215
Views
83
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Electroporation-based DNA immunisation: translation to the clinic

, MD PhD, , PhD &
Pages 1647-1664 | Published online: 26 Oct 2007

Bibliography

  • TANG DC, DEVIT M, JOHNSTON SA: Genetic immunization is a simple method for eliciting an immune response. Nature (1992) 356(6365):152-154.
  • ULMER JB, DONNELLY JJ, PARKER SE et al.: Heterologous protection against influenza by injection of DNA encoding a viral protein. Science (1993) 259(5102):1745-1749.
  • DAVIS HL, MICHEL ML, WHALEN RG: DNA-based immunization induces continuous secretion of hepatitis B surface antigen and high levels of circulating antibody. Hum. Mol. Genet. (1993) 2(11):1847-1851.
  • COX GJ, ZAMB TJ, BABIUK LA: Bovine herpesvirus 1: immune responses in mice and cattle injected with plasmid DNA. J. Virol. (1993) 67(9):5664-5667.
  • FYNAN EF, WEBSTER RG, FULLER DH, HAYNES JR, SANTORO JC, ROBINSON HL: DNA vaccines: protective immunizations by parenteral, mucosal, and gene-gun inoculations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1993) 90(24):11478-11482.
  • WANG B, UGEN KE, SRIKANTAN V et al.: Gene inoculation generates immune responses against human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1993) 90(9):4156-4160.
  • DONNELLY JJ, ULMER JB, SHIVER JW, LIU MA: DNA vaccines. Annu. Rev. Immunol. (1997) 15:617-648.
  • GURUNATHAN S, KLINMAN DM, SEDER RA: DNA vaccines: immunology, application, and optimization. Annu. Rev. Immunol. (2000) 18:927-974.
  • POWELL K: DNA vaccines – back in the saddle again? Nat. Biotechnol. (2004) 22(7):799-801.
  • LORENZEN N, LAPATRA SE: DNA vaccines for aquacultured fish. Rev. Sci. Tech. (2005) 24(1):201-213.
  • BERGMAN PJ, CAMPS-PALAU MA, MCKNIGHT JA et al.: Development of a xenogeneic DNA vaccine program for canine malignant melanoma at the animal medical center. Vaccine (2006) 24(21):4582-4585.
  • VAN DRUNEN LITTELVAN DEN HURK S, LOEHR BI, BABIUK LA: Immunization of livestock with DNA vaccines: current studies and future prospects. Vaccine (2001) 19(17-19):2474-2479.
  • WANG R, DOOLAN DL, LE TP et al.: Induction of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in humans by a malaria DNA vaccine. Science (1998) 282(5388):476-480.
  • CALAROTA S, BRATT G, NORDLUND S et al.: Cellular cytotoxic response induced by DNA vaccination in HIV-1-infected patients. Lancet (1998) 351(9112):1320-1325.
  • MACGREGOR RR, BOYER JD, UGEN KE et al.: First human trial of a DNA-based vaccine for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection: safety and host response. J. Infect. Dis. (1998) 178(1):92-100.
  • HARTIKKA J, BOZOUKOVA V, FERRARI M et al.: Vaxfectin enhances the humoral immune response to plasmid DNA-encoded antigens. Vaccine (2001) 19(15-16):1911-1923.
  • HERMANSON G, WHITLOW V, PARKER S et al.: A cationic lipid-formulated plasmid DNA vaccine confers sustained antibody-mediated protection against aerosolized anthrax spores. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2004) 101(37):13601-13606.
  • SHIVER JW, FU TM, CHEN L et al.: Replication-incompetent adenoviral vaccine vector elicits effective anti-immunodeficiency-virus immunity. Nature (2002) 415(6869):331-335.
  • CASIMIRO DR, CHEN L, FU TM et al.: Comparative immunogenicity in rhesus monkeys of DNA plasmid, recombinant vaccinia virus, and replication-defective adenovirus vectors expressing a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gag gene. J. Virol. (2003) 77(11):6305-6313.
  • O'HAGAN DT, SINGH M, ULMER JB: Microparticles for the delivery of DNA vaccines. Immunol. Rev. (2004) 199:191-200.
  • LALOR P, WHITLOW V, LYONS CR et al.: Evaluation of a pDNA-based anthrax vaccine and immune correlates of protection in mice and non-human primates. Mol. Ther. (2006) 13:S225.
  • BAROUCH DH: Rational design of gene-based vaccines. J. Pathol. (2006) 208(2):283-289.
  • GARCIA F, PETRY KU, MUDERSPACH L et al.: ZYC101a for treatment of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet. Gynecol. (2004) 103(2):317-326.
  • ULMER JB, WAHREN B, LIU MA: Gene-based vaccines: recent technical and clinical advances. Trends Mol. Med. (2006) 12(5):216-222.
  • LEE AH, SUH YS, SUNG JH, YANG SH, SUNG YC: Comparison of various expression plasmids for the induction of immune response by DNA immunization. Mol. Cells (1997) 7(4):495-501.
  • ANDRE S, SEED B, EBERLE J, SCHRAUT W, BULTMANN A, HAAS J: Increased immune response elicited by DNA vaccination with a synthetic gp120 sequence with optimized codon usage. J. Virol. (1998) 72(2):1497-1503.
  • CORR M, VON DAMM A, LEE DJ, TIGHE H: In vivo priming by DNA injection occurs predominantly by antigen transfer. J. Immunol. (1999) 163(9):4721-4727.
  • DUPUIS M, DENIS-MIZE K, WOO C et al.: Distribution of DNA vaccines determines their immunogenicity after intramuscular injection in mice. J. Immunol. (2000) 165(5):2850-2858.
  • CHASTAIN M, SIMON AJ, SOPER KA et al.: Antigen levels and antibody titers after DNA vaccination. J. Pharm. Sci. (2001) 90(4):474-484.
  • LOWE DB, SHEARER MH, TARBOX JA et al.: In vitro simian virus 40 large tumor antigen expression correlates with differential immune responses following DNA immunization. Virology (2005) 332(1):28-37.
  • MITRAGOTRI S: Current status and future prospects of needle-free liquid jet injectors. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. (2006) 5(7):543-548.
  • SAWAMURA D, INA S, ITAI K et al.: In vivo gene introduction into keratinocytes using jet injection. Gene Ther. (1999) 6(10):1785-1787.
  • MANAM S, LEDWITH BJ, BARNUM AB et al.: Plasmid DNA vaccines: tissue distribution and effects of DNA sequence, adjuvants and delivery method on integration into host DNA. Intervirology (2000) 43(4-6):273-281.
  • BABIUK S, BACA-ESTRADA ME, FOLDVARI M et al.: Needle-free topical electroporation improves gene expression from plasmids administered in porcine skin. Mol. Ther. (2003) 8(6):992-998.
  • KONISHI E, TERAZAWA A, FUJII A: Evidence for antigen production in muscles by dengue and Japanese encephalitis DNA vaccines and a relation to their immunogenicity in mice. Vaccine (2003) 21(25-26):3713-3720.
  • SCHRIJVER RS, LANGEDIJK JP, KEIL GM et al.: Comparison of DNA application methods to reduce BRSV shedding in cattle. Vaccine (1998) 16(2-3):130-134.
  • AGUIAR JC, HEDSTROM RC, ROGERS WO et al.: Enhancement of the immune response in rabbits to a malaria DNA vaccine by immunization with a needle-free jet device. Vaccine (2001) 20(1-2):275-280.
  • HAENSLER J, VERDELET C, SANCHEZ V et al.: Intradermal DNA immunization by using jet-injectors in mice and monkeys. Vaccine (1999) 17(7-8):628-638.
  • RAO SS, GOMEZ P, MASCOLA JR et al.: Comparative evaluation of three different intramuscular delivery methods for DNA immunization in a nonhuman primate animal model. Vaccine (2006) 24(3):367-373.
  • WANG R, EPSTEIN J, BARACEROS FM et al.: Induction of CD4(+) T cell-dependent CD8(+) type 1 responses in humans by a malaria DNA vaccine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2001) 98(19):10817-10822.
  • EPSTEIN JE, GORA EJ, CHAROENVIT Y et al.: Safety, tolerability, and lack of antibody responses after administration of a PfCSP DNA malaria vaccine via needle or needle-free jet injection, and comparison of intramuscular and combination intramuscular/intradermal routes. Hum. Gene Ther. (2002) 13(13):1551-1560.
  • GRAHAM BS, KOUP RA, ROEDERER M et al.: Phase I safety and immunogenicity evaluation of a multiclade HIV-1 DNA candidate vaccine. J. Infect. Dis. (2006) 194(12):1650-1660.
  • TAVEL JA, MARTIN JE, KELLY GG et al.: Safety and immunogenicity of a Gag-Pol candidate HIV-1 DNA vaccine administered by a needle-free device in HIV-1-seronegative subjects. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. (2007) 44(5):601-605.
  • CATANZARO AT, ROEDERER M, KOUP RA et al.: Phase I clinical evaluation of a six-plasmid multiclade HIV-1 DNA candidate vaccine. Vaccine (2007) 25(20):4085-4092.
  • FULLER DH, LOUDON P, SCHMALJOHN C: Preclinical and clinical progress of particle-mediated DNA vaccines for infectious diseases. Methods (2006) 40(1):86-97.
  • BARRY MA, JOHNSTON SA: Biological features of genetic immunization. Vaccine (1997) 15(8):788-791.
  • HAYNES JR: Particle-mediated DNA vaccine delivery to the skin. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. (2004) 4(6):889-900.
  • ROY MJ, WU MS, BARR LJ et al.: Induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells, T helper cells, and protective levels of antibody in humans by particle-mediated administration of a hepatitis B virus DNA vaccine. Vaccine (2000) 19(7-8):764-778.
  • DRAPE RJ, MACKLIN MD, BARR LJ, JONES S, HAYNES JR, DEAN HJ: Epidermal DNA vaccine for influenza is immunogenic in humans. Vaccine (2006) 24(21):4475-4481.
  • SALE AJ, HAMILTON WA: Effects of high electric fields on micro-organisms. 3. Lysis of erythrocytes and protoplasts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1968) 163(1):37-43.
  • CROWLEY JM: Electrical breakdown of bimolecular lipid membranes as an electromechanical instability. Biophys. J. (1973) 13(7):711-724.
  • ZIMMERMANN U, PILWAT G, HOLZAPFEL C, ROSENHECK K: Electrical hemolysis of human and bovine red blood cells. J. Membr. Biol. (1976) 30(2):135-152.
  • ZIMMERMANN U, RIEMANN F, PILWAT G: Enzyme loading of electrically homogeneous human red blood cell ghosts prepared by dielelctric breakdown. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1976) 436(2):460-474.
  • KINOSITA KJ, TSONG TT: Hemolysis of human erythrocytes by transient electric field. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1977) 74(5):1923-1927.
  • KINOSITA KJ, TSONG TY: Formation and resealing of pores of controlled sizes in human erythrocyte membrane. Nature (1977) 268(5619):438-441.
  • NEUMANN E, SCHAEFER-RIDDER M, WANG Y, HOFSCHNEIDER PH: Gene transfer into mouse lyoma cells by electroporation in high electric fields. EMBO J. (1982) 1(7):841-845.
  • WONG TK, NEUMANN E: Electric field mediated gene transfer. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1982) 107(2):584-587.
  • ANDREASON GL, EVANS GA: Introduction and expression of DNA molecules in eukaryotic cells by electroporation. Biotechniques (1988) 6(7):650-660.
  • POTTER H: Electroporation in biology: methods, applications, and instrumentation. Anal. Biochem. (1988) 174(2):361-373.
  • TSONG TY: Electroporation of cell membranes. Biophys. J. (1991) 60(2):297-306.
  • OKINO M, MOHRI H: Effects of a high-voltage electrical impulse and an anticancer drug on in vivo growing tumors. Jpn J. Cancer Res. (1987) 78(12):1319-1321.
  • ORLOWSKI S, BELEHRADEK J, PAOLETTI C, MIR LM: Transient electropermeabilization of cells in culture. Increase of the cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1988) 37(24):4727-4733.
  • KANESADA H: Anticancer effect of high voltage pulses combined with concentration dependent anticancer drugs on Lewis lung carcinoma, in vivo. Nippon Gan Chiryo Gakkai Shi (1990) 25(11):2640-2648.
  • BELEHRADEK J, ORLOWSKI S, PODDEVIN B, PAOLETTI C, MIR LM: Electrochemotherapy of spontaneous mammary tumours in mice. Eur. J. Cancer (1991) 27(1):73-76.
  • OKINO M, TOMIE H, KANESADA H, MARUMOTO M, ESATO K, SUZUKI H: Optimal electric conditions in electrical impulse chemotherapy. Jpn J. Cancer Res. (1992) 83(10):1095-1101.
  • MIR LM, GLASS LF, SERSA G et al.: Effective treatment of cutaneous and subcutaneous malignant tumours by electrochemotherapy. Br. J. Cancer (1998) 77(12):2336-2342.
  • BELEHRADEK M, DOMENGE C, LUBOINSKI B, ORLOWSKI S, BELEHRADEK JJ, MIR LM: Electrochemotherapy, a new antitumor treatment. First clinical Phase I – II trial. Cancer (1993) 72(12):3694-3700.
  • DOMENGE C, ORLOWSKI S, LUBOINSKI B et al.: Antitumor electrochemotherapy: new advances in the clinical protocol. Cancer (1996) 77(5):956-963.
  • GLASS LF, FENSKE NA, JAROSZESKI M et al.: Bleomycin-mediated electrochemotherapy of basal cell carcinoma. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. (1996) 34(1):82-86.
  • GLASS LF, PEPINE ML, FENSKE NA, JAROSZESKI M, REINTGEN DS, HELLER R: Bleomycin-mediated electrochemotherapy of metastatic melanoma. Arch. Dermatol. (1996) 132(11):1353-1357.
  • TITOMIROV AV, SUKHAREV S, KISTANOVA E: In vivo electroporation and stable transformation of skin cells of newborn mice by plasmid DNA. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1991) 1088(1):131-134.
  • NISHI T, YOSHIZATO K, YAMASHIRO S et al.: High-efficiency in vivo gene transfer using intraarterial plasmid DNA injection following in vivo electroporation. Cancer Res. (1996) 56(5):1050-1055.
  • NOMURA M, NAKATA Y, INOUE T et al.: In vivo induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes specific for a single epitope introduced into an unrelated molecule. J. Immunol. Methods (1996) 193(1):41-49.
  • HELLER R, JAROSZESKI M, ATKIN A et al.: In vivo gene electroinjection and expression in rat liver. FEBS Lett. (1996) 389(3):225-228.
  • SOMIARI S, GLASSPOOL-MALONE J, DRABICK JJ et al.: Theory and in vivo application of electroporative gene delivery. Mol. Ther. (2000) 2(3):178-187.
  • MIR LM, MOLLER PH, ANDRE F, GEHL J: Electric pulse-mediated gene delivery to various animal tissues. Adv. Genet. (2005) 54:83-114.
  • AIHARA H, MIYAZAKI J: Gene transfer into muscle by electroporation in vivo. Nat. Biotechnol. (1998) 16(9):867-870.
  • MIR LM, BUREAU MF, RANGARA R, SCHWARTZ B, SCHERMAN D: Long-term, high level in vivo gene expression after electric pulse-mediated gene transfer into skeletal muscle. C R Acad. Sci. III (1998) 321(11):893-899.
  • GLASSPOOL-MALONE J, SOMIARI S, DRABICK JJ, MALONE RW: Efficient nonviral cutaneous transfection. Mol. Ther. (2000) 2(2):140-146.
  • DRABICK JJ, GLASSPOOL-MALONE J, KING A, MALONE RW: Cutaneous transfection and immune responses to intradermal nucleic acid vaccination are significantly enhanced by in vivo electropermeabilization. Mol. Ther. (2001) 3(2):249-255.
  • WIDERA G, AUSTIN M, RABUSSAY D et al.: Increased DNA vaccine delivery and immunogenicity by electroporation in vivo. J. Immunol. (2000) 164(9):4635-4640.
  • ZUCCHELLI S, CAPONE S, FATTORI E et al.: Enhancing B- and T-cell immune response to a hepatitis C virus E2 DNA vaccine by intramuscular electrical gene transfer. J. Virol. (2000) 74(24):11598-11607.
  • SELBY M, GOLDBECK C, PERTILE T, WALSH R, ULMER J: Enhancement of DNA vaccine potency by electroporation in vivo. J. Biotechnol. (2000) 83(1-2):147-152.
  • KADOWAKI S, CHEN Z, ASANUMA H, AIZAWA C, KURATA T, TAMURA S: Protection against influenza virus infection in mice immunized by administration of hemagglutinin-expressing DNAs with electroporation. Vaccine (2000) 18(25):2779-2788.
  • CHEN Z, KADOWAKI S, HAGIWARA Y et al.: Cross-protection against a lethal influenza virus infection by DNA vaccine to neuraminidase. Vaccine (2000) 18(28):3214-3222.
  • BACHY M, BOUDET F, BUREAU M et al.: Electric pulses increase the immunogenicity of an influenza DNA vaccine injected intramuscularly in the mouse. Vaccine (2001) 19(13-14):1688-1693.
  • MENDIRATTA SK, THAI G, ESLAHI NK et al.: Therapeutic tumor immunity induced by polyimmunization with melanoma antigens gp100 and TRP-2. Cancer Res. (2001) 61(3):859-863.
  • LUCKAY A, SIDHU MK, KJEKEN R et al.: Effect of plasmid DNA vaccine design and in vivo electroporation on the resulting vaccine-specific immune responses in rhesus macaques. J. Virol. (2007) 81(10):5257-5269.
  • QUAGLINO E, IEZZI M, MASTINI C et al.: Electroporated DNA vaccine clears away multifocal mammary carcinomas in her-2/neu transgenic mice. Cancer Res. (2004) 64(8):2858-2864.
  • SPADARO M, AMBROSINO E, IEZZI M et al.: Cure of mammary carcinomas in her-2 transgenic mice through sequential stimulation of innate (neoadjuvant interleukin-12) and adaptive (DNA vaccine electroporation) immunity. Clin Cancer Res. (2005) 11(5):1941-1952.
  • BERTA GN, MOGNETTI B, SPADARO M et al.: Anti-HER-2 DNA vaccine protects Syrian hamsters against squamous cell carcinomas. Br. J. Cancer (2005) 93(11):1250-1256.
  • SMORLESI A, PAPALINI F, AMICI A et al.: Evaluation of different plasmid DNA delivery systems for immunization against HER2/neu in a transgenic murine model of mammary carcinoma. Vaccine (2006) 24(11):1766-1775.
  • PRUD'HOMME GJ, GLINKA Y, KHAN AS, DRAGHIA-AKLI R: Electroporation-enhanced nonviral gene transfer for the prevention or treatment of immunological, endocrine and neoplastic diseases. Curr. Gene Ther. (2006) 6(2):243-273.
  • SAHA S, TAKESHITA F, SASAKI S et al.: Multivalent DNA vaccine protects mice against pulmonary infection caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Vaccine (2006) 24(37-39):6240-6249.
  • MEDI BM, HOSELTON S, MAREPALLI RB, SINGH J: Skin targeted DNA vaccine delivery using electroporation in rabbits. I. Efficacy. Int. J. Pharm. (2005) 294(1-2):53-63.
  • ROOS AK, MORENO S, LEDER C, PAVLENKO M, KING A, PISA P: Enhancement of cellular immune response to a prostate cancer DNA vaccine by intradermal electroporation. Mol. Ther. (2006) 13(2):320-327.
  • HOOPER JW, GOLDEN JW, FERRO AM, KING AD: Smallpox DNA vaccine delivered by novel skin electroporation device protects mice against intranasal poxvirus challenge. Vaccine (2007) 25(10):1814-1823.
  • LUXEMBOURG A, HANNAMAN D, ELLEFSEN B, NAKAMURA G, BERNARD R: Enhancement of immune responses to an HBV DNA vaccine by electroporation. Vaccine (2006) 24(21):4490-4493.
  • OTTEN GR, SCHAEFER M, DOE B et al.: Potent immunogenicity of an HIV-1 gag-pol fusion DNA vaccine delivered by in vivo electroporation. Vaccine (2006) 24(21):4503-4509.
  • CAPONE S, ZAMPAGLIONE I, VITELLI A et al.: Modulation of the immune response induced by gene electrotransfer of a hepatitis C virus DNA vaccine in nonhuman primates. J. Immunol. (2006) 177(10):7462-7471.
  • OTTEN G, SCHAEFER M, DOE B et al.: Enhancement of DNA vaccine potency in rhesus macaques by electroporation. Vaccine (2004) 22(19):2489-2493.
  • TSANG C, BABIUK S, VAN DRUNEN LITTELVAN DEN HURK S, BABIUK LA, GRIEBEL P: A single DNA immunization in combination with electroporation prolongs the primary immune response and maintains immune memory for six months. Vaccine (2007) 25(30):5485-5494.
  • LAW M, CARDOSO RM, WILSON IA, BURTON DR: Antigenic and immunogenic study of membrane-proximal external region-grafted gp120 antigens by a DNA prime-protein boost immunization strategy. J. Virol. (2007) 81(8):4272-4285.
  • BABIUK S, BACA-ESTRADA ME, FOLDVARI M et al.: Electroporation improves the efficacy of DNA vaccines in large animals. Vaccine (2002) 20(27-28):3399-3408.
  • TOLLEFSEN S, VORDERMEIER M, OLSEN I et al.: DNA injection in combination with electroporation: a novel method for vaccination of farmed ruminants. Scand. J. Immunol. (2003) 57(3):229-238.
  • YEN HH, SCHEERLINCK JP: Co-delivery of plasmid-encoded cytokines modulates the immune response to a DNA vaccine delivered by in vivo electroporation. Vaccine (2007) 25(14):2575-2582.
  • CONDON C, WATKINS SC, CELLUZZI CM, THOMPSON K, FALO LD: DNA-based immunization by in vivo transfection of dendritic cells. Nat. Med. (1996) 2(10):1122-1128.
  • FU TM, ULMER JB, CAULFIELD MJ et al.: Priming of cytotoxic T lymphocytes by DNA vaccines: requirement for professional antigen presenting cells and evidence for antigen transfer from myocytes. Mol. Med. (1997) 3(6):362-371.
  • BABIUK S, BACA-ESTRADA ME, FOLDVARI M et al.: Increased gene expression and inflammatory cell infiltration caused by electroporation are both important for improving the efficacy of DNA vaccines. J. Biotechnol. (2004) 110(1):1-10.
  • GRONEVIK E, MATHIESEN I, LOMO T: Early events of electroporation-mediated intramuscular DNA vaccination potentiate Th1-directed immune responses. J. Gene Med. (2005) 7(9):1246-1254.
  • DENET AR, VANBEVER R, PREAT V: Skin electroporation for transdermal and topical delivery. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. (2004) 56(5):659-674.
  • KJEKEN R, TJELLE TE, KVALE D, MATHIESEN I: Clinical evaluation of pain and muscle damage induced by electroporation of skeletal muscle in humans. Mol. Ther. (2004) 9(Suppl. 1):S60.
  • ZUPANIC A, RIBARIC S, MIKLAVCIC D: Increasing the repetition frequency of electric pulse delivery reduces unpleasant sensations that occur in electrochemotherapy. Neoplasma (2007) 54(3):246-250.
  • WALLACE M, WOODS S, MOGG R et al.: Tolerability of an investigational electroporation device, MedPulser(TM) DNA delivery system (DDS) in healthy adults. In: American Association for Cancer Research. Annual Meeting: Proceedings. Los Angeles, CA, Philadelphia, PA, USA (14 – 18 April 2007): (Abstract number 2268).
  • MATHIESEN I: Electropermeabilization of skeletal muscle enhances gene transfer in vivo. Gene Ther. (1999) 6(4):508-514.
  • MIR LM, BUREAU MF, GEHL J et al.: High-efficiency gene transfer into skeletal muscle mediated by electric pulses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1999) 96(8):4262-4267.
  • MIKLAVCIC D, BERAVS K, SEMROV D, CEMAZAR M, DEMSAR F, SERSA G: The importance of electric field distribution for effective in vivo electroporation of tissues. Biophys. J. (1998) 74(5):2152-2158.
  • DEV SB, HOFMANN GA: Electrochemotherapy – a novel method of cancer treatment. Cancer Treat. Rev. (1994) 20(1):105-115.
  • GEHL J, SORENSEN TH, NIELSEN K et al.: In vivo electroporation of skeletal muscle: threshold, efficacy and relation to electric field distribution. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1999) 1428(2-3):233-240.
  • HOFMANN GA, DEV SB, NANDA GS: Electrochemotherapy: transition from laboratory to the clinic. IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. (1996):124-132.
  • GILBERT RA, JAROSZESKI MJ, HELLER R: Novel electrode designs for electrochemotherapy. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1997) 1334(1):9-14.
  • SUKHAREV SI, KLENCHIN VA, SEROV SM, CHERNOMORDIK LV, CHIZMADZHEV YA: Electroporation and electrophoretic DNA transfer into cells. The effect of DNA interaction with electropores. Biophys. J. (1992) 63(5):1320-1327.
  • NEUMANN E, KAKORIN S, TOENSING K: Fundamentals of electroporative delivery of drugs and genes. Bioelectrochem. Bioenerg. (1999) 48(1):3-16.
  • BUREAU MF, GEHL J, DELEUZE V, MIR LM, SCHERMAN D: Importance of association between permeabilization and electrophoretic forces for intramuscular DNA electrotransfer. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (2000) 1474(3):353-359.
  • SATKAUSKAS S, BUREAU MF, PUC M et al.: Mechanisms of in vivo DNA electrotransfer: respective contributions of cell electropermeabilization and DNA electrophoresis. Mol. Ther. (2002) 5(2):133-140.
  • SATKAUSKAS S, ANDRÉ F, BUREAU MF, SCHERMAN D, MIKLAVCIC D, MIR LM: Electrophoretic component of electric pulses determines the efficacy of in vivo DNA electrotransfer. Hum. Gene Ther. (2005) 16(10):1194-1201.
  • ZAMPAGLIONE I, ARCURI M, CAPPELLETTI M et al.: In vivo DNA gene electro-transfer: a systematic analysis of different electrical parameters. J. Gene Med. (2005) 7(11):1475-1481.
  • DRAGHIA-AKLI R, FIOROTTO ML, HILL LA, MALONE PB, DEAVER DR, SCHWARTZ RJ: Myogenic expression of an injectable protease-resistant growth hormone-releasing hormone augments long-term growth in pigs. Nat. Biotechnol. (1999) 17(12):1179-1183.
  • VICAT JM, BOISSEAU S, JOURDES P et al.: Muscle transfection by electroporation with high-voltage and short-pulse currents provides high-level and long-lasting gene expression. Hum. Gene Ther. (2000) 11(6):909-916.
  • KHAN AS, POPE MA, DRAGHIA-AKLI R: Highly efficient constant-current electroporation increases in vivo plasmid expression. DNA Cell Biol. (2005) 24(12):810-818.
  • GRONEVIK E, VON STEYERN FV, KALHOVDE JM, TJELLE TE, MATHIESEN I: Gene expression and immune response kinetics using electroporation-mediated DNA delivery to muscle. J. Gene Med. (2005) 7(2):218-227.
  • SATKAUSKAS S, BATIUSKAITE D, SALOMSKAITE-DAVALGIENE S, VENSLAUSKAS MS: Effectiveness of tumor electrochemotherapy as a function of electric pulse strength and duration. Bioelectrochemistry (2005) 65(2):105-111.
  • MARUYAMA H, ATAKA K, HIGUCHI N, SAKAMOTO F, GEJYO F, MIYAZAKI J: Skin-targeted gene transfer using in vivo electroporation. Gene Ther. (2001) 8(23):1808-1812.
  • DUJARDIN N, STAES E, KALIA Y, CLARYS P, GUY R, PRÉAT V: In vivo assessment of skin electroporation using square wave pulses. J. Control. Rel. (2002) 79(1-3):219-227.
  • MARUYAMA H, MIYAZAKI J, GEJYO F: Epidermis-targeted gene transfer using in vivo electroporation. Methods Mol. Biol. (2005) 289:431-436.
  • HELLER LC, JAROSZESKI MJ, COPPOLA D, MCCRAY AN, HICKEY J, HELLER R: Optimization of cutaneous electrically mediated plasmid DNA delivery using novel electrode. Gene Ther. (2007) 14(3):275-280.
  • LIN WC, BALL C: Factors affecting the decision of nursing students in Taiwan to be vaccinated against hepatitis B infection. J. Adv. Nurs. (1997) 25(4):709-718.
  • NIR Y, PAZ A, SABO E, POTASMAN I: Fear of injections in young adults: prevalence and associations. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. (2003) 68(3):341-344.
  • GOTHELF A, MIR LM, GEHL J: Electrochemotherapy: results of cancer treatment using enhanced delivery of bleomycin by electroporation. Cancer Treat. Rev. (2003) 29(5):371-387.
  • ORR RM: Technology evaluation: electroporation therapy, Genetronics, Inc. Curr. Opin. Mol. Ther. (2000) 2(2):205-210.
  • MIR LM, MORSLI N, GARBAY JR, BILLARD V, ROBERT C, MARTY M: Electrochemotherapy: a new treatment of solid tumors. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. (2003) 22(4 Suppl.):145-148.
  • HEBEL H, ATTRA H, KHAN A, DRAGHIA-AKLI R: Successful parallel development and integration of a plasmid-based biologic, container/closure system and electrokinetic delivery device. Vaccine (2006) 24(21):4607-4614.
  • TJELLE TE, SALTE R, MATHIESEN I, KJEKEN R: A novel electroporation device for gene delivery in large animals and humans. Vaccine (2006) 24(21):4667-4670.
  • KJEKEN R, MATHIESEN I, LIN F, ZHANG L, RABUSSAY D, TJELLE TE: A CE-marked automated device for electroporation-enhanced DNA delivery in humans. Mol. Ther. (2007) 15(Suppl. 1):S194.
  • LIN F, BRODERICK K, SÖDERHOLM J et al.: A single-needle device for electroporation-enhanced DNA delivery. Mol. Ther. (2007) 15(Suppl. 1):S194.
  • SCHALK JA, MOOI FR, BERBERS GA, VAN AERTS LA, OVELGÖNNE H, KIMMAN TG: Preclinical and clinical safety studies on DNA vaccines. Hum. Vaccine (2006) 2(2):45-53.
  • HARTIKKA J, SUKHU L, BUCHNER C et al.: Electroporation-facilitated delivery of plasmid DNA in skeletal muscle: plasmid dependence of muscle damage and effect of poloxamer 188. Mol. Ther. (2001) 4(5):407-415.
  • MOLNAR MJ, GILBERT R, LU Y et al.: Factors influencing the efficacy, longevity, and safety of electroporation-assisted plasmid-based gene transfer into mouse muscles. Mol. Ther. (2004) 10(3):447-455.
  • SCHERTZER JD, PLANT DR, LYNCH GS: Optimizing plasmid-based gene transfer for investigating skeletal muscle structure and function. Mol. Ther. (2006) 13(4):795-803.
  • LONG YC, JAICHANDRAN S, HO LP, TIEN SL, TAN SY, KON OL: FVIII gene delivery by muscle electroporation corrects murine hemophilia A. J. Gene Med. (2005) 7(4):494-505.
  • RIZZUTO G, CAPPELLETTI M, MAIONE D et al.: Efficient and regulated erythropoietin production by naked DNA injection and muscle electroporation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1999) 96(11):6417-6422.
  • HANNAMAN D: Enhancing DNA vaccine delivery with electroporation: considerations for clinical implementation. Modern Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems. London, UK (12 – 14 September 2006).
  • VANBEVER R, PREAT VV: In vivo efficacy and safety of skin electroporation. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. (1999) 35(1):77-88.
  • MEDI BM, SINGH J: Skin targeted DNA vaccine delivery using electroporation in rabbits. II. Safety. Int. J. Pharm. (2006) 308(1-2):61-68.
  • GONIN P, GAILLARD C: Gene transfer vector biodistribution: pivotal safety studies in clinical gene therapy development. Gene Ther. (2004) 11(Suppl. 1):S98-S108.
  • PARKER SE, MONTEITH D, HORTON H et al.: Safety of a GM-CSF adjuvant-plasmid DNA malaria vaccine. Gene Ther. (2001) 8(13):1011-1123.
  • SHEETS RL, STEIN J, MANETZ TS et al.: Biodistribution of DNA plasmid vaccines against HIV-1, Ebola, severe acute respiratory syndrome, or West Nile virus is similar, without integration, despite differing plasmid backbones or gene inserts. Toxicol. Sci. (2006) 91(2):610-619.
  • PIMORADY-ESFAHANI A, GROUNDS MD, MCMENAMIN PG: Macrophages and dendritic cells in normal and regenerating murine skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve (1997) 20(2):158-166.
  • MARTIN T, PARKER SE, HEDSTROM R et al.: Plasmid DNA malaria vaccine: the potential for genomic integration after intramuscular injection. Hum. Gene Ther. (1999) 10(5):759-768.
  • LEDWITH BJ, MANAM S, TROILO PJ et al.: Plasmid DNA vaccines: investigation of integration into host cellular DNA following intramuscular injection in mice. Intervirology (2000) 43(4-6):258-272.
  • LEDWITH BJ, MANAM S, TROILO PJ et al.: Plasmid DNA vaccines: assay for integration into host genomic DNA. Dev. Biol. (Basel) (2000) 104:33-43.
  • VILALTA A, MAHAJAN RK, HARTIKKA J et al.: I. Poloxamer-formulated plasmid DNA-based human cytomegalovirus vaccine: evaluation of plasmid DNA biodistribution/persistence and integration. Hum. Gene Ther. (2005) 16(10):1143-1150.
  • VILALTA A, MAHAJAN RK, HARTIKKA J et al.: II. Cationic lipid-formulated plasmid DNA-based Bacillus anthracis vaccine: evaluation of plasmid DNA persistence and integration potential. Hum. Gene Ther. (2005) 16(10):1151-1156.
  • WANG Z, TROILO PJ, WANG X et al.: Detection of integration of plasmid DNA into host genomic DNA following intramuscular injection and electroporation. Gene Ther. (2004) 11(8):711-721.
  • NICHOLS WW, LEDWITH BJ, MANAM SV, TROILO PJ: Potential DNA vaccine integration into host cell genome. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. (1995) 772:30-39.
  • WLOCH M: Electroporation-assisted intramuscular delivery of plasmid DNA vaccines: evaluation of immunogenicity, plasmid DNA persistence and integration. Modern Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems. London, UK (12 – 14 September 2006).
  • ROLLAND A: Preclinical development of a CMV immunotherapeutic vaccine using electroporation. DNA Vaccines 2007. Malaga, Spain (23 – 25 May 2007).
  • HANNAMAN D: Clinical application of electroporation for DNA immunization. DNA Vaccines 2007. Malaga, Spain (23 – 25 May 2007).
  • PRICE BM, LINER AL, PARK S, LEPPLA SH, MATECZUN A, GALLOWAY DR: Protection against anthrax lethal toxin challenge by genetic immunization with a plasmid encoding the lethal factor protein. Infect. Immun. (2001) 69(7):4509-4515.
  • BETTS MR, BRENCHLEY JM, PRICE DA et al.: Sensitive and viable identification of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells by a flow cytometric assay for degranulation. J. Immunol. Methods (2003) 281(1-2):65-78.
  • SCHIRMBECK R, STOBER D, EL-KHOLY S, RIEDL P, REIMANN J: The immunodominant, Ld-restricted T cell response to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) efficiently suppresses T cell priming to multiple Dd-, Kd-, and Kb-restricted HBsAg epitopes. J. Immunol. (2002) 168(12):6253-6262.
  • OLSEN CH: Review of the use of statistics in infection and immunity. Infect. Immun. (2003) 71(12):6689-6692.

Patents

Websites

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.