Drug interactions with antiretrovirals and warfarin

Bibliography

• The Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration. Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies. Lancet 2008;372:293-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pallela FJ Jr, Baker RK, Moorman AC, Mortality in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era: changing causes of death and disease in the HIV Outpatient Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006;43:27-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansell J, Hirsh J, Poller L, The pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists. Chest 2004;126:204S-33S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yeh RF, Gaver VE, Patterson KB, Lopinavir/ritonavir induces the hepatic activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP1A2 but inhibits the hepatic and intestinal activity of CYP3A as measured by a phenotyping drug cocktail in healthy volunteers. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006;42:52-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vourvahis M, Kashuba AD. Mechanisms of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions associated with ritonavir-enhanced tipranavir. Pharmacotherapy 2007;27:888-909
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sekar V, Spinosa-Guzman S, Meyvisch P, Cocktail study to investigate the in-vivo drug interaction potential of darunavir coadministered with low-dose ritonavir (DRV/r; RTV) on cytochrome P450 enzymes 2D6, 2C9 and 2C19. Presented at the 9th International Workshop on Clinical Pharmacology of HIV (IWCPHIV), New Orleans, USA, April 7-9 2008
   Google Scholar
• Fulco PP, Zingone MM, Higginson RT. Possible antiretroviral therapy-warfarin drug interaction. Pharmacotherapy 2008;28:945-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dionisio D, Mininni S, Bartolozzi D, Need for increased dose of warfarin in HIV patients taking nevirapine. AIDS 2001;15:277-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonora S, Lanzafame M, D’Avolio A, Drug interactions between warfarin and efavirenz or lopinavir-ritonavir in clinical treatment. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46:146-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatti G, Alessandrini A, Camera M, Influence of indinavir and ritonavir on warfarin anticoagulant activity. AIDS 1998;12:825-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoell KR, Young TM, Cousins ES. Potential interaction involving warfarin and ritonavir. Ann Pharmacother 1998;32:1299-302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes CA, Freitas A, Miedzinski LJ. Interaction between lopinavir/ritonavir and warfarin. CMAJ 2007;177:357-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newshan G, Tsang P. Ritonavir and warfarin interaction. AIDS 1999;13:1788-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darlington MR. Hypoprothrombinemia during concomitant therapy with warfarin and saquinavir. Ann Pharmacother 1997;31:647
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahonkhai A, Gebo K, Streiff M, Venous thromboembolism in patients with HIV/AIDS a case-control study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008;48:310-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copur AS, Smith P, Gomez V, HIV infection is a risk factor for venous thromboembolism. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2002;16:205-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Afessa B, Green W, Chiao J, Frederick W. Pulmonary complications of HIV infection. Chest 1998;113:1225-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson M, Dezube B, Aboulafia D. Thrombotic complications in patients infected with HIV in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: a case series. CID 2004;39:1214-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelkonen O, Turpeinen M, Hakkola J, Inhibition and induction of human cytochrome P450 enzymes: current status. Arch Toxicol 2008;82:667-715
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKinnon R, Sorich M, Ward M. Cytochrome P450 part 1: multiplicity and function. J Pharm Pract Res 2008;38:55-7
   Google Scholar
• Ward M, Sorich M, Evans A, McKinnon R. Cytochrome P450 part 3: impact of drug-drug interactions. J Pharm Pract Res 2009;39:55-8
   Google Scholar
• Gulseth M, Grice G, Dager W. Pharmacogenomics of warfarin: uncovering a piece of the warfarin mystery. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2009;66:123-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Reilly RA. Studies on the optical enantiomorphs of warfarin in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1974;16:348-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breckenridge A, Orme M, Wesseling H, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the enantiomers of warfarin in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1974;15:424-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rettie AE, Korzekwa KR, Kunze KL, Hydroxylation of warfarin by human cDNA-expressed cytochrome P-450: a role for P-4502C9 in the etiology of (S)-warfarin-drug interactions. Chem Res Toxicol 1992;5:54-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaminsky LS, Zhang Z-Y. Human P450 metabolism of warfarin. Pharmacol Ther 1997;73:67-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rettie AE, Wienkers LC, Gonzalez FJ, Impaired (S)-warfarin metabolism catalysed by the R144C allelic variant of CYP2C9. Pharmacogenetics 1994;4:39-42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Haining RL, Hunter AP, Veronese ME, Allelic variants of human cytochrome P450 2C9: baculovirus-mediated expression, purification, structural characterization, substrate stereoselectivity, and prochiral selectivity of the wild-type and I359L mutant forms. Arch Biochem Biophys 1996;333:447-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crespi CL, Miller VP. The R144C change in the CYP2C9*2 allele alters interaction of the cytochrome P450 with NADPH:cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. Pharmacogenetics 1997;7:203-10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peyvandi F, Spreafico M, Siboni SM, CYP2C9 genotypes and dose requirements during the induction phase of oral anticoagulant therapy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2004;75:198-203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindh JD, Lundgren S, Holm L, Several-fold increase in risk of overanticoagulation by CYP2C9 mutations. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2005;78:540-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joffe HV, Xu R, Johnson FB, Warfarin dosing and cytochrome P450 2C9 polymorphisms. Thromb Haemost 2004;91:1123-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takahashi H, Wilkinson GR, Nutescu EA, Different contributions of polymorphisms in VKORC1 and CYP2C9 to intra- and inter-population differences in maintenance dose of warfarin in Japanese, Caucasians and African-Americans. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2006;16:101-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aquilante CL, Langaee TY, Lopez LM, Influence of coagulation factor, vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1, and cytochrome P450 2C9 gene polymorphisms on warfarin dose requirements. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006;79:291-302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie HG, Kim RB, Wood AJ, Stein CM. Molecular basis of ethnic differences in drug disposition and response. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2001;41:815-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Cytochrome P450 Allele Nomenclature Committee. Available from URL: http://www.cypalleles.ki.se/cyp2c9.htm. [Accessed 1 September 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Product information. Selzentry (maraviroc). New York, NY: Pfizer Labs, August 2007
   Google Scholar
• Tseng A, Chionglo M. Selected properties of maraviroc. Available from URL: http://www.hivclinic.ca/main/drugs_properties_files/CCR5_maraviroc.pdf. [Accessed 1 September 2009]
   Google Scholar
• von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ, Grassi JM, Protease inhibitors as inhibitors of human cytochromes P450: high risk associated with ritonavir. J Clin Pharmacol 1998;38:106-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ, Granda BW, Inhibition of human cytochrome P450 isoforms by nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. J Clin Pharmacol 2001;41:85-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixit V, Hariparsad N, Li F, Cytochrome P450 enzymes and transporters induced by anti-human immunodeficiency virus protease inhibitors in human hepatocytes: implications for predicting clinical drug interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2007;35:1853-9. [Epub 16 July 2007]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panel on Antiretroviral Guidelines for Adult and Adolescents. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. Department of Health and Human Services. November 3, 2008;1-139. Available from: http://www.aidsinfo.nih.gov/ContentFiles/AdultandAdolescentGL.pdf. [Accessed 1 September 2009]
   Google Scholar
• Ma Q, Okusanya OO, Smith PF, Pharmacokinetic drug interactions with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2005;1:473-85
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Product information. Intelence (etravirine). Raritan, NJ: Tibotec Therapeutics, 19 January 2008
   Google Scholar
• Product information. Viracept (nelfinavir). La Jolla, CA: Agouron Pharmaceuticals, August 2007
   Google Scholar
• Product information. Kaletra (lopinavir/ritonavir). North Chicago, IL: Abbott Laboratories, November 2007
   Google Scholar
• Product information. Norvir (ritonavir). North Chicago, IL: Abbott Laboratories, May 2007
   Google Scholar
• Product information. Prezista (darunavir). Raritan, NJ: Tibotec Therapeutics, 31 February 2008
   Google Scholar
• Shelton M, Cloen D, Becker M, Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interactions between phenytoin and nelfinavir in healthy volunteers at steady state (abstract 426). Presented at: 40th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Toronto, September 17–20, 2000
   Google Scholar
• Honda M, Yasuoka A, Aoki M, Oka S. A generalized seizure following initiation of nelfinavir in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus type I infection, suspected due to interaction between nelfinavir and phenytoin. Intern Med 1999;38:302-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar GN, Rodrigues AD, Buko AM, Denissen JF. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor ritonavir (ABT-538) in human liver microsomes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996;277:423-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eagling VA, Back DJ, Barry MG. Differential inhibition of cytochrome P450 isoforms by the protease inhibitors, ritonavir, saquinavir and indinavir. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1997;44:190-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Tipranavir. Antiviral drugs advisory committee (AVDAC) briefing document, NDA 21–814. Ridgefield, CT; 2005
   Google Scholar
• Product information. Aptivus (tipranavir). Ridgefield, CT: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, June 2008
   Google Scholar
• Product information. Reyataz (atazanavir). Princeton, NJ: Bristo-Myers Squibb Company, November 2009
   Google Scholar
• Product information. Lexiva (fosamprenavir). Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline, September 2009
   Google Scholar
• Product information. Crixivan (indinavir). Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Company, Inc., October 2008
   Google Scholar
• Voora D, McLeod HL, Eby C, Gage BF. The pharmacogenetics of coumarin therapy. Pharmacogenomics 2005;6:503-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LLerena A, Dorado P, O’Kirwan F, Lower frequency of CYP2C9*2 in Mexican-Americans compared to Spaniards. Pharmacogenomics J 2004;4:403-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu A, Wang P, Smith A, Dosing algorithm for warfarin using CYP2C9 and VKORC1 genotyping from a multi-ethnic population: comparison with other equations. Pharmacogenomics 2008;9:169-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xie H, Prasad H, Landau R, Frequency of the defective CYP2C9 variant alleles in different ethnic groups. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;71:P102
   Google Scholar