
  • PUGACH P, MAROZSAN AJ, KETAS TJ, LANDES EL, MOORE JP, KUHMANN SE: HIV-1 clones resistant to a small molecule CCR5 inhibitor use the inhibitor-bound form of CCR5 for entry. Virology (2006) Epub ahead of print.
  • DORR P, WESTBY M, DOBBS S et al.: Maraviroc (UK-427,857), a potent, orally bioavailable, and selective small-molecule inhibitor of chemokine receptor CCR5 with broad-spectrum anti-human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 activity. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2005) 49(11):4721-4732.
  • ZHOU Y, KURIHARA T, RYSECK RP et al.: Impaired macrophage function and enhanced T cell-dependent immune response in mice lacking CCR5, the mouse homologue of the major HIV-1 coreceptor. J. Immunol. (1998) 160(8):4018-4025.
  • AJUEBOR MN, ASPINALL AI, ZHOU F et al.: Lack of chemokine receptor CCR5 promotes murine fulminant liver failure by preventing the apoptosis of activated CD1d-restricted NKT cells. J. Immunol. (2005) 174(12):8027-8037.
  • MORENO C, GUSTOT T, NICAISE C et al.: CCR5 deficiency exacerbates T-cell-mediated hepatitis in mice. Hepatology (2005) 42(4):854-862.
  • AJUEBOR MN, CAREY JA, SWAIN MG: CCR5 in T cell-mediated liver diseases: what’s going on? J. Immunol. (2006) 177(4):2039-2045.
  • PERSIDSKY Y, GENDELMAN HE: Mononuclear phagocyte immunity and the neuropathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. J. Leukoc. Biol. (2003) 74(5):691-701.
  • SHACKLETT BL, COX CA, WILKENS DT et al.: Increased adhesion molecule and chemokine receptor expression on CD8+ T cells trafficking to cerebrospinal fluid in HIV-1 infection. J. Infect. Dis. (2004) 189(12):2202-2212.
  • GLASS WG, LIM JK, CHOLERA R, PLETNEV AG, GAO JL, MURPHY PM: Chemokine receptor CCR5 promotes leukocyte trafficking to the brain and survival in West Nile virus infection. J. Exp. Med. (2005) 202(8):1087-1098.
  • GLASS WG, MCDERMOTT DH, LIM JK et al.: CCR5 deficiency increases risk of symptomatic West Nile virus infection. J. Exp. Med. (2006) 203(1):35-40.
  • VON ANDRIAN UH, MACKAY CR: T-cell function and migration. Two sides of the same coin. N. Engl. J. Med. (2000) 343(14):1020-1034.
  • SALLUSTO F, MACKAY CR, LANZAVECCHIA A: The role of chemokine receptors in primary, effector, and memory immune responses. Ann. Rev. Immunol. (2000) 18:593-620.
  • CASTELLINO F, HUANG AY, ALTAN-BONNET G, STOLL S, SCHEINECKER C, GERMAIN RN: Chemokines enhance immunity by guiding naive CD8+ T cells to sites of CD4+ T cell-dendritic cell interaction. Nature (2006) 440(7086):890-895.
  • MOLON B, GRI G, BETTELLA M et al.: T cell costimulation by chemokine receptors. Nat. Immunol. (2005) 6(5):465-471.
  • FLOTO RA, MACARY PA, BONAME JM et al.: Dendritic cell stimulation by mycobacterial Hsp70 is mediated through CCR5. Science (2006) 314(5798):454-458.
  • OLSON WC: Monoclonal antibodies and small-molecules as distinct subclasses of CCR5-targeted therapies for HIV-1. Retrovirology (2006) 3(Suppl. 1):S12.
  • SAFARIAN D, CARNEC X, TSAMIS F, KAJUMO F, DRAGIC T: An anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibody and small molecule CCR5 antagonists synergize by inhibiting different stages of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 entry. Virology (2006) 352(2):477-484.
  • DEEKS SG: Challenges of developing R5 inhibitors in antiretroviral naive HIV-infected patients. Lancet (2006) 367(9512):711-713.
  • COAKLEY E, PETROPOULOS CJ, WHITCOMB JM: Assessing chemokine co-receptor usage in HIV. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis. (2005) 18(1):9-15.
  • WHITCOMB JM, HUANG W, FRANSEN S et al.: Development and characterization of a novel single-cycle recombinant-virus assay to determine human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 coreceptor tropism. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. (2007) 51(2):566-575.
  • GOODENOW MM, COLLMAN RG: HIV-1 coreceptor preference is distinct from target cell tropism: a dual-parameter nomenclature to define viral phenotypes. J. Leukoc. Biol. (2006) 80(5):965-972.

Websites

  • http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf This website contains regularly updated guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1 infected adults and adoloscents and are written by the Panel on Clinical Practices for Treatment of HIV Infection, US Department of Health and Social Services (DHHS).
  • http://www.progenics.com Information on the development of the viral-entry inhibitor, PRO 140.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.