Emerging therapies for rheumatoid arthritis

Bibliography

• Lee DM, Weinblatt ME. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 2001;358(9285):903-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregersen PK, Silver J, Winchester RJ. The shared epitope hypothesis. An approach to understanding the molecular genetics of susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1987;30(11):1205-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suzuki A, Yamada R, Chang X, et al. Functional haplotypes of PADI4, encoding citrullinating enzyme peptidylarginine deiminase 4, are associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Genet 2003;34(4):395-402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begovich AB, Carlton VE, Honigberg LA, et al. A missense single-nucleotide polymorphism in a gene encoding a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPN22) is associated with rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Hum Genet 2004;75(2):330-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plenge RM, Padyukov L, Remmers EF, et al. Replication of putative candidate-gene associations with rheumatoid arthritis in >4,000 samples from North America and Sweden: association of susceptibility with PTPN22, CTLA4, and PADI4. Am J Hum Genet 2005;77(6):1044-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plenge RM, Cotsapas C, Davies L, et al. Two independent alleles at 6q23 associated with risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Genet 2007;39(12):1477-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Remmers EF, Plenge RM, Lee AT, et al. STAT4 and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2007;357(10):977-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurreeman FA, Padyukov L, Marques RB, et al. A candidate gene approach identifies the TRAF1/C5 region as a risk factor for rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS Med 2007;4(9):e278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wegner N, Wait R, Sroka A, et al. Peptidylarginine deiminase from Porphyromonas gingivalis citrullinates human fibrinogen and alpha-enolase: implications for autoimmunity in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62(9):2662-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nell VP, Machold KP, Eberl G, et al. Benefit of very early referral and very early therapy with disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2004;43(7):906-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verstappen SM, Jacobs JW, van der Veen MJ, et al. Intensive treatment with methotrexate in early rheumatoid arthritis: aiming for remission. Computer Assisted Management in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis (CAMERA, an open-label strategy trial). Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66(11):1443-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boers M, Verhoeven AC, Markusse HM, et al. Randomised comparison of combined step-down prednisolone, methotrexate and sulphasalazine with sulphasalazine alone in early rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 1997;350(9074):309-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigor C, Capell H, Stirling A, et al. Effect of a treatment strategy of tight control for rheumatoid arthritis (the TICORA study): a single-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364(9430):263-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finckh A, Liang MH, van Herckenrode CM, et al. Long-term impact of early treatment on radiographic progression in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;55(6):864-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoes JN, Jacobs JW, Boers M, et al. EULAR evidence-based recommendations on the management of systemic glucocorticoid therapy in rheumatic diseases. Ann Rheum Dis 2007;66(12):1560-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maini R, St Clair EW, Breedveld F, et al. Infliximab (chimeric anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving concomitant methotrexate: a randomised phase III trial. ATTRACT Study Group. Lancet 1999;354(9194):1932-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinblatt ME, Bathon JM, Kremer JM, et al. Safety and efficacy of etanercept beyond 10 years of therapy in North American patients with early and longstanding rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Care Res 2011;63(3):373-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinblatt ME, Keystone EC, Furst DE, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of adalimumab plus methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: ARMADA 4-year extended study. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65(6):753-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keystone EC, Combe B, Smolen J, et al. Sustained efficacy of certolizumab pegol added to methotrexate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: 2-year results from the RAPID 1 trial. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012;51(9):1628-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keystone E, Genovese MC, Klareskog L, et al. Golimumab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate therapy: 52-week results of the GO-FORWARD study. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69(6):1129-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaltonen KJ, Virkki LM, Malmivaara A, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy and safety of existing TNF blocking agents in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS ONE 2012;7(1):e30275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goekoop-Ruiterman YP, de Vries-Bouwstra JK, Allaart CF, et al. Clinical and radiographic outcomes of four different treatment strategies in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (the BEST study): a randomized, controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52(11):3381-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreland LW, O'Dell JR, Paulus HE, et al. A randomized comparative effectiveness study of oral triple therapy versus etanercept plus methotrexate in early aggressive rheumatoid arthritis: the treatment of Early Aggressive Rheumatoid Arthritis Trial. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64(9):2824-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen SB, Emery P, Greenwald MW, et al. Rituximab for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III trial evaluating primary efficacy and safety at twenty-four weeks. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54(9):2793-806
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emery P, Keystone E, Tony HP, et al. IL-6 receptor inhibition with tocilizumab improves treatment outcomes in patients with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to anti-tumour necrosis factor biologicals: results from a 24-week multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67(11):1516-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genovese MC, Becker JC, Schiff M, et al. Abatacept for rheumatoid arthritis refractory to tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibition. N Engl J Med 2005;353(11):1114-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnabe C, Thanh NX, Ohinmaa A, et al. Healthcare service utilisation costs are reduced when rheumatoid arthritis patients achieve sustained remission. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; Epub ahead of print
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brennan A, Bansback N, Nixon R, et al. Modelling the cost effectiveness of TNF-alpha antagonists in the management of rheumatoid arthritis: results from the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Registry. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46(8):1345-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ter Wee MM, Lems WF, Usan H, et al. The effect of biological agents on work participation in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a systematic review. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71(2):161-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McInnes IB, Schett G. The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2011;365(23):2205-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moreland LW, Pratt PW, Mayes MD, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial using chimeric monoclonal anti-Cd4 antibody, Cm-T412, in rheumatoid-arthritis patients receiving concomitant methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38(11):1581-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wendling D, Racadot E, Wijdenes J, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter trial of murine anti-CD4 monoclonal antibody therapy in rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1998;25(8):1457-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Lubbe PA, Dijkmans BA, Markusse HM, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of CD4 monoclonal antibody therapy in early rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38(8):1097-106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinblatt ME, Maddison PJ, Bulpitt KJ, et al. CAMPATH-1H, a humanized monoclonal antibody, in refractory rheumatoid arthritis. An intravenous dose-escalation study. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38(11):1589-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genant HK, Peterfy CG, Westhovens R, et al. Abatacept inhibits progression of structural damage in rheumatoid arthritis: results from the long-term extension of the AIM trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2008;67(8):1084-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremer JM, Genant HK, Moreland LW, et al. Effects of abatacept in patients with methotrexate-resistant active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2006;144(12):865-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yen D, Cheung J, Scheerens H, et al. IL-23 is essential for T cell-mediated colitis and promotes inflammation via IL-17 and IL-6. J Clin Invest 2006;116(5):1310-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murphy CA, Langrish CL, Chen Y, et al. Divergent pro- and anti-inflammatory roles for IL-23 and IL-12 in joint autoimmune inflammation. J Exp Med 2003;198(12):1951-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melis L, Vandooren B, Kruithof E, et al. Systemic levels of IL-23 are strongly associated with disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis but not spondyloarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69(3):618-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genovese MC, Van den Bosch F, Roberson SA, et al. LY2439821, a humanized anti-interleukin-17 monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a phase I randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept study. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62(4):929-39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genovese MC, Greenwald MW, Cho CS, et al. A Phase 2 Study of multiple subcutaneous doses of LY2439821, an anti-IL-17 monoclonal antibody, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis in two populations: naive to biologic therapy or inadequate responders to tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitors. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63(10):S1017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papp KA, Langley RG, Sigurgeirsson B, et al. Efficacy and safety of secukinumab in the treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II dose-ranging study. Br J Dermatol 2012; published online 18 January 2013; doi: 10.1111/bjd.12110
   Google Scholar
• Rich P, Sigurgeirsson B, Thaci DP, et al. Secukinumab induction and maintenance therapy in moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase II regimen-finding study. Br J Dermatol 2012; published online 29 September 2012; doi: 10.1111/bjd.12070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hueber W, Sands BE, Lewitzky S, et al. Secukinumab, a human anti-IL-17A monoclonal antibody, for moderate to severe Crohn's disease: unexpected results of a randomised, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Gut 2012;61(12):1693-700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hueber W, Patel DD, Dryja T, et al. Effects of AIN457, a fully human antibody to interleukin-17A, on psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, and uveitis. Sci Transl Med 2010;2(52):52ra72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genovese MC, Durez P, Richards HB, et al. Efficacy and safety of secukinumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a phase II, dose-finding, double-blind, randomised, placebo controlled study. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; published online 26 June 2012; doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201601
   Google Scholar
• AMG 827 in Rheumatoid Arthritis Subjects With Inadequate Response to Methotrexate. Available from: ClinicalTrials.gov [Last accessed 19 January 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Krausz S, Boumans MJ, Gerlag DM, et al. Brief report: a phase IIa, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of apilimod mesylate, an interleukin-12/interleukin-23 inhibitor, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64(6):1750-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emery P, Fleischmann R, Filipowicz-Sosnowska A, et al. The efficacy and safety of rituximab in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate treatment: results of a phase IIB randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging trial. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54(5):1390-400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molloy ES, Calabrese LH. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy associated with immunosuppressive therapy in rheumatic diseases: evolving role of biologic therapies. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64(9):3043-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carson KR, Focosi D, Major EO, et al. Monoclonal antibody-associated progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy in patients treated with rituximab, natalizumab, and efalizumab: a review from the Research on Adverse Drug Events and Reports (RADAR) Project. Lancet Oncol 2009;10(8):816-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tak PP, Mease PJ, Genovese MC, et al. Safety and efficacy of ocrelizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to at least one tumor necrosis factor inhibitor: results of a forty-eight-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase III trial. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64(2):360-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stohl W, Gomez-Reino J, Olech E, et al. Safety and efficacy of ocrelizumab in combination with methotrexate in MTX-naive subjects with rheumatoid arthritis: the phase III FILM trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71(8):1289-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigby W, Tony HP, Oelke K, et al. Safety and efficacy of ocrelizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate: results of a forty-eight-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase III trial. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64(2):350-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genovese MC, Kaine JL, Lowenstein MB, et al. Ocrelizumab, a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a phase I/II randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58(9):2652-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Meerten T, Rozemuller H, Hol S, et al. HuMab-7D8, a monoclonal antibody directed against the membrane-proximal small loop epitope of CD20 can effectively eliminate CD20 low expressing tumor cells that resist rituximab-mediated lysis. Haematologica 2010;95(12):2063-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teeling JL, Mackus WJ, Wiegman LJ, et al. The biological activity of human CD20 monoclonal antibodies is linked to unique epitopes on CD20. J Immunol 2006;177(1):362-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor PC, Quattrocchi E, Mallett S, et al. Ofatumumab, a fully human anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, in biological-naive, rheumatoid arthritis patients with an inadequate response to methotrexate: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2011;70(12):2119-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Investigating Clinical Efficacy of Ofatumumab in Adult Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Patients Who Had an Inadequate Response to TNF-α Antagonist Therapy. Available from: ClinicalTrials.gov [Last accessed 19 January 2013]
   Google Scholar
• A Safety and Efficacy Study of LymphoStat-B™ (Monoclonal Anti-BLyS Antibody) in Subjects With Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA). Available from: ClinicalTrials.gov [Last accessed 19 January 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Tak PP, Thurlings RM, Rossier C, et al. Atacicept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results of a multicenter, phase Ib, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalating, single- and repeated-dose study. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58(1):61-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genovese MC, Kinnman N, de La Bourdonnaye G, et al. Atacicept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to tumor necrosis factor antagonist therapy: results of a phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-finding trial. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63(7):1793-803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Vollenhoven RF, Kinnman N, Vincent E, et al. Atacicept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate: results of a phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63(7):1782-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• An Open Label Study for Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Available from: ClinicalTrials.gov [Last accessed 19 January 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Huizinga TW, Kivitz AJ, Rell-Bakalarska M, et al. Sarilumab for the treatment of moderate-to-severe rheumatoid arthritis: results of a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, international study. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71(Suppl 3):60
   Google Scholar
• Hsu B, Sheng S, Weinblatt ME, et al. Results from a multicenter, international, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study of sirukumab, a human anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate therapy. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71(Suppl 3):61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hsu B, Sheng S, Weinblatt ME, et al. Results from a 2-part, proof-of-concept, dose-ranging, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 study of sirukumab, a human anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibody, in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis despite methotrexate therapy. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71(Suppl 3):188
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A Study of CNTO 136 (Sirukumab), a Human Anti-IL-6 Monoclonal Antibody, Administered Subcutaneously, in Patients With Active Rheumatoid Arthritis Despite Anti-TNF-Alpha Therapy (SIRROUND). Available from: ClinicalTrials.gov [Last accessed 19 January 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Cohen SB, Moreland LW, Cush JJ, et al. A multicentre, double blind, randomised, placebo controlled trial of anakinra (Kineret), a recombinant interleukin 1 receptor antagonist, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with background methotrexate. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63(9):1062-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen S, Hurd E, Cush J, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with anakinra, a recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, in combination with methotrexate: results of a twenty-four-week, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46(3):614-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuki G, Bresnihan B, Bear MB, et al. Long-term safety and maintenance of clinical improvement following treatment with anakinra (recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: extension phase of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46(11):2838-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nixon R, Bansback N, Brennan A. The efficacy of inhibiting tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis and adjusted indirect comparisons. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2007;46(7):1140-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alten R, Gomez-Reino J, Durez P, et al. Efficacy and safety of the human anti-IL-1beta monoclonal antibody canakinumab in rheumatoid arthritis: results of a 12-week, Phase II, dose-finding study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2011;12:153
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Safety and Efficacy of Intravenous ACZ885 and Oral Methotrexate Therapy in Patients With Early Rheumatoid Arthritis. Available from: ClinicalTrials.gov [Last accessed 19 January 2013]
   Google Scholar
• McInnes IB, al-Mughales J, Field M, et al. The role of interleukin-15 in T-cell migration and activation in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Med 1996;2(2):175-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Alvaro I, Ortiz AM, Garcia-Vicuna R, et al. Increased serum levels of interleukin-15 in rheumatoid arthritis with long-term disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2003;21(5):639-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruchatz H, Leung BP, Wei XQ, et al. Soluble IL-15 receptor alpha-chain administration prevents murine collagen-induced arthritis: a role for IL-15 in development of antigen-induced immunopathology. J Immunol 1998;160(11):5654-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baslund B, Tvede N, Danneskiold-Samsoe B, et al. Targeting interleukin-15 in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a proof-of-concept study. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52(9):2686-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McInnes I, Martin R, Zimmermann-Gorska I, et al. Safety and efficacy of a human monoclonal antibody to IL-15 (AMG 714) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65(Suppl 3):60
   Google Scholar
• Fearon U, Mullan R, Markham T, et al. Oncostatin M induces angiogenesis and cartilage degradation in rheumatoid arthritis synovial tissue and human cartilage cocultures. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54(10):3152-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plater-Zyberk C, Buckton J, Thompson S, et al. Amelioration of arthritis in two murine models using antibodies to oncostatin M. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44(11):2697-702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hui W, Bell M, Carroll G. Detection of oncostatin M in synovial fluid from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1997;56(3):184-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamoto H, Yamamura M, Morita Y, et al. The synovial expression and serum levels of interleukin-6, interleukin-11, leukemia inhibitory factor, and oncostatin M in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 1997;40(6):1096-105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phase II Study Evaluating the Safety and Efficacy of GSK315234A in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Available from: ClinicalTrials.gov [Last accessed 19 January 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Haringman JJ, Ludikhuize J, Tak PP. Chemokines in joint disease: the key to inflammation? Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63(10):1186-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haringman JJ, Smeets TJ, Reinders-Blankert P, et al. Chemokine and chemokine receptor expression in paired peripheral blood mononuclear cells and synovial tissue of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and reactive arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2006;65(3):294-300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katschke KJ Jr, Rottman JB, Ruth JH, et al. Differential expression of chemokine receptors on peripheral blood, synovial fluid, and synovial tissue monocytes/macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44(5):1022-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergunst CE, Gerlag DM, Lopatinskaya L, et al. Modulation of CCR2 in rheumatoid arthritis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58(7):1931-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haringman JJ, Gerlag DM, Smeets TJ, et al. A randomized controlled trial with an anti-CCL2 (anti-monocyte chemotactic protein 1) monoclonal antibody in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2006;54(8):2387-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel DD, Zachariah JP, Whichard LP. CXCR3 and CCR5 ligands in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Clin Immunol 2001;98(1):39-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleishaker DL, Garcia Meijide JA, Petrov A, et al. Maraviroc, a chemokine receptor-5 antagonist, fails to demonstrate efficacy in the treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis in a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Res Ther 2012;14(1):R11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerlag DM, Hollis S, Layton M, et al. Preclinical and clinical investigation of a CCR5 antagonist, AZD5672, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving methotrexate. Arthritis Rheum 2010;62(11):3154-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Kuijk AW, Vergunst CE, Gerlag DM, et al. CCR5 blockade in rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2010;69(11):2013-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tak PP, Balanescu A, Tseluyko V, et al. Chemokine receptor CCR1 antagonist CCX354-C treatment for rheumatoid arthritis: CARAT-2, a randomised, placebo controlled clinical trial. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; published online 15 May 2012; doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2011-201605
   Google Scholar
• Haringman JJ, Kraan MC, Smeets TJ, et al. Chemokine blockade and chronic inflammatory disease: proof of concept in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2003;62(8):715-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vergunst CE, Gerlag DM, von Moltke L, et al. MLN3897 plus methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: safety, efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of an oral CCR1 antagonist in a phase IIa, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, proof-of-concept study. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60(12):3572-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yellin M, Paliienko I, Balanescu A, et al. A phase II, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluating the efficacy and safety of MDX-1100, a fully human anti-CXCL10 monoclonal antibody, in combination with methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64(6):1730-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Shea JJ. Targeting the Jak/STAT pathway for immunosuppression. Ann Rheum Dis 2004;63(Suppl 2):ii67-71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O'Shea JJ, Gadina M, Schreiber RD. Cytokine signaling in 2002: new surprises in the Jak/Stat pathway. Cell 2002;109(Suppl):S121-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traynor K. FDA approves tofacitinib for rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2012;69(24):2120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremer JM, Cohen S, Wilkinson BE, et al. A phase IIb dose-ranging study of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib (CP-690,550) versus placebo in combination with background methotrexate in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate alone. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64(4):970-81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischmann R, Kremer J, Cush J, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of tofacitinib monotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2012;367(6):495-507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kremer JM, Bloom BJ, Breedveld FC, et al. The safety and efficacy of a JAK inhibitor in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled phase IIa trial of three dosage levels of CP-690,550 versus placebo. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60(7):1895-905
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischmann R, Cutolo M, Genovese MC, et al. Phase IIb dose-ranging study of the oral JAK inhibitor tofacitinib (CP-690,550) or adalimumab monotherapy versus placebo in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis with an inadequate response to disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64(3):617-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Vollenhoven RF, Fleischmann R, Cohen S, et al. Tofacitinib or adalimumab versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med 2012;367(6):508-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Heijde D, Tanaka Y, Fleischmann RM, et al. Tofacitinib, an oral Janus kinase inhibitor, in combination with methotrexate reduced the progression of structural damage in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: year 2 efficacy and safety results from a 24-month phase 3 study. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64(10):S546-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keystone E, Taylor P, Genovese M, et al. 12-Week results of a phase 2B dose-ranging study of LY3009104 (INCB028050), an oral JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor, in combination with traditional DMARDS in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2012;71(Suppl 3):152
   Google Scholar
• Genovese MC, Keystone E, Taylor P, et al. 24-Week results of a blinded phase 2b dose-ranging study of baricitinib, an oral Janus kinase 1/Janus kinase 2 inhibitor, in combination with traditional disease modifying antirheumatic drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64(10):S1049-50
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams W, Scherle P, Shi J, et al. A randomized placebo-controlled study of INCB018424, a selective Janus kinase 1 & 2 (JAK1 & 2) inhibitor in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Arthritis Rheum 2008;58(9):S431
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanhoutte F, Mazur M, Van der Aa A, et al. Selective JAK1 inhibition in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: proof of concept with GLPG0634. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64(10):S1051-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleischmann R, Spencer-Green GT, Fan F, et al. Dose ranging study of VX-509, an oral selective JAK3 inhibitor, as monotherapy in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Arthritis Rheum 2011;63(12):4042-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cha HS, Boyle DL, Inoue T, et al. A novel spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor blocks c-Jun N-terminal kinase-mediated gene expression in synoviocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;317(2):571-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pine PR, Chang B, Schoettler N, et al. Inflammation and bone erosion are suppressed in models of rheumatoid arthritis following treatment with a novel Syk inhibitor. Clin Immunol 2007;124(3):244-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braselmann S, Taylor V, Zhao H, et al. R406, an orally available spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor blocks fc receptor signaling and reduces immune complex-mediated inflammation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006;319(3):998-1008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinblatt ME, Kavanaugh A, Burgos-Vargas R, et al. Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with a Syk kinase inhibitor: a twelve-week, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Arthritis Rheum 2008;58(11):3309-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genovese MC, Kavanaugh A, Weinblatt ME, et al. An oral Syk kinase inhibitor in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a three-month randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II study in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis that did not respond to biologic agents. Arthritis Rheum 2011;63(2):337-45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCann FE, Palfreeman AC, Andrews M, et al. Apremilast, a novel PDE4 inhibitor, inhibits spontaneous production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha from human rheumatoid synovial cells and ameliorates experimental arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2010;12(3):R107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schafer PH, Parton A, Gandhi AK, et al. Apremilast, a cAMP phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor, demonstrates anti-inflammatory activity in vitro and in a model of psoriasis. Br J Pharmacol 2010;159(4):842-55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schett G, Wollenhaupt J, Papp K, et al. Oral apremilast in the treatment of active psoriatic arthritis: results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Arthritis Rheum 2012;64(10):3156-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papp K, Cather JC, Rosoph L, et al. Efficacy of apremilast in the treatment of moderate to severe psoriasis: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012;380(9843):738-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Controlled Trial of Apremilast for Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment (CARAT). Available from: ClinicalTrials.gov [Last accessed 19 January 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Kyriakis JM, Avruch J. Mammalian mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways activated by stress and inflammation. Physiol Rev 2001;81(2):807-69
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damjanov N, Kauffman RS, Spencer-Green GT. Efficacy, pharmacodynamics, and safety of VX-702, a novel p38 MAPK inhibitor, in rheumatoid arthritis: results of two randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical studies. Arthritis Rheum 2009;60(5):1232-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genovese MC, Cohen SB, Wofsy D, et al. A 24-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group study of the efficacy of oral SCIO-469, a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2011;38(5):846-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Multiple Ascending Dose Study of BMS-582949 in Patients With Stable Rheumatoid Arthritis on the Methotrexate Background. Available from: ClinicalTrials.gov [Last accessed 19 January 2013]
   Google Scholar
• A Study To Evaluate The Safety And Pharmacokinetic Profile Of A p38 Inhibitor (PH-797804) In Subjects With Rheumatoid Arthritis Who Are Also Taking Methotrexate. Available from: ClinicalTrials.gov [Last accessed 19 January 2013]
   Google Scholar
• Weinblatt ME, Schiff M, Valente R, et al. Head-to-head comparison of subcutaneous abatacept versus adalimumab for rheumatoid arthritis: findings of a phase IIIb, multinational, prospective, randomized study. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65(1):28-38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabay C, Emery P, van Vollenhoven R, et al. Tocilizumab monotherapy versus adalimumab monotherapy for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (ADACTA): a randomised, double-blind, controlled phase 4 trial. Lancet 2013;381(9877):1541-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh JA, Wells GA, Christensen R, et al. Adverse effects of biologics: a network meta-analysis and Cochrane overview. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011(2):CD008794
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar