Historical review of thymosin α 1 in infectious diseases

Bibliography

• Low TLK, Thurman GB, McAdoo M, et al. The chemistry and biology of thymosin. I. Isolation, characterization and biological activities of thymosin alpha1 and polypeptide beta1 from calf thymus. J Biol Chem 1979;254:981-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low TLK, Goldstein AL. The chemistry and biology of thymosin. II. Amino acid sequence analysis of thymosin alpha1 and polypeptide beta1. J Biol Chem 1979;254:987-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yao Q, Doan LX, Zhang R, et al. Thymosin alpha1 modulates dendritic cell differentiation and functional maturation from human peripheral blood CD14+ monocytes. Immunol Lett 2007;110:110-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang P, Chan J, Dragoi AM, et al. Activation of IKK by thymosin alpha1 requires the TRAF6 signaling pathway. EMBO Rep 2005;6:531-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romani L, Bistoni F, Gaziano R, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates dendritic cells for antifungal Th1 resistance through toll-like receptor signaling. Blood 2004;103:4232-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romani L, Bistoni F, Perruccio K, et al. Thymosin alpha1 activates dendritic cell tryptophan catabolism and establishes a regulatory environment for balance of inflammation and tolerance. Blood 2006;108:2265-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romani L, Bistoni F, Montagnoli C, et al. Thymosin alpha1: and endogenous regulator of inflammation, immunity, and tolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1112:326-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonifazi P, D’angelo C, Fallarino F, et al. Thymosin alpha1: the regulator of regulators ? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010;1194:1-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garaci E, Mastino A, Favalli C. Enhanced immune response and antitumor immunity with combinations of biological response modifiers. Bull N Y Acad Med 1989;65:111-19
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Umeda Y, Sakamoto A, Nakamura J, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 restores NK-cell activity and prevents tumor progression in mice immunosuppressed by cytostatics or X-rays. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1983;15:78-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Francesco P, Pica F, Graziano R, et al. In vivo recovery of natural killer cell activity by the association of thymosin alpha 1 and cytokines during cocaine administration. Med Sci Res 1994;22:41-2
   Google Scholar
• Favalli C, Jezzi T, Mastino A, et al. Modulation of natural killer activity by thymosin alpha 1 and interferon. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1985;20:189-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serrate SA, Schulof RS, Leondaridis L, et al. Modulation of human natural killer cell cytotoxic activity, limphokine production, and interleukine-2 receptor expression by thymic hormones. J Immunol 1987;139:2338-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mastino A, Favalli C, Greli S, et al. Combination therapy with thymosin alpha 1 potentiates the anti-tumor activity of interleukin-2 with cyclophosphamide in the treatment of Lewis lung carcinoma in mice. Int J Cancer 1990;50:493-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garaci E, Mastino A, Pica F, Favalli C. Combination treatment using thymosin alpha 1 and interferon after cyclophosphamide is able to cure Lewis lung carcinoma in mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1990;32:154-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasi G, Silecchia G, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, et al. Anti-tumor effect of combined treatment with thymosin alpha 1 and interleukin-2 after 5-fluorouracil in liver metastases from colorectal cancer in rats. Int J Cancer 1994;57:701-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silecchia G, Guarino E, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, et al. Efficacy of repeated cycles of chemo-immunotherapy with thymosin alpha 1 and interleukin-2 after intraperitoneal 5-fluorouracil delivery. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1999;48:172-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garaci E, Rocchi G, Perroni L, et al. Combination treatment with zidovudine, thymosin alpha 1 and interferon alpha in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Int J Clin Lab Res 1994;24:23-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pica F, Fraschetti M, Matteucci C, et al. High doses of thymosin alpha 1 enhance the anti-tumor efficacy of combination chemo-immunotherapy for murine B16 melanoma. Anticancer Res 1998;18:3571-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romani L, Moretti S, Fallarino F, et al. Jack of all trades: thymosin alpha 1 and its pleiotropy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012;1269:1-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrivastava P, Singh SM, Singh N. Effect of thymosin alpha 1 on the antitumor activity of tumor-associated macrophage-derived dendritic cells. J Biomed Sci 2004;11:623-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peng Y, Chen Z, Yu W, et al. Effects of thymic polypeptides on the thymopoiesis of mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Biol Int 2008;32:1265-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loggi E, Gramenzi A, Margotti M, et al. In vitro effect of thymosin alpha 1 and interferon alpha on Th1 and Th2 cytokine synthesis in patients with eAg negative chronic hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat 2008;15:442-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sztein MB, Serrate SA, Goldstein AL. Modulation of interleukin-2 receptor expression on normal human lymphocytes by thymic hormones. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1986;83:6107-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sztein MB, Serrate SA. Characterization of the immunoregulatory properties of thymosin alpha 1 on interleukin-2 production and interleukin-2 receptor expression in normal human lymphocytes. Int J Immunopharmacol 1989;11:789-800
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leichtling KD, Serrate SA, Sztein MB. Thymosin alpha 1 modulates the expression of high affinity interleukin-2 receptors on normal human lymphocytes. Int J Immunopharmacol 1990;12:19-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsia J, Sarin N, Oliver JH, Goldstein AL. Aspirin and thymosin increase interleukin-2 and interferon-gamma production by human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Immunopharmacology 1989;17:167-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giuliani C, Napolitano G, Mastino A, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 regulates MHC class I expression in FRTL-5 cells at transcriptional level. Eur J Immunol 2000;30:778-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palamara A, Bue M, Savini P, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 inhibits Sendai virus replication: involvement of intracellular redox state. 6th International Expert Forum of Immunotherapy and Gene Therapy, Florence, Italy; 1998
   Google Scholar
• Moody TW, Fagarasan M, Zia F, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 down-regulates the growth of human non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res 1993;53:5214-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liaw YF, Kao JH, Pirotvisuth T, et al. Asian Pacific consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B: a 2012 update. Hepatol Int 2012;6:531-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuthill CW, King RS. Thymosin alpha 1 – a peptide immune modulator with a broad range of clinical applications. Clin Exp Pharmacol 2013;3:133
   Google Scholar
• Chan HL, Tang JL, Tam W, et al. The efficacy of thymosin in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection: a meta-analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2001;15:1899-905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang YF, Zhao W, Zhong YD, et al. Comparison of the efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 and interferon alpha in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: a meta-analysis. Antiviral Res 2008;77:136-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You J, Zhuang L, Cheng H-Y. A randomized, controlled, clinical study of thymosin alpha 1 versus interferon alpha in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B lacking hepatitis B envelope antigen. J Chin Med Assoc 2005;68:65-72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• You J, Zhuang L, Cheng H-Y, et al. Efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 and interferon alpha in treatment of chronic viral hepatitis B: a randomized controlled trial. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:6715-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang L, You J, Tang BZ, et al. Preliminary results of thymosin alpha 1 versus interferon alpha treatment in patients with HBeAg negative and serum HBV DNA positive chronic hepatitis B. World J Gastroenterol 2001;7:407-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang YY, Chen EQ, Yang J, et al. Treatment with lamivudine versus lamivudine and thymosin alpha 1 for e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B patients: a meta-analysis. Virol J 2009;6:63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rasi G, Mutchnick MG, Di Virgilio D, et al. Combination low-dose lymphoblastoid interferon and thymosin alpha 1 therapy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat 1996;3:191-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saruc M, Yucenar H, Kucukmetin N, et al. Combination thymosin alpha 1 and interferon alpha 2b in the treatment of anti-HBe-positive chronic hepatitis B in Turkey. Hepatogastroenterology 2002;49:798-802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saruc M, Ozden N, Turkel N, et al. Long-term outcomes of thymosin alpha 1 and interferon lapha 2b combination therapy in patients with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) negative chronic hepatitis B. J Pharm Sci 2003;92:1386-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu Z, Gao J, Yao G, et al. A comparative trial of thymosin alone and thymosin plus interferon alpha in the treatment of Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Hepatology 1997;26:426A
   Google Scholar
• Lim SG, Wai CT, Lee YM, et al. A randomized, placebo controlled trial of thymosin alpha 1 and lymphoblastoid interferon for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. Antivir Ther 2006;11:245-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau G, Yuen S, Kwok A, et al. Six-months follow-up on a 26 week trial of thymosin alpha 1 plus famciclovir in the treatment of Chinese immune tolerant adult patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterol 1999;116:A339
   Google Scholar
• Suoglu OD, Elkabes B, Sokucu S, Saner G. Thymosin alpha and lamivudine combination therapy in pediatric patients with chronic hepatitis B infection unresponsive to previous treatments: a pilot study. Gut 2001;49
   Google Scholar
• Lee HW, Lee JI, Um SH, et al. Combination therapy of thymosin alpha 1 and lamivudine for HBeAg positive chronic hepatitis B: a prospective randomized, comparative pilot study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;23:729-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung Y, So T. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B using thymosin alpha 1 and a combination of two nucleoside analogues, lamivudine and famciclovir. Hepatology 1998;28:216A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasi G, Di Virgilio D, Mutchnick MG, et al. Combination therapy with thymosin alpha 1 and lymphoblastoid interferon treatment in chronic hepatitis C. Gut 1996;39:679-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moscarella S, Buzzelli G, Monti M, et al. Treatment with interferon alpha and thymosin alpha 1 of naive patients affected by chronic hepatitis C. Fourth International Meeting on Hepatitis C Virus and Related Viruses; Kyoto, Japan; 1997
   Google Scholar
• Sherman KE, Sjogren M, Creager RL, et al. Combination therapy with thymosin alpha 1 and interferon for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection: a randomized, placebo-controlled double-blind trial. Hepatology 1998;27:1128-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman K, Sherman S. Inteferon plus thymosin alpha 1 treatment of chronic hepatitis C infection: a meta-analysis. In: Schinazi R, Sommadossi J, Thomas H, editors. Therapies for Viral Hepatitis. International Medical Press; London, England: 1998. p. 379-83
   Google Scholar
• Ciancio A, Andreone P, Kaiser S, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 with peginterferon alpha 2a/ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C not responsive to IFN/ribavirin: an adjuvant role ? J Viral Hepat 2012;19(Suppl 1):52-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Angus DC, Linde-Zwirble WT, Lidicker J, et al. Epidemiology of severe sepsis in the United States: analysis of incidence, outcome, and associated costs of care. Crit Care Med 2001;29:1303-13010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotchkiss RS, Karl IE. The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis. N Engl J Med 2013;348:138-50
   Google Scholar
• Wu J, Zhou L, Liu J, et al. The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial. Crit Care 2013;17:R8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin HY. Cooperative group of immunomodulatory therapy of sepsis, clinical trial with a new immunomodulatory strategy: treatment of severe sepsis with Ulinastatin and Maipuxin. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2007;87:451-7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen J. Effects of thymosin alpha 1 on cell immunity function in patient with septic shock. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2007;19:153-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zaho MY, Cao Y, Fei D, et al. Influence of thymosin alpha 1 on the cellular immune function in patients with severe sepsis. Chin J Crit Care Med 2007;27:206-8
   Google Scholar
• Li YN, Zhou LX, Qiang XH, et al. Effect of continuous blood purification and thymosin alpha1 on the cellular immunity in patient with severe sepsis: a prospective, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2009;21:139-42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhang Y, Chen H, Li YM, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 and ulinastatin-based immunomodulatory strategy for sepsis arising from intra-abdominal infection due to carbapenem-resistant bacteria. J Infect Dis 2008;198:723-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Chen H, Li X, et al. A new immunomodulatory therapy for severe sepsis: ulinastatin plus thymosin alpha 1. J Intensive Care Med 2009;24:47-53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen H, He MY, Li YM. Treatment of patients with severe sepsis using ulinastatin and thymosin alpha 1: a prospective, randomized, controlled pilot study. Chin Med J 2009;122:883-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang SW, Chen J, Ouyang B, et al. Immunotherapy improves immune homeostasis and increases survival rate of septic patients. Chin J Traumatol 2009;12:344-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li C, Bo L, Liu Q, Jin F. Thymosin alpha 1 based immunomodulatory therapy for sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis 2015;33:90-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perrucio K, Ruggeri L, Moretti S, et al. Thymosin Alfa 1 administration improves immune reconstitution and decreases infection-related mortality after HLA-matched sibling T cell-depleted stem cell transplantation [abstract n. 1013]. Oral presentation, 53rd ASH meeting, San Diego, USA; 2011
   Google Scholar
• Li C, Wang C-H, Meng Q-H, et al. Effect of the thymosin alpha 1 on immune function in aged chronic obstructive pulmonary disease during acute period. Chin Hosp Pharm J 2007;27:637-9
   Google Scholar
• Zheng BX, Cheng BY, Xu G, et al. The prophylactic effect of thymsin alpha 1 on the acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2008;39:588-90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wheeler AP, Bernard GR. Acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome: a clinical review. Lancet 2007;369:1553-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang DP, Yang M, Peng WP, et al. Prevention and management of lung infections with thymosin alpha 1 in critical patients with tracheotomy. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2006;26:128-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li P, Xu L-H, Zhang Q, et al. Treatment of drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia in elderly patients by using thymosin alpha 1 with sulperazone. Chin J Nosocomial 2007;17:1271-3
   Google Scholar
• Gao ZC, Zhu JH, Sun Y, et al. Clinical investigation of outbreak of nosocomial severe acute respiratory syndrome. Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2003;15:332-5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Han Y, Zhang X, Ji W, et al. Experience of successful recovery of one case of an elderly severe SARS patient. Chin Crit Care Med 2004;16:58
   Google Scholar
• Lu P, Yang G, Yu W, et al. Imaging follow up of SARS patients complicated with pulmonary fibrosis. Chin J Med Imaging Technol 2004;20:1901-3
   Google Scholar
• De Weck A, Kristensen F, Joncourt F, et al. Lymphocyte proliferation, lymphokine production, and lymphocyte receptors in ageing and various clinical conditions. Springer Semin Immunopathol 1984;7:273-89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makinodan T, Peterson W. Relative antibody-forming capacity of spleen cells as a function of age. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1962;48:234-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wade AW, Szewczuk MR. Aging, idiotype repertoire shifts, and compartmentalization of the mucosal-associated lymphoid system. Adv Immunol 1984;36:143-88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Effros RB, Casillas A, Walford RL. The effect of thymosin alpha 1 on immunity to influenza in aged mice. Aging 1988;1:31-40
   Google Scholar
• Ershler W, Moore A, Hacker M, et al. Specific antibody synthesis in vitro. II. Age-associated thymosin enhancement of antitetanus antibody synthesis. Immunopharmacology 1984;8:69-77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dammin G, Couch N, Murray J. Prolonged survival of skin homografts in uremic patients. Paper presented at Second Tissue Homotransplantation Conference; New York. 1957
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence HS. Uremia: nature’s immunosuppressive device. Ann Intern Med 1965;62:166-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revie D, Shen S, Ordonez J, et al. T-cell subset and status of hepatitis B surface antigen and antibody in end-stage renal disease patients. Kidney Int 1985;27:150
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders CVJr, Luby JP, Sanford JP, Hull AR. Suppression of interferon response in lymphocytes from patients with uremia. J Lab Clin Med 1971;77:768-76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stevens CE, Alter HJ, Taylor PE, et al. Hepatitis B vaccine in patients receiving hemodialysis: immunogenicity and efficacy. N Engl J Med 1984;311:496-501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grob P, Biswanger U, Zaruba K, et al. Immunogenicity of a hepatitis B subunit vaccine in hemodialysis and in renal transplan recipients. Antiviral Res 1983;3:43-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosnier J, Jungers P, Courouc AM, et al. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of hepatitis B surface antigen vaccine in French haemodialysis units: I, medical staff. Lancet 1981;1:455-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu C, Patel A, Zhu H, et al. In vitro studies to identify host genes or pathways involved in immune-mediated response to thymosin alpha 1 and peginterferon. 2002
   Google Scholar
• Gramenzi A. In vitro effect of thymosin alpha 1 and interferon alpha on Th1 and Th2 cytokine synthesis in patients with HBEAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. American Association for the Study of Liver Disease, San Francisco, USA; 2005
   Google Scholar
• Cursaro C, Margotti M, Favarelli L, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 plus interferon alpha enhance the immune and antiviral response of patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 1998;28(4):361A
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ershler W, Hebert J, Blow A, et al. Effect of thymosin alpha 1 on specific antibody response and susceptibility to infection in young and aged mice. Int J Immunopharmacol 1985;7:465-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Francesco P, Pica F, Marini S, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 restores murine T-cell-mediated responses inhibited by in vivo cocaine administration. Int J Immunopharmacol 1992;14:1-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esher W, Moore A, Socinski M. Influenza and aging: age-related changes and the effects of thymosin on the antibody response to influenza vaccine. J Clin Immunol 1984;4:445-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gravenstein S, Ershler WB, Drumaskin S, et al. Anti-influenza antibody response: augmentation in elderly non-responders by thymosin alpha 1. Gerontologist 1986;26:150A
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gravenstein S, Duthie EH, Miller BA, et al. Augmentation of influenza antibody response in elderly men by thymosin alpha one. A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. J Am Geriatr Soc 1989;37:1-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConnell L, Gravenstein S, Roecker E, et al. Augmentation of influenza antibody levels and reduction in attack rates in elderly subjects by thymosin alpha 1. Gerontologist 1989;29:188A
   Google Scholar
• Shen SY, Corteza QB, Josselson J, et al. Age-dependent enhancement of influenza vaccine responses by thymosin in chronic hemodialysis patients. In: Goldstein AL, editor. Biomedical advances in aging. Plenum Press; New York, NY: 1990. p. 523-30
   Google Scholar
• Shen S, Josselson J, McRoy C, et al. Effect of thymosin alpha 1 on heptavax-B vaccination among hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1987;217
   Google Scholar
• Shen S, Josselson J, McRoy C, et al. Effects of thymosin alpha 1 on peripheral T-cell and heptavax-B vaccination in previously non-responsive hemodialysis patients. Hepatology 1987;7:1120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carraro G, Naso A, Montomoli E, et al. Thymosin alpha 1 anhances the immunogenicity of an adjuvanted pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccine in hemodialyzed patients: a pilot study. Vaccine 2012;30:1170-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maio M, Mackiewicz A, Testori A, et al. Large randomized study of thymosin alpha1, interferon alfa, or both in combination with dacarbazine in patients with metastatic melanoma. JCO 2010;10:1780-7
   Google Scholar