133
Views
32
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Natural IgM-mediated innate autoimmunity: a new target for early intervention of ischemia–reperfusion injury

&
Pages 1575-1582 | Published online: 05 Oct 2007

Bibliography

  • COTRAN RS: Ischemic and hypoxic injury. In: Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease. WB Saunders Company, St. Louis, MO, USA (1999):7-12.
  • BRANDT JL: Mesenteric vascular disease. In: Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Gastroenterology. Friedman SL (Ed.), The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York, USA (2003):I9.
  • HALESTRAP AP, CLARKE SJ, JAVADOV SA: Mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening during myocardial reperfusion – a target for cardioprotection. Cardiovasc. Res. (2004) 61:372-385.
  • MADESH M, BHASKAR L, BALASUBRAMANIAN KA: Enterocyte viability and mitochondrial function after graded intestinal ischemia and reperfusion in rats. Mol. Cell Biochem. (1997) 167:81-87.
  • WU B, OOTANI A, IWAKIRI R et al.: Ischemic preconditioning attenuates ischemia-reperfusion-induced mucosal apoptosis by inhibiting the mitochondria-dependent pathway in rat small intestine. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. (2004) 286:G580-G587.
  • BECKER LB: New concepts in reactive oxygen species and cardiovascular reperfusion physiology. Cardiovasc. Res. (2004) 61:461-470.
  • GRISHAM MB, HERNANDEZ LA, GRANGER DN: Xanthine oxidase and neutrophil infiltration in intestinal ischemia. Am. J. Physiol. (1986) 251:G567-G574.
  • LI C, JACKSON RM: Reactive species mechanisms of cellular hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. (2002) 282:C227-C241.
  • WATTS JA, KLINE JA: Bench to bedside: the role of mitochondrial medicine in the pathogenesis and treatment of cellular injury. Acad. Emerg. Med. (2003) 10:985-997.
  • PIPER HM, ABDALLAH Y, SCHAFER C: The first minutes of reperfusion: a window of opportunity for cardioprotection. Cardiovasc. Res. (2004) 61:365-371.
  • ARMSTRONG SC: Protein kinase activation and myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc. Res. (2004) 61:427-436.
  • UM JW, MATTHEWS JB, SONG JC, MUN EC: Role of protein kinase C in intestinal ischemic preconditioning. J. Surg. Res. (2005) 124:289-296.
  • ZHENG SY, FU XB, XU JG et al.: Inhibition of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase may decrease intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis and improve intestinal epithelial barrier function after ischemia–reperfusion injury. World J. Gastroenterol. (2005) 11:656-660.
  • EL-ASSAL ON, BESNER GE: HB-EGF enhances restitution after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion via PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK1/2 activation. Gastroenterology (2005) 129:609-625.
  • SPITELLER G: Enzymic lipid peroxidation – a consequence of cell injury? Free Radic. Biol. Med. (1996) 21:1003-1009.
  • MOORE RM, MUIR WW, GRANGER DN: Mechanisms of gastrointestinal ischemia–reperfusion injury and potential therapeutic interventions: a review and its implications in the horse. J. Vet. Intern. Med. (1995) 9:115-132.
  • KAWANO S, KUBOTA T, MONDEN Y et al.: Blockade of NF-{κ}B improves cardiac function and survival after myocardial infarction. Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol. (2006) 291:H1337-H1344.
  • MISRA A, HAUDEK SB, KNUEFERMANN P et al.: NF-κB protects the adult cardiac myocyte against ischemia-induced apoptosis in a murine model of acute myocardial infarction. Circulation (2003) 108:3075-3078.
  • YEH KY, YEH M, GLASS J, GRANGER DN: Rapid activation of NF-κB and AP-1 and target gene expression in postischemic rat intestine. Gastroenterology (2000) 118:525-534.
  • ZOU L, ATTUWAYBI B, KONE BC: Effects of NF-κB inhibition on mesenteric ischemia–reperfusion injury. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. (2003) 284:G713-G721.
  • CHEN LW, EGAN L, LI ZW et al.: The two faces of IKK and NF-κB inhibition: prevention of systemic inflammation but increased local injury following intestinal ischemia–reperfusion. Nat. Med. (2003) 9:575-581.
  • DAWN B, GUO Y, REZAZADEH A et al.: TNF-α does not modulate ischemia/reperfusion injury in naive myocardium but is essential for the development of late preconditioning. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. (2004) 37:51-61.
  • SZABO G, LIAUDET L, HAGL S, SZABO C: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation in the reperfused myocardium. Cardiovasc. Res. (2004) 61:471-480.
  • LIAUDET L, SZABO A, SORIANO FG et al.: Poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase mediates intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction after mesenteric ischemia. Shock (2000) 14:134-141.
  • EEFTING F, RENSING B, WIGMAN J et al.: Role of apoptosis in reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc. Res. (2004) 61:414-426.
  • ZHAO ZQ: Oxidative stress-elicited myocardial apoptosis during reperfusion. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. (2004) 4:159-165.
  • NODA T, IWAKIRI R, FUJIMOTO K et al.: Programmed cell death induced by ischemia–reperfusion in rat intestinal mucosa. Am. J. Physiol. (1998) 274:G270-G276.
  • IKEDA H, SUZUKI Y, SUZUKI M et al.: Apoptosis is a major mode of cell death caused by ischaemia and ischaemia/reperfusion injury to the rat intestinal epithelium. Gut (1998) 42:530-537.
  • ITOH H, YAGI M, FUSHIDA S et al.: Activation of immediate early gene, c-fos, and c-jun in the rat small intestine after ischemia/reperfusion. Transplantation (2000) 69:598-604.
  • WU B, IWAKIRI R, TSUNADA S et al.: iNOS enhances rat intestinal apoptosis after ischemia–reperfusion. Free Radic. Biol. Med. (2002) 33:649-658.
  • VINTEN-JOHANSEN J: Involvement of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of lethal myocardial reperfusion injury. Cardiovasc. Res. (2004) 61:481-497.
  • SCHMELING DJ, CATY MG, OLDHAM KT et al.: Evidence for neutrophil-related acute lung injury after intestinal ischemia–reperfusion. Surgery (1989) 106:195-201; discussion 201-192.
  • ZIMMERMAN BJ, GRISHAM MB, GRANGER DN: Role of oxidants in ischemia/reperfusion-induced granulocyte infiltration. Am. J. Physiol. (1990) 258:G185-G190.
  • ARNDT H, KUBES P, GRANGER DN: Involvement of neutrophils in ischemia–reperfusion injury in the small intestine. Klin. Wochenschr. (1991) 69:1056-1060.
  • KURTEL H, TSO P, GRANGER DN: Granulocyte accumulation in postischemic intestine: role of leukocyte adhesion glycoprotein CD11/CD18. Am. J. Physiol. (1992) 262:G878-G882.
  • SISLEY AC, DESAI T, HARIG JM, GEWERTZ BL: Neutrophil depletion attenuates human intestinal reperfusion injury. J. Surg. Res. (1994) 57:192-196.
  • CARMODY IC, MENG L, SHEN XD et al.: P-selectin knockout mice have improved outcomes with both warm ischemia and small bowel transplantation. Transplant. Proc. (2004) 36:263-264.
  • FRANGOGIANNIS NG, PERRARD JL, MENDOZA LH et al.: Stem cell factor induction is associated with mast cell accumulation after canine myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Circulation (1998) 98:687-698.
  • ABONIA JP, FRIEND DS, AUSTEN WG Jr et al.: Mast cell protease 5 mediates ischemia–reperfusion injury of mouse skeletal muscle. J. Immunol. (2005) 174:7285-7291.
  • SZABO A, BOROS M, KASZAKI J, NAGY S: The role of mast cells in mucosal permeability changes during ischemia–reperfusion injury of the small intestine. Shock (1997) 8:284-291.
  • KANWAR S, HICKEY MJ, KUBES P: Postischemic inflammation: a role for mast cells in intestine but not in skeletal muscle. Am. J. Physiol. (1998) 275:G212-G218.
  • FRANGOGIANNIS NG, SMITH CW, ENTMAN ML: The inflammatory response in myocardial infarction. Cardiovasc. Res. (2002) 53:31-47.
  • SORKINE P, SETTON A, HALPERN P et al.: Soluble TNF receptors reduce bowel ischemia-induced lung permeability and neutrophil sequestration. Crit. Care Med. (1995) 23:1377-1381.
  • CUZZOCREA S, NOCENTINI G, DI PAOLA R et al.: Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family gene (GITR) knockout mice exhibit a resistance to splanchnic artery occlusion (SAO) shock. J. Leuk. Biol. (2004) 76:933-940.
  • MBACHU EM, KLEIN LV, RUBIN BB, LINDSAY TF: A monoclonal antibody against cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant attenuates injury in the small intestine in a model of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. J. Vasc. Surg. (2004) 39:1104-1111.
  • KOIKE K, MOORE EE, MOORE FA et al.: CD11b blockade prevents lung injury despite neutrophil priming after gut ischemia/reperfusion. J. Trauma (1995) 39:23-27; discussion 27-28.
  • SIMPSON R, ALON R, KOBZIK L et al.: Neutrophil and nonneutrophil-mediated injury in intestinal ischemia–reperfusion. Ann. Surg. (1993) 218:444-453; discussion 453-454.
  • ARUMUGAM TV, SHIELS IA, WOODRUFF TM et al.: The role of the complement system in ischemia–reperfusion injury. Shock (2004) 21:401-409.
  • HORSTICK G: C1-esterase inhibitor in ischemia and reperfusion. Immunobiology (2002) 205:552-562.
  • PATEL MR, GRANGER CB: Pexelizumab: a novel therapy for myocardial ischemia–reperfusion. Drugs Today (Barc.) (2005) 41:165-170.
  • LUTZ HU, JELEZAROVA E: Complement amplification revisited. Mol. Immunol. (2006) 43:2-12.
  • CARROLL MC, HOLERS VM: Innate autoimmunity. Adv. Immunol. (2005) 86:137-157.
  • HILL J, LINDSAY TF, ORTIZ F et al.: Soluble complement receptor type 1 ameliorates the local and remote organ injury after intestinal ischemia–reperfusion in the rat. J. Immunol. (1992) 149:1723-1728.
  • HILL JH, WARD PA: The phlogistic role of C3 leukotactic fragments in myocardial infarcts of rats. J. Exp. Med. (1971) 133:885-900.
  • ATKINSON C, SONG H, LU B et al.: Targeted complement inhibition by C3d recognition ameliorates tissue injury without apparent increase in susceptibility to infection. J. Clin. Invest. (2005) 115:2444-2453.
  • KARPEL-MASSLER G, FLEMING SD, KIRSCHFINK M, TSOKOS GC: Human C1 esterase inhibitor attenuates murine mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion induced local organ injury. J. Surg. Res. (2003) 115:247-256.
  • SUN Z, WANG X, DENG X et al.: The influence of intestinal ischemia and reperfusion on bidirectional intestinal barrier permeability, cellular membrane integrity, proteinase inhibitors, and cell death in rats. Shock (1998) 10:203-212.
  • WADA K, MONTALTO MC, STAHL GL: Inhibition of complement C5 reduces local and remote organ injury after intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in the rat. Gastroenterology (2001) 120:126-133.
  • EROR AT, STOJADINOVIC A, STARNES BW et al.: Antiinflammatory effects of soluble complement receptor type 1 promote rapid recovery of ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat small intestine. Clin. Immunol. (1999) 90:266-275.
  • WEISMAN HF, BARTOW T, LEPPO MK et al.: Soluble human complement receptor type 1: in vivo inhibitor of complement suppressing post-ischemic myocardial inflammation and necrosis. Science (1990) 249:146-151.
  • LINDSAY TF, HILL J, ORTIZ F et al.: Blockade of complement activation prevents local and pulmonary albumin leak after lower torso ischemia–reperfusion. Ann. Surg. (1992) 216:677-683.
  • WEISER MR, WILLIAMS JP, MOORE FD et al.: Reperfusion injury of ischemic skeletal muscle is mediated by natural antibody and complement. J. Exp. Med. (1996) 183:2343-2348.
  • WILLIAMS JP, PECHET TT, WEISER MR et al.: Intestinal reperfusion injury is mediated by IgM and complement. J. Appl. Physiol. (1999) 86:938-942.
  • ZHANG M, TAKAHASHI K, ALICOT EM et al.: Activation of the lectin pathway by natural IgM in a model of ischemia/reperfusion injury. J. Immunol. (2006) 177:4727-4734.
  • HART ML, CEONZO KA, SHAFFER LA et al.: Gastrointestinal ischemia–reperfusion injury is lectin complement pathway dependent without involving C1q. J. Immunol. (2005) 174:6373-6380.
  • REID RR, WOODCOCK S, SHIMABUKURO-VORNHAGEN A et al.: Functional activity of natural antibody is altered in Cr2-deficient mice. J. Immunol. (2002) 169:5433-5440.
  • FLEMING SD, SHEA-DONOHUE T, GUTHRIDGE JM et al.: Mice deficient in complement receptors 1 and 2 lack a tissue injury-inducing subset of the natural antibody repertoire. J. Immunol. (2002) 169:2126-2133.
  • ZHANG M, MICHAEL LH, GROSJEAN SA et al.: The role of natural IgM in myocardial ischemia–reperfusion injury. J. Mol. Cell Cardiol. (2006) 41:62-67.
  • ZHANG M, AUSTEN WG Jr, CHIU I et al.: Identification of a specific self-reactive IgM antibody that initiates intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2004) 101:3886-3891.
  • AUSTEN WG Jr, ZHANG M, CHAN R et al.: Murine hindlimb reperfusion injury can be initiated by a self-reactive monoclonal IgM. Surgery (2004) 136:401-406.
  • ZHANG M, ALICOT EM, CHIU I et al.: Identification of the target self-antigens in reperfusion injury. J. Exp. Med. (2006) 203:141-152.
  • ZHANG M, CARROLL MC: Natural antibody mediated innate autoimmune response. Mol. Immunol. (2007) 44:103-110.
  • FLAHERTY JT, PITT B, GRUBER JW et al.: Recombinant human superoxide dismutase (h-SOD) fails to improve recovery of ventricular function in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Circulation (1994) 89:1982-1991.
  • RAPOLA JM, VIRTAMO J, RIPATTI S et al.: Randomised trial of α-tocopherol and β-carotene supplements on incidence of major coronary events in men with previous myocardial infarction. Lancet (1997) 349:1715-1720.
  • LEES KR, ZIVIN JA, ASHWOOD T et al.: NXY-059 for acute ischemic stroke. N. Engl. J. Med. (2006) 354:588-600.
  • LEES KR, DAVALOS A, DAVIS SM et al.: Additional outcomes and subgroup analyses of NXY-059 for acute ischemic stroke in the SAINT I trial. Stroke (2006) 37:2970-2978.
  • TSUJITA K, SHIMOMURA H, KAIKITA K et al.: Long-term efficacy of edaravone in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circ. J. (2006) 70:832-837.
  • TSUJITA K, SHIMOMURA H, KAWANO H et al.: Effects of edaravone on reperfusion injury in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am. J. Cardiol. (2004) 94:481-484.
  • TOYODA K, FUJII K, KAMOUCHI M et al.: Free radical scavenger, edaravone, in stroke with internal carotid artery occlusion. J. Neurol. Sci. (2004) 221:11-17.
  • CANNON RO III: Mechanisms, management and future directions for reperfusion injury after acute myocardial infarction. Nat. Clin. Pract. Cardiovasc. Med. (2005) 2:88-94.
  • SIEMS W, SOMMERBURG O, SCHILD L et al.: β-Carotene cleavage products induce oxidative stress in vitro by impairing mitochondrial respiration. Faseb J. (2002) 16:1289-1291.
  • HART ML, WALSH MC, STAHL GL: Initiation of complement activation following oxidative stress. In vitro and in vivo observations. Mol. Immunol. (2004) 41:165-171.
  • YASOJIMA K, SCHWAB C, MCGEER EG, MCGEER PL: Human heart generates complement proteins that are upregulated and activated after myocardial infarction. Circ. Res. (1998) 83:860-869.
  • ILTUMUR K, KARABULUT A, TOPRAK G, TOPRAK N: Complement activation in acute coronary syndromes. APMIS (2005) 113:167-174.
  • COLLARD CD, VAKEVA A, MORRISSEY MA et al.: Complement activation after oxidative stress: role of the lectin complement pathway. Am. J. Pathol. (2000) 156:1549-1556.
  • BUERKE M, MUROHARA T, LEFER AM: Cardioprotective effects of a C1 esterase inhibitor in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. Circulation (1995) 91:393-402.
  • VAKEVA AP, AGAH A, ROLLINS SA et al.: Myocardial infarction and apoptosis after myocardial ischemia and reperfusion: role of the terminal complement components and inhibition by anti-C5 therapy. Circulation (1998) 97:2259-2267.
  • AMSTERDAM EA, STAHL GL, PAN HL et al.: Limitation of reperfusion injury by a monoclonal antibody to C5a during myocardial infarction in pigs. Am. J. Physiol. (1995) 268:H448-H457.
  • JORDAN JE, MONTALTO MC, STAHL GL: Inhibition of mannose-binding lectin reduces postischemic myocardial reperfusion injury. Circulation (2001) 104:1413-1418.
  • PASCUAL M, CATANA E, SPERTINI F et al.: A monoclonal antibody which blocks the function of factor D of human complement. J. Immunol. Methods (1990) 127:263-269.
  • UNDAR A, EICHSTAEDT HC, CLUBB FJ Jr et al.: Novel anti-factor D monoclonal antibody inhibits complement and leukocyte activation in a baboon model of cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann. Thorac. Surg. (2002) 74:355-362; discussion 362.
  • MORIKIS D, ASSA-MUNT N, SAHU A, LAMBRIS JD: Solution structure of Compstatin, a potent complement inhibitor. Protein Sci. (1998) 7:619-627.
  • LAZAR HL, BOKESCH PM, VAN LENTA F et al.: Soluble human complement receptor 1 limits ischemic damage in cardiac surgery patients at high risk requiring cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation (2004) 110:II274-II279.
  • MONTALTO MC, HART ML, JORDAN JE et al.: Role for complement in mediating intestinal nitric oxide synthase-2 and superoxide dismutase expression. Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol. (2003) 285:G197-G206.
  • GRANGER CB, MAHAFFEY KW, WEAVER WD et al.: Pexelizumab, an anti-C5 complement antibody, as adjunctive therapy to primary percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction: the COMplement inhibition in Myocardial infarction treated with Angioplasty (COMMA) trial. Circulation (2003) 108:1184-1190.
  • MAHAFFEY KW, GRANGER CB, NICOLAU JC et al.: Effect of pexelizumab, an anti-C5 complement antibody, as adjunctive therapy to fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarction: the COMPlement inhibition in myocardial infarction treated with thromboLYtics (COMPLY) trial. Circulation (2003) 108:1176-1183.
  • FITCH JC, ROLLINS S, MATIS L et al.: Pharmacology and biological efficacy of a recombinant, humanized, single-chain antibody C5 complement inhibitor in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation (1999) 100:2499-2506.
  • SHERNAN SK, FITCH JC, NUSSMEIER NA et al.: Impact of pexelizumab, an anti-C5 complement antibody, on total mortality and adverse cardiovascular outcomes in cardiac surgical patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann. Thorac. Surg. (2004) 77:942-949; discussion 949-950.
  • VERRIER ED, SHERNAN SK, TAYLOR KM et al.: Terminal complement blockade with pexelizumab during coronary artery bypass graft surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass: a randomized trial. JAMA (2004) 291:2319-2327.
  • SMITH PK, CARRIER M, CHEN JC et al.: Effect of pexelizumab in coronary artery bypass graft surgery with extended aortic cross-clamp time. Ann. Thorac. Surg. (2006) 82:781-788; discussion 788-789.
  • ARMSTRONG PW, GRANGER CB, ADAMS PX et al.: Pexelizumab for acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA (2007) 297:43-51.
  • DAVIS AE III: Structure and function of C1 inhibitor. Behring. Inst. Mitt. (1989):142-150.
  • MATSUSHITA M, THIEL S, JENSENIUS JC et al.: Proteolytic activities of two types of mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease. J. Immunol. (2000) 165:2637-2642.
  • JIANG H, WAGNER E, ZHANG H, FRANK MM: Complement 1 inhibitor is a regulator of the alternative complement pathway. J. Exp. Med. (2001) 194:1609-1616.
  • KLIMA U, KUTSCHKA I, WARNECKE G et al.: Improved right ventricular function after intracoronary administration of a C1 esterase inhibitor in a right heart transplantation model. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. (2000) 18:321-327.
  • BUERKE M, PRUFER D, DAHM M et al.: Blocking of classical complement pathway inhibits endothelial adhesion molecule expression and preserves ischemic myocardium from reperfusion injury. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. (1998) 286:429-438.
  • HORSTICK G, HEIMANN A, GOTZE O et al.: Intracoronary application of C1 esterase inhibitor improves cardiac function and reduces myocardial necrosis in an experimental model of ischemia and reperfusion. Circulation (1997) 95:701-708.
  • THIELMANN M, MARGGRAF G, NEUHAUSER M et al.: Administration of C1-esterase inhibitor during emergency coronary artery bypass surgery in acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. (2006) 30:285-293.
  • HORSTICK G, BERG O, HEIMANN A et al.: Application of C1-esterase inhibitor during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium: dose-related beneficial versus detrimental effects. Circulation (2001) 104:3125-3131.
  • CHAN RK, VERNA N, AFNAN J et al.: Attenuation of skeletal muscle reperfusion injury with intravenous 12 amino acid peptides that bind to pathogenic IgM. Surgery (2006) 139:236-243.
  • SUBER F, CARROLL MC, MOORE FD Jr: Innate response to self-antigen significantly exacerbates burn wound depth. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2007) 104:3973-3977.
  • YOU Z, YANG J, TAKAHASHI K et al.: Reduced tissue damage and improved recovery of motor function after traumatic brain injury in mice deficient in complement component C4. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. (2007) (In Press).
  • CAVUSOGLU E, ENG C, CHOPRA V et al.: Usefulness of the serum complement component C4 as a predictor of stroke in patients with known or suspected coronary artery disease referred for coronary angiography. Am. J. Cardiol. (2007) 100:164-168.
  • ENGSTROM G, HEDBLAD B, JANZON L, LINDGARDE F: Complement C3 and C4 in plasma and incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke: a population-based cohort study. Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil. (2007) 14:392-397.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.