489
Views
24
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Historical review on thymosin α1 in oncology: preclinical and clinical experiences

, , , , , , , , , , & show all

Bibliography

  • Goldstein AL, Guha A, Zatz MM, et al. Purification and biological activity of thymosin, a hormone of the thymus gland. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1972;69:1800-3
  • Low TL, Goldstein AL. The chemistry and biology of thymosin. II. Amino acid sequence analysis of thymosin alpha1 and polypeptide beta1. J Biol Chem 1979;254:987-95
  • Talmadge JE, Fidler IJ, Oldham RK. The NCI preclinical screen of biological response modifiers. Behring Inst Mitt 1984;74:189-94
  • Goldstein AL. History of the discovery of the thymosins. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1112:1-13
  • Chretien PB, Lipson SD, Makuch R, et al. Thymosin in cancer patients: in vitro effects and correlations with clinical response to thymosin immunotherapy. Cancer Treat Rep 1978;62(11):1787-90
  • Schulof RS, Lloyd MJ, Cleary PA, et al. A randomized trial to evaluate the immunorestorative properties of synthetic thymosin-alpha 1 in patients with lung cancer. J Biol Response Mod 1985;4:147-58
  • Garaci E, Favalli C, Pica F, et al. Thymosin alpha 1: from bench to bedside. Ann NY Acad Sci 2007;1112:225-34
  • Garaci E, Pica F, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, et al. Thymosin alpha(1) in combination with cytokines and chemotherapy for the treatment of cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 2003;3(8):1145-50
  • Favalli C, Jezzi T, Mastino A, et al. Modulation of natural killer activity by thymosin alpha 1 and interferon. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1985;20(3):189-92
  • Garaci E, Mastino A, Pica F, Favalli C. Combination treatment using thymosin alpha 1 and interferon after cyclophosphamide is able to cure Lewis lung carcinoma in mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1990;32:154-60
  • Mastino A, Favalli C, Grelli S, et al. Combination therapy with thymosin alpha 1 potentiates the anti-tumor activity of interleukin-2 with cyclophosphamide in the treatment of the Lewis lung carcinoma in mice. Int J Cancer 1992;50(3):493-9
  • Garaci E, Pica F, Mastino A, et al. Antitumor effect of thymosin alpha 1/interleukin-2 or thymosin alpha 1/interferon alpha,beta following cyclophosphamide in mice injected with highly metastatic Friend erythroleukemia cells. J Immunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol 1993;13(1):7-17
  • Pica F, Fraschetti M, Matteucci C, et al. High doses of thymosin alpha 1 enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of combination chemo-immunotherapy for murine B16 melanoma. Anticancer Res 1998;18(5A):3571-8
  • Rasi G, Silecchia G, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, et al. Anti-tumor effect of combined treatment with thymosin alpha 1 and interleukin-2 after 5-fluorouracil in liver metastases from colorectal cancer in rats. Int J Cancer 1994;57(5):701-5
  • Lopez M, Carpano S, Cavaliere R, et al. Biochemotherapy with thymosin alpha 1, interleukin-2 and dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma: clinical and immunological effects. Ann Oncol 1994;5(8):741-66
  • Rasi G, Terzoli E, Izzo F, et al. Combined treatment with thymosin alpha 1 and low-dose interferon alpha after dacarbazine in advanced melanoma. Melanoma Res 2000;10:189-92
  • Maio M, Mackiewicz A, Testori A, et al. Large randomized study of thymosin alpha 1, interferon alfa, or both in combination with dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma. J Clin Oncol 2010;28(10):1780-7
  • Garaci E, Lopez M, Bonsignore G, et al. Sequential chemoimmunotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer using cisplatin, etoposide, thymosin-alpha 1 and interferon-alpha 2a. Eur J Cancer 1995;31A(13-14):2403-5
  • Salvati F, Rasi G, Portalone L, et al. Combined treatment with thymosin alpha 1 and low-dose interferon-alpha after ifosfamide in non-small cell lung cancer: a phase II controlled trial. Anticancer Res 1996;16:1001-4
  • Jiang J, Wang X, Tian J, et al. Thymosin plus cisplatin with vinorelbine or gemcitabine for non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Thoracic Cancer 2011;2:213-20
  • Tuthill CW, King RS. Thymosin apha 1 – a peptide immune modulator with a broad range of clinical applications. Clin Exp Pharmacol 2013;3:133
  • Stefanini GF, Foschi FG, Castelli E, et al. Alpha-1-thymosin and transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in hepatocellular carcinoma patients: a preliminary experience. Hepatogastroenterology 1998;45:209-15
  • Cheng S, Wu M, Chen H, et al. Combination transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization with thymosin alpha 1 on recurrence prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatogastroenterology 2004;51:1445-7
  • Cheng SQ, Wu MC, Chen H, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombi in the portal vein. A comparison of therapeutic effects by different treatments. Zhonghua Zhong Liu Za Zhi 2005;27(3):183-5
  • Gish RG, Gordon SC, Nelson D, et al. A randomized controlled trial of thymalfasin plus transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology Int 2009;3(3):480-9
  • Knutsen AP, Freeman JJ, Mueller KR, et al. Thymosin-a1 stimulates maturation of CD34 stem cells into CD3 4 cells in an in vitro thymic epithelia organ coculture model. Int J Immunopharmacol 1999;21:15-26
  • Goldstein AL, Goldstein AL. From lab to bedside: emerging clinical applications of thymosin alpha 1. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009;9(5):593-08
  • Umeda Y, Sakamoto A, Nakamura J, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 restores NK-cell activity and prevents tumor progression in mice immunosuppressed by cytostatics or X-rays. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1983;15:78-83
  • Pierluigi B, D’Angelo C, Fallarino F, et al. Thymosin alpha1: the regulator of regulators? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1194:1-5
  • Yao Q, Doan LX, Zhang R, et al. Thymosin-alpha1 modulates dendritic cell differentiation and functional maturation from human peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes. Immunol Lett 2007;110:110-20
  • Zhang P, Chan J, Dragoi AM, et al. Activation of IKK by thymosin alpha1 requires the TRAF6 signalling pathway. EMBO Rep 2005;6:531-7
  • Romani L, Bistoni F, Gaziano R, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 activates dendritic cells for antifungal Th1 resistance through toll-like receptor signaling. Blood 2004;103:4232-9
  • Shrivastava P, Singh SM, Singh N. Effect of thymosin alpha 1 on the antitumor activity of tumor–associated macrophage-derived dendritic cells. J Biomed Sci 2004;11:623-30
  • Shrivastava P, Singh SM, Singh N. Antitumor activation of peritoneal macrophages by thymosin alpha-1. Cancer Invest 2005;23:316-22
  • Peng X, Zhang P, Wang X, et al. Signaling pathways leading to the activation of IKK and MAPK by thymosinalpha1. Ann NY Acad Sci 2007;1112:339-50
  • Clemente CG, Mihm MCJr, Bufalino R, et al. Prognostic value of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in the vertical growth phase of primary cutaneous melanoma. Cancer 1996;77:1303-10
  • Matteucci C, Minutolo A, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, et al. Transcription profile of human lymphocytes following in vitro treatment with thymosin alpha-1. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;194:6-19
  • Giuliani C, Napolitano G, Mastino A, et al. Thymosin-alpha1 regulates MHC class I expression in FRTL-5 cells at transcriptional level. Eur J Immunol 2000;30:778-86
  • Moody TW, Fagarasan M, Zia F, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 down-regulates the growth of human non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 1993;53:5214-18
  • Moody TW, Tuthill C, Badamchian M, et al. Thymosin alpha1 inhibits mammary carcinogenesis in Fisher rats. Peptides 2002;23:1011-14
  • Garaci E, Pica F, Serafino A, et al. Thymosin alpha and cancer: action on immune effector and tumor target cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012;1269:26-33
  • Kageshita T, Hirai S, Ono T, et al. Down-regulation of HLA class I antigen-processing molecules in malignant melanoma: association with disease progression. Am J Pathol 1999;154:745-54
  • Chang CC, Ogino T, Mullins DW, et al. Defective human leukocyte antigen class I-associated antigen presentation caused by a novel beta2microglobulin loss-of-function in melanoma cells. J Biol Chem 2006;281:18763-73
  • Guadagni F, Graziano P, Roselli M, et al. Differential expression of a new tumor-associated antigen TLP, during human colorectal cancer tumorigenesis. Am J Pathol 1999;154:993-9
  • Wolf E, Milazzo S, Boehm K, et al. Thymic peptides for treatment of cancer patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011(2):CD003993

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.