Bibliography
- Goldstein AL, Guha A, Zatz MM, et al. Purification and biological activity of thymosin, a hormone of the thymus gland. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1972;69:1800-3
- Low TL, Goldstein AL. The chemistry and biology of thymosin. II. Amino acid sequence analysis of thymosin alpha1 and polypeptide beta1. J Biol Chem 1979;254:987-95
- Wang SS, Makofske R, Bach A, et al. Automated solid phase synthesis of thymosin alpha 1. Int J Pept Protein Res 1980;15:1-4
- Billich A. Thymosin alpha1. SciClone Pharmaceuticals. Curr Opin Investig Drugs 2002;3:698-707
- Rasi G, DiVirgilio D, Mutchnick MG, et al. Combination thymosin alpha 1 and lymphoblastoid interferon treatment in chronic hepatitis C. Gut 1996;39:679-83
- Rasi G, Mutchnick MG, Di Virgilio D, et al. Combination low-dose lymphoblastoid interferon and thymosin alpha 1 therapy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat 1996;3:191-6
- Garaci E, Pica F, Serafino A, et al. Thymosin alpha1 and cancer: action on immune effector and tumor target cells. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012;1269:26-33
- Wara DW, Goldstein AL, Doyle NE, et al. Thymosin activity in patients with cellular immunodeficiency. N Engl J Med 1975;292:70-4
- Garaci E, Rocchi G, Perroni L, et al. Combination treatment with zidovudine, thymosin alpha 1 and interferon-alpha in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Int J Clin Lab Res 1994;24:23-8
- Ershler WB, Gravenstein S, Geloo ZS. Thymosin alpha 1 as an adjunct to influenza vaccination in the elderly: rationale and trial summaries. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1112:375-84
- Goldstein AL, Badamchian M. Thymosins: chemistry and biological properties in health and disease. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2004;4:559-73
- Romani L, Moretti S, Fallarino F, et al. Jack of all trades: thymosin alpha1 and its pleiotropy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012;1269:1-6
- Romani L, Bistoni F, Montagnoli C, et al. Thymosin alpha1: an endogenous regulator of inflammation, immunity, and tolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1112:326-38
- Romani L, Bistoni F, Gaziano R, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 activates dendritic cells for antifungal Th1 resistance through toll-like receptor signaling. Blood 2004;103:4232-9
- Romani L, Bistoni F, Perruccio K, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates dendritic cell tryptophan catabolism and establishes a regulatory environment for balance of inflammation and tolerance. Blood 2006;108:2265-74
- Bozza S, Gaziano R, Bonifazi P, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates the TLR9/MyD88/IRF7-dependent murine cytomegalovirus sensing for induction of anti-viral responses in vivo. Int Immunol 2007;19:1261-70
- Stafford JL, Neumann NF, Belosevic M. Macrophage-mediated innate host defense against protozoan parasites. Crit Rev Microbiol 2002;28:187-248
- Underhill DM, Ozinsky A. Phagocytosis of microbes: complexity in action. Annu Rev Immunol 2002;20:825-52
- Hu SK, Badamchian M, Mitcho YL, et al. Thymosin enhances the production of IL-1 alpha by human peripheral blood monocytes. Lymphokine Res 1989;8:203-14
- Tzehoval E, Sztein MB, Goldstein AL. Thymosins alpha 1 and beta 4 potentiate the antigen-presenting capacity of macrophages. Immunopharmacology 1989;18:107-13
- Shrivastava P, Singh SM, Singh N. Activation of tumor-associated macrophages by thymosin alpha 1. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2004;17:39-47
- Giuliani C, Napolitano G, Mastino A, et al. Thymosin-alpha1 regulates MHC class I expression in FRTL-5 cells at transcriptional level. Eur J Immunol 2000;30:778-86
- Zhang P, Chan J, Dragoi AM, et al. Activation of IKK by thymosin alpha1 requires the TRAF6 signalling pathway. EMBO Rep 2005;6:531-7
- Serafino A, Pierimarchi P, Pica F, et al. Thymosin alpha1 as a stimulatory agent of innate cell-mediated immune response. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012;1270:13-20
- Serafino A, Pica F, Andreola F, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates complement receptor-mediated phagocytosis in human monocyte-derived macrophages. J Innate Immun 2014;6:72-88
- Linder S, Aepfelbacher M. Podosomes: adhesion hot-spots of invasive cells. Trends Cell Biol 2003;13:376-85
- Evans JG, Matsudaira P. Structure and dynamics of macrophage podosomes. Eur J Cell Biol 2006;85:145-9
- Marx J. Cell biology. Podosomes and invadopodia help mobile cells step lively. Science 2006;312:1868-9
- Chellaiah M, Kizer N, Silva M, et al. Gelsolin deficiency blocks podosome assembly and produces increased bone mass and strength. J Cell Biol 2000;148:665-78
- Linder S, Nelson D, Weiss M, et al. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein regulates podosomes in primary human macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:9648-53
- Bogani P, Canavesi M, Hagen TM, et al. Thiol supplementation inhibits metalloproteinase activity independent of glutathione status. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007;363:651-5
- Linder S, Hufner K, Wintergerst U, et al. Microtubule-dependent formation of podosomal adhesion structures in primary human macrophages. J Cell Sci 2000;113 Pt 23:4165-76
- Dovas A, Gevrey JC, Grossi A, et al. Regulation of podosome dynamics by WASp phosphorylation: implication in matrix degradation and chemotaxis in macrophages. J Cell Sci 2009;122:3873-82
- Ishihara D, Dovas A, Park H, et al. The chemotactic defect in wiskott-Aldrich syndrome macrophages is due to the reduced persistence of directional protrusions. PLoS ONE 2012;7:e30033
- Hannappel E. Beta-thymosins. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1112:21-37
- Yarmola EG, Klimenko ES, Fujita G, et al. Thymosin beta4: actin regulation and more. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1112:76-85
- Cierniewski CS, Malinowski M, Bednarek R, et al. Adhesive and proteolytic phenotype of migrating endothelial cells induced by thymosin beta-4. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1112:123-39
- Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, et al. Thymosin beta4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012;12:37-51
- van den Dries K, Schwartz SL, Byars J, et al. Dual-color superresolution microscopy reveals nanoscale organization of mechanosensory podosomes. Mol Biol Cell 2013;24:2112-23
- Walde M, Monypenny J, Heintzmann R, et al. Vinculin binding angle in podosomes revealed by high resolution microscopy. PLoS One 2014;9:e88251
- Macpherson L, Monypenny J, Blundell MP, et al. Tyrosine phosphorylation of WASP promotes calpain-mediated podosome disassembly. Haematologica 2012;97:687-91
- Aldrich RA, Steinberg AG, Campbell DC. Pedigree demonstrating a sex-linked recessive condition characterized by draining ears, eczematoid dermatitis and bloody diarrhea. Pediatrics 1954;13:133-9
- Burns S, Cory GO, Vainchenker W, et al. Mechanisms of WASp-mediated hematologic and immunologic disease. Blood 2004;104:3454-62
- Pixley FJ. Macrophage Migration and Its Regulation by CSF-1. Int J Cell Biol 2012;2012:501962
- Linder S, Wintergerst U, Bender-Gotze C, et al. Macrophages of patients with X-linked thrombocytopenia display an attenuated Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome phenotype. Immunol Cell Biol 2003;81:130-6
- Schulof RS, Lloyd MJ, Cleary PA, et al. A randomized trial to evaluate the immunorestorative properties of synthetic thymosin-alpha 1 in patients with lung cancer. J Biol Response Mod 1985;4:147-58
- Rasi G, Terzoli E, Izzo F, et al. Combined treatment with thymosin-alpha1 and low dose interferon-alpha after dacarbazine in advanced melanoma. Melanoma Res 2000;10:189-92
- Perruccio K, Bonifazi P, Topini F, et al. Thymosin alpha1 to harness immunity to pathogens after haploidentical hematopoietic transplantation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1194:153-61
- Carman CV, Sage PT, Sciuto TE, et al. Transcellular diapedesis is initiated by invasive podosomes. Immunity 2007;26:784-97
- Hidalgo A, Frenette PS. Leukocyte podosomes sense their way through the endothelium. Immunity 2007;26:753-5
- Bosticardo M, Marangoni F, Aiuti A, et al. Recent advances in understanding the pathophysiology of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Blood 2009;113:6288-95