Bibliography
- NIH Consensus Development Panel. Osteoporosis prevention, diagnosis, and therapy. JAMA 2001;285:785-95
- Marcus R, Bouxsein M. The nature of osteoporosis. In: Marcus R, Feldman D, Nelson DA, , editors, Osteoporosis. 3rd edition. Academic Press, San Diego; 2008. p. 27-36
- Riggs BL, Wahner HW, Seeman E, Changes in bone mineral density of the proximal femur and spine with aging. Differences between the postmenopausal and senile osteoporosis syndromes. J Clin Invest 1982;70:716-23
- Riggs BL, Khosla S, Melton LJ. The type I/type II model for involutional osteoporosis. In: Marcus R, Feldman D, Kelsey J, editors, Osteoporosis. 2nd edition. Academic Press, San Diego; 2001. p. 49-58
- Teitelbaum SL, Ross FP. Genetic regulation of osteoclast development and function. Nat Rev Genet 2003;4:638-49
- Teitelbaum SL. Osteoclasts: what do they do and how do they do it? Am J Pathol 2007;170:427-35
- Raisz LG. Pathogenesis of osteoporosis: concepts, conflicts, and prospects. J Clin Invest 2005;115:3318-25
- Teitelbaum SL. Osteoclasts; culprits in inflammatory osteolysis. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8:1-8
- Goldring SR. Pathogenesis of bone and cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology 2003;42(Suppl 2):ii11-16
- Mundy GR. Metastasis to bone: causes, consequences and therapeutic opportunities. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:584-93
- Stefanick ML. Estrogens and progestins: background and history, trends in use, and guidelines and regimens approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. Am J Med 2005;118(Suppl 12B):64-73
- Prince R, Muchmore DB, Siris ES. Estrogen analogues: selective estrogen receptor modulators and phytoestrogens. In: Marcus R, Feldman D, Nelson DA, , editors, Osteoporosis. 3rd edition. Academic Press, San Diego; 2008. p. 1705-23
- Miller P. Bisphosphonates: pharmacology and use in the treatment of osteoporosis. In: Marcus R, Feldman D, Nelson DA, , editors, Osteoporosis. 3rd edition. Academic Press, San Diego; 2008. p. 1725-42
- Gruber HE, Ivey JL, Baylink DJ, Long-term calcitonin therapy in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Metabolism 1984;33:295-303
- Miller PD, Derman RJ. What is the best balance of benefits and risks among anti-resorptive therapies for postmenopausal osteoporosis? Osteoporos Int 2010: published online 23 March 2010, doi: 10.1007/s00198-010-1208-3
- Stepan JJ, Alenfeld F, Boivin G, Mechanisms of action of antiresorptive therapies of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Regul 2003;37:225-38
- Lufkin EG, Sarkar S, Kulkarni PM, Antiresorptive treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: review of randomized clinical studies and rationale for the Evista alendronate comparison (EVA) trial. Curr Med Res Opin 2004;20:351-7
- Marcus R, Wong M, Heath H III, Antiresorptive treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis: comparison of study designs and outcomes in large clinical trials with fracture as an endpoint. Endocr Rev 2002;23:16-37
- Boyle WJ, Simonet WS, Lacey DL. Osteoclast differentiation and activation. Nature 2003;423:337-42
- Wittrant Y, Theoleyre S, Chipoy C, RANKL/RANK/OPG: new therapeutic targets in bone tumours and associated osteolysis. Biochim Biophys Acta 2004;1704:49-57
- McClung MR, Lewiecki EM, Cohen SB, Denosumab in postmenopausal women with low bone mineral density. N Engl J Med 2006;354:821-31
- McClung MR. Inhibition of RANKL as a treatment for osteoporosis: preclinical and early clinical studies. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2006;4:28-33
- Lewiecki EM. Current and emerging pharmacologic therapies for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2009;18:1615-26
- Miller PD. Denosumab: anti-RANKL antibody. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2009;7:18-22
- Cummings SR, San Martin J, McClung MR, Denosumab for prevention of fractures in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2009;361:756-65
- Lacey DL, Timms E, Tan HL, Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell 1998;93:165-76
- Yasuda H, Shima N, Nakagawa N, Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor and is identical to TRANCE/RANKL. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:3597-602
- Anderson DM, Maraskovsky E, Billingsley WL, A homologue of the TNF receptor and its ligand enhance T-cell growth and dendritic-cell function. Nature 1997;390:175-9
- Wong BR, Rho J, Arron J, TRANCE is a novel ligand of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family that activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase in T cells. J Biol Chem 1997;272:25190-4
- Bucay N, Sarosi I, Dunstan CR, osteoprotegerin-deficient mice develop early onset osteoporosis and arterial calcification. Genes Dev 1998;12:1260-8
- Simonet WS, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, Osteoprotegerin: a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density. Cell 1997;89:309-19
- Wong BR, Josien R, Lee SY, TRANCE (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-related activation-induced cytokine), a new TNF family member predominantly expressed in T cells, is a dendritic cell-specific survival factor. J Exp Med 1997;186:2075-80
- Josien R, Wong BR, Li HL, TRANCE, a TNF family member, is differentially expressed on T cell subsets and induces cytokine production in dendritic cells. J Immunol 1999;162:2562-8
- Josien R, Li HL, Ingulli E, TRANCE, a tumor necrosis factor family member, enhances the longevity and adjuvant properties of dendritic cells in vivo. J Exp Med 2000;191:495-502
- Kong YY, Yoshida H, Sarosi I, OPGL is a key regulator of osteoclastogenesis, lymphocyte development and lymph-node organogenesis. Nature 1999;397:315-23
- Bachmann MF, Wong BR, Josien R, TRANCE, a tumor necrosis factor family member critical for CD40 ligand-independent T helper cell activation. J Exp Med 1999;189:1025-31
- Dougall WC, Glaccum M, Charrier K, RANK is essential for osteoclast and lymph node development. Genes Dev 1999;13:2412-24
- Kim D, Mebius RE, MacMicking JD, Regulation of peripheral lymph node genesis by the tumor necrosis factor family member TRANCE. J Exp Med 2000;192:1467-78
- Akiyama T, Shimo Y, Yanai H, The tumor necrosis factor family receptors RANK and CD40 cooperatively establish the thymic medullary microenvironment and self-tolerance. Immunity 2008;29:423-37
- Hikosaka Y, Nitta T, Ohigashi I, The cytokine RANKL produced by positively selected thymocytes fosters medullary thymic epithelial cells that express autoimmune regulator. Immunity 2008;29:438-50
- Fata JE, Kong YY, Li J, The osteoclast differentiation factor osteoprotegerin-ligand is essential for mammary gland development. Cell 2000;103:41-50
- Hanada R, Leibbrandt A, Hanada T, Central control of fever and female body temperature by RANKL/RANK. Nature 2009;462:505-9
- Suda T, Takahashi N, Udagawa N, Modulation of osteoclast differentiation and function by the new members of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and ligand families. Endocr Rev 1999;20:345-57
- Ross FP, Teitelbaum SL. Osteoclast biology. In: Marcus R, Feldman D, Kelsey J, editors, Osteoporosis. 2nd edition. Academic Press, San Diego; 2001. p. 73-106
- Li J, Sarosi I, Yan X-Q, RANK is the intrinsic hematopoietic cell surface receptor that controls osteoclastogenesis and regulation of bone mass and calcium metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2000;97:1566-71
- Burgess TL, Qian Y, Kaufman S, The ligand for osteoprotegerin (OPGL) directly activates mature osteoclasts. J Cell Biol 1999;145:527-38
- Fuller K, Wong B, Fox S, TRANCE is necessary and sufficient for osteoblast-mediated activation of bone resorption in osteoclasts. J Exp Med 1998;188:997-1001
- Lum L, Wong BR, Josien R, Evidence for a role of a tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-converting enzyme-like protease in shedding of TRANCE, a TNF family member involved in osteoclastogenesis and dendritic cell survival. J Biol Chem 1999;274:13613-18
- Wong BR, Besser D, Kim N, TRANCE, a TNF family member, activates Akt/PKB through a signaling complex involving TRAF6 and c-Src. Mol Cell 1999;4:1041-9
- Eghbali-Fatourechi G, Khosla S, Sanyal A, Role of RANK ligand in mediating increased bone resorption in early postmenopausal women. J Clin Invest 2003;111:1221-30
- Cao J, Venton L, Sakata T, Expression of RANKL and OPG correlates with age-related bone loss in male C57BL/6 mice. J Bone Miner Res 2003;18:270-7
- Cao JJ, Wronski TJ, Iwaniec U, Aging increases stromal/osteoblastic cell-induced osteoclastogenesis and alters the osteoclast precursor pool in the mouse. J Bone Miner Res 2005;20:1659-68
- Hsu H, Lacey DL, Dunstan CR, Tumor necrosis factor receptor family member RANK mediates osteoclast differentiation and activation induced by osteoprotegerin ligand. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:3540-5
- Hoorweg K, Cupedo T. Development of human lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. Semin Immunol 2008;20:164-70
- Anastasilakis AD, Toulis KA, Goulis DG, Efficacy and safety of denosumab in postmenopausal women with osteopenia or osteoporosis: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Horm Metab Res 2009;41:721-9
- Toulis KA, Anastasilakis AD. Erratum to: increased risk of serious infections in women with osteopenia or osteoporosis treated with denosumab. Osteoporos Int 2010: published online 5 February 2010, doi: 10.1007/s00198-010-1173-x
- Locksley RM, Killeen N, Lenardo MJ. The TNF and TNF receptor superfamilies: integrating mammalian biology. Cell 2001;104:487-501
- Bodmer JL, Schneider P, Tschopp J. The molecular architecture of the TNF superfamily. Trends Biochem Sci 2002;27:19-26
- Darnay BG, Haridas V, Ni J, Characterization of the intracellular domain of receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK). Interaction with tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factors and activation of NF-κB and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. J Biol Chem 1998;273:20551-5
- Wong BR, Josien R, Lee SY, The TRAF family of signal transducers mediates NF-κB activation by the TRANCE receptor. J Biol Chem 1998;273:28355-9
- Kim HH, Lee DE, Shin JN, Receptor activator of NF-κB recruits multiple TRAF family adaptors and activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase. FEBS Lett 1999;443:297-302
- Darnay BG, Ni J, Moore PA, Activation of NF-κB by RANK requires tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) 6 and NF-κB-inducing kinase. Identification of a novel TRAF6 interaction motif. J Biol Chem 1999;274:7724-31
- Galibert L, Tometsko ME, Anderson DM, The involvement of multiple tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factors in the signaling mechanisms of receptor activator of NF-κB, a member of the TNFR superfamily. J Biol Chem 1998;273:34120-7
- Armstrong AP, Tometsko ME, Glaccum M, A RANK/ TRAF6-dependent signal transduction pathway is essential for osteoclast cytoskeletal organization and resorptive function. J Biol Chem 2002;277:44347-54436
- Liu W, Xu D, Yang H, Functional identification of three RANK cytoplasmic motifs mediating osteoclast differentiation and function. J Biol Chem 2004;279:54759-69
- Takayanagi H, Kim S, Matsuo K, RANKL maintains bone homeostasis through c-Fos-dependent induction of interferon-beta. Nature 2002;416:744-9
- Feng X. Regulatory roles and molecular signaling of TNF family members in osteoclasts. Gene 2005;350:1-13
- Ye H, Arron JR, Lamothe B, Distinct molecular mechanism for initiating TRAF6 signalling. Nature 2002;418:443-7
- Mizukami J, Takaesu G, Akatsuka H, Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) activates TAK1 mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase through a signaling complex containing RANK, TAB2, and TRAF6. Mol Cell Biol 2002;22:992-1000
- Ninomiya-Tsuji J, Kishimoto K, Hiyama A, The kinase TAK1 can activate the NIK-I κB as well as the MAP kinase cascade in the IL-1 signalling pathway. Nature 1999;398:252-6
- Shirakabe K, Yamaguchi K, Shibuya H, TAK1 mediates the ceramide signaling to stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase. J Biol Chem 1997;272:8141-4
- Lee SW, Han SI, Kim HH, TAK1-dependent activation of AP-1 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase by receptor activator of NF-κB. J Biochem Mol Biol 2002;35:371-6
- Ge B, Gram H, Di Padova F, MAPKK-independent activation of p38alpha mediated by TAB1-dependent autophosphorylation of p38alpha. Science 2002;295:1291-4
- Takayanagi H, Kim S, Koga T, Induction and activation of the transcription factor NFATc1 (NFAT2) integrate RANKL signaling in terminal differentiation of osteoclasts. Dev Cell 2002;3:889-901
- Ishida N, Hayashi K, Hoshijima M, Large scale gene expression analysis of osteoclastogenesis in vitro and elucidation of NFAT2 as a key regulator. J Biol Chem 2002;277:41147-56
- Wu H, Arron JR. TRAF6, a molecular bridge spanning adaptive immunity, innate immunity and osteoimmunology. BioEssays 2003;25:1096-105
- Walsh MC, Kim GK, Maurizio PL, TRAF6 autoubiquitination-independent activation of the NFκB and MAPK pathways in response to IL-1 and RANKL. PLoS One 2008;3:e4064
- Azuma Y, Kaji K, Katogi R, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces differentiation of and bone resorption by osteoclasts. J Biol Chem 2000;275:4858-64
- Xu D, Wang S, Liu W, A novel RANK cytoplasmic motif plays an essential role in osteoclastogenesis by committing macrophages to the osteoclast lineage. J Biol Chem 2006;281:4678-90
- Kim H, Choi HK, Shin JH, Selective inhibition of RANK blocks osteoclast maturation and function and prevents bone loss in mice. J Clin Invest 2009;119:813-25
- Wang Y, Lebowitz D, Sun C, Identifying the relative contributions of Rac1 and Rac2 to osteoclastogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23:260-70
- Feng X. RANK signaling pathways as potent and specific therapeutic targets for bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis. Future Rheumatol 2006;1:567-78
- Chen T, Feng X. Cell-based assay strategy for identification of motif-specific RANK signaling pathway inhibitors. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2006;4:473-82
- Liu W, Wang S, Wei S, Receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) cytoplasmic motif, 369PFQEP373, plays a predominant role in osteoclast survival in part by activating Akt/PKB and its downstream effector AFX/FOXO4. J Biol Chem 2005;280:43064-72
- Pacifici R. Cytokines, estrogen, and postmenopausal osteoporosis – the second decade. Endocrinol 1998;139:2659-61
- Jilka RL. Cytokines, bone remodeling, and estrogen deficiency – a 1998 update. Bone 1998;23:75-81
- Lam J, Takeshita S, Barker JE, TNF-alpha induces osteoclastogenesis by direct stimulation of macrophages exposed to permissive levels of RANK ligand. J Clin Invest 2000;106:1481-8
- Kim JH, Jin HM, Kim K, The mechanism of osteoclast differentiation induced by IL-1. J Immunol 2009;183:1862-70
- Jules J, Shi Z, Feng X. Three RANK cytoplasmic motifs, IVVY535–538, PVQEET559–564, and PVQEQG604–609, play a critical role in TNF/IL-1-mediated osteoclastogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 2008;23(Suppl):S34
- Kobayashi T, Walsh PT, Walsh MC, TRAF6 is a critical factor for dendritic cell maturation and development. Immunity 2003;19:353-63
- Sun L, Deng L, Ea CK, The TRAF6 ubiquitin ligase and TAK1 kinase mediate IKK activation by BCL10 and MALT1 in T lymphocytes. Mol Cell 2004;14:289-301
- Qin J, Konno H, Ohshima D, Developmental stage-dependent collaboration between the TNF receptor-associated factor 6 and lymphotoxin pathways for B cell follicle organization in secondary lymphoid organs. J Immunol 2007;179:6799-807
- Kobayashi T, Kim TS, Jacob A, TRAF6 is required for generation of the B-1a B cell compartment as well as T cell-dependent and -independent humoral immune responses. PLoS One 2009;4:e4736
- Shui C, Riggs BL, Khosla S. The immunosuppressant rapamycin, alone or with transforming growth factor-beta, enhances osteoclast differentiation of RAW264.7 monocyte-macrophage cells in the presence of RANK-ligand. Calcif Tissue Int 2002;71:437-46
- Battaglino R, Kim D, Fu B, c-Myc is required for osteoclast differentiation. J Bone Miner Res 2002;17:763-73
- Feng X. RANKing intracelluar cellular signaling in osteoclasts. IUBMB Life 2005;57:389-95
- Jules J, Shi Z, Liu W, The RANKL cytoplasmic motif, IVVY535–538, plays an essential role in TNF-alpha- and LI-1-induced osteoclastogenesis. J Bone Miner Res 2007;22(Suppl):S96
- Taguchi Y, Gohda J, Koga T, A unique domain in RANK is required for Gab2 and PLCgamma2 binding to establish osteoclastogenic signals. Genes Cells 2009;14:1331-45
- Burge R, Dawson-Hughes B, Solomon DH, Incidence and economic burden of osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States, 2005-2025. J Bone Miner Res 2007;22:465-75
- Cummings SR, Black DM, Thompson DE, Effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with low bone density but without vertebral fractures: results from the Fracture Intervention Trial. JAMA 1998;280:2077-82
- Black DM, Cummings SR, Karpf DB, Randomised trial of effect of alendronate on risk of fracture in women with existing vertebral fractures. Lancet 1996;348:1535-41
- Chesnut CH III, Silverman S, Andriano K, A randomized trial of nasal spray salmon calcitonin in postmenopausal women with established osteoporosis: the prevent recurrence of osteoporotic fractures study. Am J Med 2000;109:267-76
- Heaney RP, Zizic TM, Fogelman I, Risedronate reduces the risk of first vertebral fracture in osteoporotic women. Osteoporos Int 2002;13:501-5