1,735
Views
98
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Emerging drugs for the treatment of anxiety

, MD, , MD, , MPH & , MD

Bibliography

  • Kessler RC, Chiu WT, Demler O. Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005 62(6):617-27
  • Erickson SR, Guthrie S, Vanetten-Lee M, et al. Severity of anxiety and work-related outcomes of patients with anxiety disorders. Depress Anxiety. 2009;26(12):1165-71
  • Schaffer A, McIntosh D, Goldstein BI, et al. The CANMAT task force recommendations for the management of patients with mood disorders and comorbid anxiety disorders. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2012 24(1):6-22
  • Nepon J, Belik SL, Bolton J, Sareen J. The relationship between anxiety disorders and suicide attempts: Findings from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Depress Anxiety. 2010 27(9):791-8
  • Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th edition (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC; 2013
  • Morrison FG, Ressler KJ. From the neurobiology of extinction to improved clinical treatments. Depress Anxiety. 2014 31(4):279-90.
  • Griebel G, Holmes A. 50 years of hurdles and hope in anxiolytic drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2013 12(9):667-87.
  • Senaratne R, Van Ameringen M, Mancini C, Patterson B. The burden of anxiety disorders on the family. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2010 198(12):876-80
  • Martin-Merino E, Ruigomez A, Wallander MA, et al. Prevalence, incidence, morbidity and treatment patterns in a cohort of patients diagnosed with anxiety in UK primary care. Fam Pract. 2010 27(1):9-16
  • Waghorn G, Chant D, White P, Whiteford H. Disability, employment and work performance among people with ICD-10 anxiety disorders. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2005 39(1-2):55-66
  • Watanabe N, Churchill R, Furukawa TA. Combined psychotherapy plus benzodiazepines for panic disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009;(1):CD005335
  • Imai H, Tajika A, Chen P, et al. Azapirones versus placebo for panic disorder in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 9:CD010828
  • Stein DJ, Ipser JC, Seedat S. Pharmacotherapy for post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;(1):CD002795.
  • Kapczinski F, Lima MS, Souza JS, Schmitt R. Antidepressants for generalized anxiety disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; (2):CD003592
  • Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: an assessment of the evidence. National Academies Press. Institute of Medicine, Washington, D.C; 2008
  • Stein MB, Stein DJ. Social anxiety disorder. Lancet. 2008 371(9618):1115-25
  • Baldwin DS, Waldman S, Allgulander C. Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011 14(5):697-710
  • Cuijpers P, Sijbrandij M, Koole SL, et al. The efficacy of psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy in treating depressive and anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of direct comparisons. World Psychiatry. 2013 12(2):137-48
  • Otto MW, Tuby KS, Gould RA, et al. An effect-size analysis of the relative efficacy and tolerability of serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors for panic disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 158(12):1989-92
  • Goddard AW, Brouette T, Almai A, et al. Early coadministration of clonazepam with sertraline for panic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001 58(7):681-6
  • Cuthbert BN. The RDoC framework: facilitating transition from ICD/DSM to dimensional approaches that integrate neuroscience and psychopathology. World Psychiatry. 2014 13(1):28-35.
  • Armour C, Carragher N, Elhai JD. Assessing the fit of the dysphoric arousal model across two nationally representative epidemiological surveys: The australian NSMHWB and the united states NESARC. J Anxiety Disord. 2013 27(1):109-15
  • Pietrzak RH, Averill LA, Abdallah CG, et al. Amygdala-hippocampal volume and the phenotypic heterogeneity of posttraumatic stress disorder: A cross-sectional study. JAMA Psychiatry. 2015; 72(4):396-8
  • Bang-Andersen B, Ruhland T, Jorgensen M, et al. Discovery of 1-[2-(2,4-dimethylphenylsulfanyl)phenyl]piperazine (lu AA21004): A novel multimodal compound for the treatment of major depressive disorder. J Med Chem. 2011 54(9):3206-21
  • Gibb A, Deeks ED. Vortioxetine: First global approval. Drugs. 2014 74(1):135-45
  • Bidzan L, Mahableshwarkar AR, Jacobsen P, et al. Vortioxetine (lu AA21004) in generalized anxiety disorder: Results of an 8-week, multinational, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012 22(12):847-57
  • Rothschild AJ, Mahableshwarkar AR, Jacobsen P, et al. Vortioxetine (lu AA21004) 5 mg in generalized anxiety disorder: Results of an 8-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial in the united states. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012 22(12):858-66
  • Mahableshwarkar AR, Jacobsen PL, Serenko M, Chen Y. A randomized, double-blind, fixed-dose study comparing the efficacy and tolerability of vortioxetine 2.5 and 10 mg in acute treatment of adults with generalized anxiety disorder. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2014 29(1):64-72
  • Baldwin DS, Loft H, Florea I. Lu AA21004, a multimodal psychotropic agent, in the prevention of relapse in adult patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 27(4):197-207
  • Dawson LA. The discovery and development of vilazodone for the treatment of depression: A novel antidepressant or simply another SSRI? Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2013 8(12):1529-39
  • Pierz KA, Thase ME. A review of vilazodone, serotonin, and major depressive disorder. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord. 2014;16(1):doi:10.4088/PCC.13r01554
  • Thase ME, Chen D, Edwards J, Ruth A. Efficacy of vilazodone on anxiety symptoms in patients with major depressive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2014 29(6):351-6
  • Clayton AH, Pradko JF, Croft HA, et al. Prevalence of sexual dysfunction among newer antidepressants. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002 63(4):357-66
  • Tardito D, Molteni R, Popoli M, Racagni G. Synergistic mechanisms involved in the antidepressant effects of agomelatine. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2012;22(Suppl 3):S482-6
  • Soumier A, Banasr M, Lortet S, et al. Mechanisms contributing to the phase-dependent regulation of neurogenesis by the novel antidepressant, agomelatine, in the adult rat hippocampus. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 34(11):2390-403
  • Stein DJ, Ahokas AA, de Bodinat C. Efficacy of agomelatine in generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2008 28(5):561-6
  • Stein DJ, Ahokas A, Marquez MS, et al. Agomelatine in generalized anxiety disorder: an active comparator and placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2014 75(4):362-8
  • Stein DJ, Ahokas A, Albarran C, et al. Agomelatine prevents relapse in generalized anxiety disorder: A 6-month randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled discontinuation study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012 73(7):1002-8
  • Stein DJ, Picarel-Blanchot F, Kennedy SH. Efficacy of the novel antidepressant agomelatine for anxiety symptoms in major depression. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2013 28(2):151-9
  • De Berardis D, Conti CM, Marini S, et al. Is there a role for agomelatine in the treatment of anxiety disorders?A review of published data. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2013 26(2):299-304
  • Bremner JD, Krystal JH, Southwick SM, Charney DS. Noradrenergic mechanisms in stress and anxiety: I. preclinical studies. Synapse. 1996 23(1):28-38
  • Bremner JD, Krystal JH, Southwick SM, Charney DS. Noradrenergic mechanisms in stress and anxiety: II. clinical studies. Synapse. 1996 23(1):39-51
  • Pfau ML, Russo SJ. Peripheral and central mechanisms of stress resilience. Neurobiol Stress. 2015 1:66-79
  • Arnsten AF, Raskind MA, Taylor FB, Connor DF. The effects of stress exposure on prefrontal cortex: Translating basic research into successful treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder. Neurobiol Stress. 2015 1:89-99
  • Geracioti TDJr, Baker DG, Ekhator NN, et al. CSF norepinephrine concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 2001 158(8):1227-30
  • Strawn JR, Geracioti TDJr. Noradrenergic dysfunction and the psychopharmacology of posttraumatic stress disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2008;25(3):260-71
  • Connor DF, Arnsten AF, Pearson GS, Greco GF. Guanfacine extended release for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2014 15(11):1601-10
  • Neylan TC, Lenoci M, Samuelson KW, et al. No improvement of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms with guanfacine treatment. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 163(12):2186-8
  • Davis LL, Ward C, Rasmusson A, et al. A placebo-controlled trial of guanfacine for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in veterans. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2008;41(1):8-18
  • Connor DF, Grasso DJ, Slivinsky MD, et al. An open-label study of guanfacine extended release for traumatic stress related symptoms in children and adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2013 23(4):244-51
  • Colombo G, Maccioni P, Vargiolu D, et al. The dopamine beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, nepicastat, reduces different alcohol-related behaviors in rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014 38(9):2345-53
  • Sayyah M, Sayyah M, Boostani H, et al. Effects of aripiprazole augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (a double blind clinical trial). Depress Anxiety. 2012 29(10):850-4
  • Muscatello MR, Bruno A, Pandolfo G, et al. Effect of aripiprazole augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors or clomipramine in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 31(2):174-9
  • Hoge EA, Worthington JJIII, Kaufman RE, et al. Aripiprazole as augmentation treatment of refractory generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder. CNS Spectr. 2008 13(6):522-7
  • Adson DE, Kushner MG, Fahnhorst TA. Treatment of residual anxiety symptoms with adjunctive aripiprazole in depressed patients taking selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. J Affect Disord. 2005 86(1):99-104
  • Mello MF, Costa MC, Schoedl AF, Fiks JP. Aripiprazole in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: An open-label trial. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2008 30(4):358-61
  • Khan A, Joyce M, Atkinson S, et al. A randomized, double-blind study of once-daily extended release quetiapine fumarate (quetiapine XR) monotherapy in patients with generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 31(4):418-28
  • Merideth C, Cutler AJ, She F, Eriksson H. Efficacy and tolerability of extended release quetiapine fumarate monotherapy in the acute treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A randomized, placebo controlled and active-controlled study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 27(1):40-54
  • Brawman-Mintzer O, Knapp RG, Nietert PJ. Adjunctive risperidone in generalized anxiety disorder: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005 66(10):1321-5
  • Pandina GJ, Canuso CM, Turkoz I, et al. Adjunctive risperidone in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A double-blind, prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Psychopharmacol Bull. 2007;40(3):41-57
  • Krystal JH, Rosenheck RA, Cramer JA, et al. Adjunctive risperidone treatment for antidepressant-resistant symptoms of chronic military service-related PTSD: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011 306(5):493-502
  • Tassone DM, Boyce E, Guyer J, Nuzum D. Pregabalin: a novel gamma-aminobutyric acid analogue in the treatment of neuropathic pain, partial-onset seizures, and anxiety disorders. Clin Ther. 2007 29(1):26-48
  • Rickels K, Pollack MH, Feltner DE, et al. Pregabalin for treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: a 4-week, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of pregabalin and alprazolam. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005 62(9):1022-30
  • Kasper S, Herman B, Nivoli G, et al. Efficacy of pregabalin and venlafaxine-XR in generalized anxiety disorder: Results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled 8-week trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2009 24(2):87-96
  • Baldwin D, Woods R, Lawson R, Taylor D. Efficacy of drug treatments for generalised anxiety disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2011 342:d1199
  • Pande AC, Crockatt JG, Feltner DE, et al. Pregabalin in generalized anxiety disorder: a placebo-controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 160(3):533-40
  • Oulis P, Mourikis I, Konstantakopoulos G. Pregabalin augmentation in treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2011 26(4):221-4
  • Baniasadi M, Hosseini G, Fayyazi Bordbar MR, et al. Effect of pregabalin augmentation in treatment of patients with combat-related chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. J Psychiatr Pract. 2014 20(6):419-27
  • Mula M. Treatment of anxiety disorders in epilepsy: an evidence-based approach. Epilepsia. 2013 54(Suppl 1):13-18
  • Lapidus KA, Soleimani L, Murrough JW. Novel glutamatergic drugs for the treatment of mood disorders. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2013;9:1101-12
  • Zarate CAJr, Singh JB, Carlson PJ, et al. A randomized trial of an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist in treatment-resistant major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2006 63(8):856-64
  • Murrough JW, Iosifescu DV, Chang LC, et al. Antidepressant efficacy of ketamine in treatment-resistant major depression: A two-site randomized controlled trial. Am J Psychiatry. 2013 170(10):1134-42
  • Wan LB, Levitch CF, Perez AM, et al. Ketamine safety and tolerability in clinical trials for treatment-resistant depression. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015;76(3):247-52
  • McGirr A, Berlim MT, Bond DJ, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of ketamine in the rapid treatment of major depressive episodes. Psychol Med. 2015 45(4):693-704
  • Feder A, Parides MK, Murrough JW, et al. Efficacy of intravenous ketamine for treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2014 71(6):681-8
  • Bloch MH, Wasylink S, Landeros-Weisenberger A, et al. Effects of ketamine in treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2012 72(11):964-70
  • Rodriguez CI, Kegeles LS, Levinson A, et al. Randomized controlled crossover trial of ketamine in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Proof-of-concept. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2013 38(12):2475-83
  • Krystal JH, Mathew SJ, D’Souza DC, et al. Potential psychiatric applications of metabotropic glutamate receptor agonists and antagonists. CNS Drugs. 2010 24(8):669-93
  • Wieronska JM, Pilc A. Glutamate-based anxiolytic ligands in clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2013 22(8):1007-22
  • Dunayevich E, Erickson J, Levine L, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of an mGlu2/3 agonist in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2008 33(7):1603-10
  • Bergink V, Westenberg HG. Metabotropic glutamate II receptor agonists in panic disorder: A double blind clinical trial with LY354740. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2005 20(6):291-3
  • Singewald N, Schmuckermair C, Whittle N, et al. Pharmacology of cognitive enhancers for exposure-based therapy of fear, anxiety and trauma-related disorders. Pharmacol Ther. 2015 149:150-90
  • Bukalo O, Pinard CR, Holmes A. Mechanisms to medicines: elucidating neural and molecular substrates of fear extinction to identify novel treatments for anxiety disorders. Br J Pharmacol. 2014 171(20):4690-718
  • Difede J, Cukor J, Wyka K, et al. D-cycloserine augmentation of exposure therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder: A pilot randomized clinical trial. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2014 39(5):1052-8
  • Ressler KJ, Rothbaum BO, Tannenbaum L, et al. Cognitive enhancers as adjuncts to psychotherapy: use of D-cycloserine in phobic individuals to facilitate extinction of fear. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2004 61(11):1136-44
  • Otto MW, Tolin DF, Simon NM, et al. Efficacy of d-cycloserine for enhancing response to cognitive-behavior therapy for panic disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2010 67(4):365-70
  • Chalmers DT, Lovenberg TW, De Souza EB. Localization of novel corticotropin-releasing factor receptor (CRF2) mRNA expression to specific subcortical nuclei in rat brain: Comparison with CRF1 receptor mRNA expression. J Neurosci. 1995 15(10):6340-50
  • Bale TL, Vale WW. CRF and CRF receptors: role in stress responsivity and other behaviors. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2004;44:525-57
  • Holsboer F. The rationale for corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor (CRH-R) antagonists to treat depression and anxiety. J Psychiatr Res. 1999 33(3):181-214
  • Baldwin HA, Rassnick S, Rivier J, et al. CRF antagonist reverses the "anxiogenic" response to ethanol withdrawal in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1991;103(2):227-32
  • Dunn AJ, File SE. Corticotropin-releasing factor has an anxiogenic action in the social interaction test. Horm Behav. 1987 21(2):193-202
  • Gehlert DR, Shekhar A, Morin SM, et al. Stress and central urocortin increase anxiety-like behavior in the social interaction test via the CRF1 receptor. Eur J Pharmacol. 2005 509(2-3):145-53
  • Baker DG, West SA, Nicholson WE, et al. Serial CSF corticotropin-releasing hormone levels and adrenocortical activity in combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1999 156(4):585-8
  • Sautter FJ, Bissette G, Wiley J, et al. Corticotropin-releasing factor in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with secondary psychotic symptoms, nonpsychotic PTSD, and healthy control subjects. Biol Psychiatry. 2003 54(12):1382-8
  • Holsboer F, Ising M. Central CRH system in depression and anxiety–evidence from clinical studies with CRH1 receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008 583(2-3):350-7
  • Coric V, Feldman HH, Oren DA, et al. Multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active comparator and placebo-controlled trial of a corticotropin-releasing factor receptor-1 antagonist in generalized anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2010 27(5):417-25
  • Tellew JE, Lanier M, Moorjani M, et al. Discovery of NBI-77860/GSK561679, a potent corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF1) receptor antagonist with improved pharmacokinetic properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2010 20(24):7259-64
  • Dunlop BW, Rothbaum BO, Binder EB, et al. Evaluation of a corticotropin releasing hormone type 1 receptor antagonist in women with posttraumatic stress disorder: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2014;15:240
  • Brothers SP, Wahlestedt C. Therapeutic potential of neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor ligands. EMBO Mol Med. 2010 2(11):429-39
  • Wu G, Feder A, Wegener G, et al. Central functions of neuropeptide Y in mood and anxiety disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2011 15(11):1317-31
  • Griebel G, Holsboer F. Neuropeptide receptor ligands as drugs for psychiatric diseases: The end of the beginning? Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2012 11(6):462-78
  • Longo A, Mele P, Bertocchi I, et al. Conditional inactivation of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors unravels the role of Y1 and Y5 receptors coexpressing neurons in anxiety. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 76(11):840-9
  • Roseboom PH, Nanda SA, Fox AS, et al. Neuropeptide Y receptor gene expression in the primate amygdala predicts anxious temperament and brain metabolism. Biol Psychiatry. 2014 76(11):850-7
  • Heilig M. The NPY system in stress, anxiety and depression. Neuropeptides. 2004 38(4):213-24
  • Serova LI, Tillinger A, Alaluf LG, et al. Single intranasal neuropeptide Y infusion attenuates development of PTSD-like symptoms to traumatic stress in rats. Neuroscience. 2013 236:298-312
  • Rasmusson AM, Hauger RL, Morgan CA, et al. Low baseline and yohimbine-stimulated plasma neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels in combat-related PTSD. Biol Psychiatry. 2000 47(6):526-39
  • Yehuda R, Brand S, Yang RK. Plasma neuropeptide Y concentrations in combat exposed veterans: Relationship to trauma exposure, recovery from PTSD, and coping. Biol Psychiatry. 2006 59(7):660-3
  • Sah R, Ekhator NN, Strawn JR, et al. Low cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide Y concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2009 66(7):705-7
  • Sah R, Ekhator NN, Jefferson-Wilson L, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide Y in combat veterans with and without posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014 40:277-83
  • Kramer MS, Cutler N, Feighner J, et al. Distinct mechanism for antidepressant activity by blockade of central substance P receptors. Science. 1998 281(5383):1640-5
  • Gobert A, Brocco M, Dekeyne A, et al. Neurokinin1 antagonists potentiate antidepressant properties of serotonin reuptake inhibitors, yet blunt their anxiogenic actions: A neurochemical, electrophysiological, and behavioral characterization. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 34(4):1039-56
  • Hietala J, Nyman MJ, Eskola O, et al. Visualization and quantification of neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptors in the human brain. Mol Imaging Biol. 2005 7(4):262-72
  • Herpfer I, Lieb K. Substance P receptor antagonists in psychiatry: Rationale for development and therapeutic potential. CNS Drugs. 2005;19(4):275-93
  • Ebner K, Singewald N. The role of substance P in stress and anxiety responses. Amino Acids. 2006 31(3):251-72
  • Geracioti TDJr, Carpenter LL, Owens MJ, et al. Elevated cerebrospinal fluid substance p concentrations in posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 163(4):637-43
  • Mathew SJ, Vythilingam M, Murrough JW, et al. A selective neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist in chronic PTSD: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, proof-of-concept trial. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2011 21(3):221-9
  • Tauscher J, Kielbasa W, Iyengar S, et al. Development of the 2nd generation neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist LY686017 for social anxiety disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2010 20(2):80-7
  • Wang H, Wong PT, Spiess J, Zhu YZ. Cholecystokinin-2 (CCK2) receptor-mediated anxiety-like behaviors in rats. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2005;29(8):1361-73
  • de Montigny C. Cholecystokinin tetrapeptide induces panic-like attacks in healthy volunteers. preliminary findings. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989 46(6):511-17
  • Chhatwal JP, Gutman AR, Maguschak KA, et al. Functional interactions between endocannabinoid and CCK neurotransmitter systems may be critical for extinction learning. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2009 34(2):509-21
  • Crowe MS, Nass SR, Gabella KM, Kinsey SG. The endocannabinoid system modulates stress, emotionality, and inflammation. Brain Behav Immun. 2014 42:1-5
  • Howlett AC, Bidaut-Russell M, Devane WA, et al. The cannabinoid receptor: biochemical, anatomical and behavioral characterization. Trends Neurosci. 1990 13(10):420-3
  • Marco EM, Garcia-Gutierrez MS, Bermudez-Silva FJ, et al. Endocannabinoid system and psychiatry: in search of a neurobiological basis for detrimental and potential therapeutic effects. Front Behav Neurosci. 2011 5:63
  • Neumeister A, Normandin MD, Pietrzak RH, et al. Elevated brain cannabinoid CB1 receptor availability in post-traumatic stress disorder: a positron emission tomography study. Mol Psychiatry. 2013 18(9):1034-40
  • Roitman P, Mechoulam R, Cooper-Kazaz R, Shalev A. Preliminary, open-label, pilot study of add-on oral Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol in chronic post-traumatic stress disorder. Clin Drug Investig. 2014 34(8):587-91
  • Bergamaschi MM, Queiroz RH, Chagas MH, et al. Cannabidiol reduces the anxiety induced by simulated public speaking in treatment-naive social phobia patients. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2011 36(6):1219-26
  • Crippa JA, Zuardi AW, Martin-Santos R, et al. Cannabis and anxiety: A critical review of the evidence. Hum Psychopharmacol. 2009 24(7):515-23
  • Moreira FA, Crippa JA. The psychiatric side-effects of rimonabant. Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2009 31(2):145-53
  • Micale V, Di Marzo V, Sulcova A, et al. Endocannabinoid system and mood disorders: priming a target for new therapies. Pharmacol Ther. 2013 138(1):18-37
  • Dincheva I, Drysdale AT, Hartley CA, et al. FAAH genetic variation enhances fronto-amygdala function in mouse and human. Nat Commun. 2015 6:6395
  • Pitman RK, Rasmusson AM, Koenen KC, et al. Biological studies of post-traumatic stress disorder. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012 13(11):769-87
  • Mahan AL, Ressler KJ. Fear conditioning, synaptic plasticity and the amygdala: Implications for posttraumatic stress disorder. Trends Neurosci. 2012 35(1):24-35.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.