749
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Reviews

Safety and tolerability of anticonvulsant medication in bipolar disorder

, MD, , MD, , MD & , MD

Bibliography

  • Merikangas KR, Akiskal HS, Angst J, et al. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the national comorbidity survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64(5):543-52
  • Runge C, Grunze H. Jährliche krankheitskosten bipolarer störungen in deutschland. Nervenarzt 2004;75(9):896-903
  • Whiteford HA, Degenhardt L, Rehm J, et al. Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2010. Lancet 2013;382(9904):1575-86
  • Baldessarini RJ, Leahy L, Arcona S, et al. Patterns of psychotropic drug prescription for U.S. Patients with diagnoses of bipolar disorders. Psychiatr Serv 2007;58(1):85-91
  • Hayes J, Prah P, Nazareth I, et al. Prescribing trends in bipolar disorder: Cohort study in the United Kingdom thin primary care database 1995-2009. PLoS One 2011;6(12):e28725
  • Haeberle A, Greil W, Russmann S, Grohmann R. Mono- and combination drug therapies in hospitalized patients with bipolar depression. Data from the European drug surveillance program amsp. BMC Psychiatry 2012;12(153
  • Goodwin GM; Consensus Group of the British Association for P. Evidence-based guidelines for treating bipolar disorder: Revised second edition–recommendations from the British Association for Psychopharmacology. J Psychopharmacol 2009;23(4):346-88
  • Grunze H, Vieta E, Goodwin GM, et al. Disorders WTFoTGfB: The World Federation of Societies Of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders: Update 2012 on the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2013;14(3):154-219
  • Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, Parikh SV, et al. Canadian network for mood and anxiety treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar disorders (ISBD) collaborative update of CANMAT guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder: Update 2013. Bipolar Disord 2013;15(1):1-44
  • Tohen M, Baker RW, Altshuler LL, et al. Olanzapine versus divalproex in the treatment of acute mania. Am J Psychiatry 2002;159(6):1011-17
  • Tohen M, Ketter TA, Zarate CA, et al. Olanzapine versus divalproex sodium for the treatment of acute mania and maintenance of remission: A 47-week study. Am J Psychiatry 2003;160(7):1263-71
  • Grunze H, Grunze A, Born C. Polypharmazie in der behandlung bipolarer störungen. In: Messer T, Schmauss M, editors. Polypharmazie in der behandlung psychischer erkrankungen. Springer; Wien-New York: 2015. p. 81-102
  • Geddes JR, Goodwin GM, Rendell J, et al. Lithium plus valproate combination therapy versus monotherapy for relapse prevention in Bipolar I disorder (balance): A randomised open-label trial. Lancet 2010;375(9712):385-95
  • Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, McElroy SL, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled 12-month trial of divalproex and lithium in treatment of outpatients with Bipolar I disorder. Divalproex maintenance study group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2000;57:481-9
  • Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, Sachs G, et al. A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently manic or hypomanic patients with Bipolar I disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2003;60(4):392-400
  • Calabrese J, Bowden CL, Sachs G, et al. A placebo-controlled 18-month trial of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance treatment in recently depressed patients with Bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64(1013):1024
  • Landmark CJ, Johannessen SI. Safety aspects of antiepileptic drugs--focus on pharmacovigilance. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2012;21(1):11-20
  • Grunze H, Vieta E, Goodwin GM, et al. The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders: Update 2010 on the treatment of acute bipolar depression. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010;11(2):81-109
  • Grunze H, Vieta E, Goodwin GM, et al. The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders. Update 2012 on the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder. World J Biol Psychiatry 2013;14(3):154-219
  • Lambert PA, Venaud G. Utilisation de valpromide en therapeutique psychiatrique. Encephale 1966;8:367-73
  • Pope HG, McElroy SL, Keck PE, Hudson JI. Valproate in the treatment of acute mania. A placebo-controlled study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991;48(1):62-8
  • Bowden CL, Brugger AM, Swann AC, et al. Efficacy of divalproex vs lithium and placebo in the treatment of mania. The depakote mania study group. JAMA 1994;271(12):918-24
  • Bowden CL, Swann AC, Calabrese JR, et al. A randomized, placebo-controlled, multicenter study of divalproex sodium extended release in the treatment of acute mania. J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67(10):1501-10
  • Lemoine P, Fondarai J, Faivre T. Valpromide increases amplitude of heart rate circadian rhythm in remitted bipolar and unipolar disorders. A placebo-controlled study. Eur Psychiatry 2000;15(7):424-32
  • McElroy SL, Martens BE, Creech RS, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of divalproex extended release loading monotherapy in ambulatory bipolar spectrum disorder patients with moderate-to-severe hypomania or mild mania. J Clin Psychiatry 2010;71(5):557-65
  • Hirschfeld RM, Baker JD, Wozniak P, et al. The safety and early efficacy of oral-loaded divalproex versus standard-titration divalproex, lithium, olanzapine, and placebo in the treatment of acute mania associated with bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64(7):841-6
  • Tohen M, Vieta E, Goodwin GM, et al. Olanzapine versus divalproex versus placebo in the treatment of mild to moderate mania: A randomized, 12-week, double-blind study. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69(11):1776-89
  • Houston JP, Tohen M, Degenhardt EK, et al. Olanzapine-divalproex combination versus divalproex monotherapy in the treatment of bipolar mixed episodes: A double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70(11):1540-7
  • Davis LL, Bartolucci A, Petty F. Divalproex in the treatment of bipolar depression: A placebo-controlled study. J Affect Disord 2005;85(3):259-66
  • Ghaemi SN, Gilmer WS, Goldberg JF, et al. Divalproex in the treatment of acute bipolar depression: A preliminary double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68(12):1840-4
  • Muzina DJ, Gao K, Kemp DE, et al. Acute efficacy of divalproex sodium versus placebo in mood stabilizer-naive bipolar I or II depression: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2011;72(6):813-19
  • Sachs G, Collins MA, Altshuler L, et al. Divalproex sodium versus placebo for the treatment of bipolar depression. APA 2002 Syllabus & Proceedings Summary 2002
  • Smith LA, Cornelius VR, Azorin JM, et al. Valproate for the treatment of acute bipolar depression: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2010;122(1-2):1-9
  • Bowden CL, Singh V, Weisler R, et al. Lamotrigine vs Lamotrigine plus divalproex in randomized, placebo-controlled maintenance treatment for bipolar depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2012;126(5):342-50
  • Bowden CL, Vieta E, Ice KS, et al. Ziprasidone plus a mood stabilizer in subjects with bipolar I disorder: A 6-month, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2010;71(2):130-7
  • Marcus R, Khan A, Rollin L, et al. Efficacy of aripiprazole adjunctive to lithium or valproate in the long-term treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder with an inadequate response to lithium or valproate monotherapy: A multicenter, double-blind, randomized study. Bipolar Disord 2011;13(2):133-44
  • Investigators B, collaborators. Geddes JR, Goodwin GM, et al. Lithium plus valproate combination therapy versus monotherapy for relapse prevention in bipolar I disorder (BALANCE): A randomised open-label trial. Lancet 2010;375(9712):385-95
  • Chen B, Choi H, Hirsch LJ, et al. Cosmetic side effects of antiepileptic drugs in adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2015;42:129-37
  • Conley EL, Coley KC, Pollock BG, et al. Prevalence and risk of thrombocytopenia with valproic acid: Experience at a psychiatric teaching hospital. Pharmacotherapy 2001;21(11):1325-30
  • Ristic AJ, Vojvodic N, Jankovic S, et al. The frequency of reversible parkinsonism and cognitive decline associated with valproate treatment: A study of 364 patients with different types of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2006;47(12):2183-5
  • Raja M, Azzoni A. Valproate-induced hyperammonaemia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002;22(6):631-3
  • Schmidt D. Adverse effects of valproate. Epilepsia 1984;25(Suppl 1):44-9
  • Bryant AEIII, Dreifuss FE. Valproic acid hepatic fatalities. III. U.S. Experience since 1986. Neurology 1996;46(2):465-9
  • Hynynen J, Komulainen T, Tukiainen E, et al. Acute liver failure after valproate exposure in patients with polg1 mutations and the prognosis after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2014;20(11):1402-12
  • Asconape JJ, Penry JK, Dreifuss FE, et al. Valproate-associated pancreatitis. Epilepsia 1993;34(1):177-83
  • Krivoy N, Taer M, Neuman MG. Antiepileptic drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome reactions. Curr Drug Saf 2006;1(3):289-99
  • Bowden CL, Singh V. Valproate in bipolar disorder: 2000 onwards. Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl 2005;426:13-20
  • Nelson-DeGrave VL, Wickenheisser JK, Cockrell JE, et al. Valproate potentiates androgen biosynthesis in human ovarian theca cells. Endocrinology 2004;145(2):799-808
  • Nguyen HT, Sharma V, McIntyre RS. Teratogenesis associated with antibipolar agents. Adv Ther 2009;26(3):281-94
  • Meador KJ, Baker GA, Browning N, et al. Cognitive function at 3 years of age after fetal exposure to antiepileptic drugs. N Engl J Med 2009;360(16):1597-605
  • Baker GA, Bromley RL, Briggs M, et al. Iq at 6 years after in utero exposure to antiepileptic drugs: A controlled cohort study. Neurology 2015;84(4):382-90
  • Tomson T, Battino D, Bonizzoni E, et al. Dose-dependent teratogenicity of valproate in mono- and polytherapy: An observational study. Neurology 2015. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Prac recommends strengthening the restrictions on the use of valproate in women and girls. Press Release 2014;2014
  • Tomson T. Commentary: Valproate in the treatment of epilepsy in women and girls: The need for recommendations. Epilepsia 2015;56(7):1004-5
  • Tomson T, Marson A, Boon P, et al. Valproate in the treatment of epilepsy in girls and women of childbearing potential. Epilepsia 2015;56(7):1006-19
  • Kowatch RA, Scheffer RE, Monroe E, et al. Placebo-controlled trial of valproic acid versus risperidone in children 3-7 years of age with bipolar i disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2015;25(4):306-13
  • Wagner KD, Redden L, Kowatch RA, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of divalproex extended-release in the treatment of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009;48(5):519-32
  • Okuma T, Inanaga K, Otsuki S, et al. Comparison of the antimanic efficacy of carbamazepine and chlorpromazine: A double-blind controlled study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1979;66(3):211-17
  • Weisler RH, Kalali AH, Ketter TA. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of extended-release carbamazepine capsules as monotherapy for bipolar disorder patients with manic or mixed episodes. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65(4):478-84
  • Grunze HC. Anticonvulsants in bipolar disorder. J Ment Health 2010;19(2):127-41
  • Weisler RH, Keck PEJr, Swann AC, et al. Extended-release carbamazepine capsules as monotherapy for acute mania in bipolar disorder. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66(3):323-30
  • Zhang ZJ, Kang WH, Tan QR, et al. Adjunctive herbal medicine with carbamazepine for bipolar disorders: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. J Psychiatr Res 2007;41(3-4):360-9
  • Grunze H, Vieta E, Goodwin GM, et al. The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders: Update 2010 on the treatment of acute bipolar depression. World J Biol Psychiatry 2010;11(2):81-109
  • Hartong EG, Moleman P, Hoogduin CA, et al. Prophylactic efficacy of lithium versus carbamazepine in treatment-naive bipolar patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64(2):144-51
  • Greil W, Ludwig-Mayerhofer W, Erazo N, et al. Lithium versus carbamazepine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorders–a randomised study. J Affect Disord 1997;43(2):151-61
  • Mockenhaupt M, Messenheimer J, Tennis P, Schlingmann J. Risk of stevens-johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis in new users of antiepileptics. Neurology 2005;64(7):1134-8
  • Kaniwa N, Saito Y. The risk of cutaneous adverse reactions among patients with the HLA-A• 31:01 allele who are given carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine or eslicarbazepine: A perspective review. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2013;4(6):246-53
  • Ibanez L, Vidal X, Ballarin E, Laporte JR. Population-based drug-induced agranulocytosis. Arch Intern Med 2005;165(8):869-74
  • Ernst CL, Goldberg JF. The reproductive safety profile of mood stabilizers, atypical antipsychotics, and broad-spectrum psychotropics. J Clin Psychiatry 2002;63(Suppl 4):42-55
  • Tomson T, Battino D, Bonizzoni E, et al. Dose-dependent risk of malformations with antiepileptic drugs: An analysis of data from the eurap epilepsy and pregnancy registry. Lancet Neurol 2011;10(7):609-17
  • Reddy DS. Clinical pharmacokinetic interactions between antiepileptic drugs and hormonal contraceptives. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2010;3(2):183-92
  • Findling RL, Ginsberg LD. The safety and effectiveness of open-label extended-release carbamazepine in the treatment of children and adolescents with bipolar I disorder suffering from a manic or mixed episode. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014;10:1589-97
  • Trinka E, Marson AG, Van Paesschen W, et al. KOMET: An unblinded, randomised, two parallel-group, stratified trial comparing the effectiveness of levetiracetam with controlled-release carbamazepine and extended-release sodium valproate as monotherapy in patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013;84(10):1138-47
  • Werhahn KJ, Klimpe S, Balkaya S, et al. The safety and efficacy of add-on levetiracetam in elderly patients with focal epilepsy: A one-year observational study. Seizure 2011;20(4):305-11
  • Fenn HH, Sommer BR, Ketter TA, Alldredge B. Safety and tolerability of mood-stabilising anticonvulsants in the elderly. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2006;5(3):401-16
  • Goldsmith DR, Wagstaff AJ, Ibbotson T, Perry CM. Lamotrigine: A review of its use in bipolar disorder. Drugs 2003;63(19):2029-50
  • Calabrese JR, Bowden CL, Sachs GS, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of lamotrigine monotherapy in outpatients with bipolar I depression. Lamictal 602 study group. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60(2):79-88
  • Calabrese JR, Huffman RF, White RL, et al. Lamotrigine in the acute treatment of bipolar depression: Results of five double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Bipolar Disord 2008;10(2):323-33
  • van der Loos ML, Mulder PG, Hartong EG, et al. Efficacy and safety of lamotrigine as add-on treatment to lithium in bipolar depression: A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70(2):223-31
  • Calabrese JR, Suppes T, Bowden CL, et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled, prophylaxis study of lamotrigine in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Lamictal 614 study group. J Clin Psychiatry 2000;61(11):841-50
  • Maina G, Albert U, Rosso G, Bogetto F. Olanzapine or lamotrigine addition to lithium in remitted bipolar disorder patients with anxiety disorder comorbidity: A randomized, single-blind, pilot study. J Clin Psychiatry 2008;69(4):609-16
  • Brown E, Dunner DL, McElroy SL, et al. Olanzapine/fluoxetine combination vs Lamotrigine in the 6-month treatment of bipolar i depression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009;12(6):773-82
  • Kemp DE, Gao K, Fein EB, et al. Lamotrigine as add-on treatment to lithium and divalproex: Lessons learned from a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in rapid-cycling bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord 2012;14(7):780-9
  • Goodwin GM, Bowden CL, Calabrese JR, et al. A pooled analysis of 2 placebo-controlled 18-month trials of lamotrigine and lithium maintenance in bipolar I disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65(3):432-41
  • Bowden CL, Singh V. Lamotrigine (Lamictal IR) for the treatment of bipolar disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2012;13(17):2565-71
  • Reimers A, Skogvoll E, Sund JK, Spigset O. Drug interactions between lamotrigine and psychoactive drugs: Evidence from a therapeutic drug monitoring service. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2005;25(4):342-8
  • Simms KM, Kortepeter C, Avigan M. Lamotrigine and aseptic meningitis. Neurology 2012;78(12):921-7
  • Statistical review and evaluation: Antiepileptic drugs and suicidality. Press Release 2008) 2008; Available from: www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/08/briefing/2008-4372b1-01-FDA.pdf
  • Fountoulakis KN, Gonda X, Samara M, et al. Antiepileptic drugs and suicidality. J Psychopharmacol 2012;26(11):1401-7
  • Gibbons RD, Hur K, Brown CH, Mann JJ. Relationship between antiepileptic drugs and suicide attempts in patients with bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009;66(12):1354-60
  • Tomson T, Battino D, Bonizzoni E, et al. Dose-dependent risk of malformations with antiepileptic drugs: An analysis of data from the eurap epilepsy and pregnancy registry. Lancet Neurol 2011;10(7):609-17
  • Viguera AC, Koukopoulos A, Muzina DJ, Baldessarini RJ. Teratogenicity and anticonvulsants: Lessons from neurology to psychiatry. J Clin Psychiatry 2007;68(Suppl 9):29-33
  • Sabers A, Buchholt JM, Uldall P, Hansen EL. Lamotrigine plasma levels reduced by oral contraceptives. Epilepsy Res 2001;47(1-2):151-4
  • Steinhoff BJ, Ueberall MA, Siemes H, et al. The LAM-SAFE study: Lamotrigine versus carbamazepine or valproic acid in newly diagnosed focal and generalised epilepsies in adolescents and adults. Seizure 2005;14(8):597-605
  • Anderson GD. Children versus adults: Pharmacokinetic and adverse-effect differences. Epilepsia 2002;43(Suppl 3):53-9
  • Brodie MJ, Overstall PW, Giorgi L. Multicentre, double-blind, randomised comparison between lamotrigine and carbamazepine in elderly patients with newly diagnosed epilepsy. The UK Lamotrigine Elderly Study Group. Epilepsy Res 1999;37(1):81-7
  • Rowan AJ, Ramsay RE, Collins JF, et al. New onset geriatric epilepsy: A randomized study of gabapentin, lamotrigine, and carbamazepine. Neurology 2005;64(11):1868-73
  • Kushner SF, Khan A, Lane R, Olson WH. Topiramate monotherapy in the management of acute mania: Results of four double-blind placebo-controlled trials. Bipolar Disord 2006;8(1):15-27
  • Pande AC, Crockatt JG, Janney CA, et al. Gabapentin in bipolar disorder: A placebo-controlled trial of adjunctive therapy. Gabapentin bipolar disorder study group. Bipolar Disord 2000;2(3 Pt 2):249-55
  • Vasudev A, Macritchie K, Watson S, et al. Oxcarbazepine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;1:CD005171
  • Grunze H, Kotlik E, Costa R, et al. Assessment of the efficacy and safety of eslicarbazepine acetate in acute mania and prevention of recurrence: Experience from multicentre, double-blind, randomised phase ii clinical studies in patients with bipolar disorder I. J Affect Disord 2015;174:70-82
  • Van AT, Bakshi R, Devaux CB, Schwabe S. Hyponatremia associated with carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine therapy: A review. Epilepsia 1994;35(1):181-8
  • Marcotte D. Use of topiramate, a new anti-epileptic as a mood stabilizer. J Affect Disord 1998;50:245-51
  • Vieta E, Sanchez-Moreno J, Goikolea JM, et al. Effects on weight and outcome of long-term olanzapine-topiramate combination treatment in bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2004;24(4):374-8
  • McElroy SL, Suppes T, Keck PE, et al. Open-label adjunctive topiramate in the treatment of bipolar disorders. Biol Psychiatry 2000;47:1025-33
  • Jones MW. Topiramate–safety and tolerability. Can J Neurol Sci 1998;25(3):S13-15
  • Lamoure J, Stovel J, Chandarana P. Probable topiramate-induced hemiparesis. Can J Hosp Pharm 2010;63(3):233-5
  • Vieta E, Manuel GJ, Martinez-Aran A, et al. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, prophylaxis study of adjunctive gabapentin for bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2006;67(3):473-7
  • Grunze H, Vieta E, Goodwin GM, et al. The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for the biological treatment of bipolar disorders: Update 2009 on the treatment of acute mania. World J Biol Psychiatry 2009;10:85-116
  • Grunze H, Langosch J, Born C, et al. Levetiracetam in the treatment of acute mania: An open add-on study with an on-off-on design. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64(7):781-4
  • Krüger S, Sarkar R, Pietsch R, et al. Levetiracetam as monotherapy or add-on to valproate in the treatment of acute mania-a randomized open-label study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008;198(2):297-9
  • Post RM, Altshuler LL, Frye MA, et al. Preliminary observations on the effectiveness of levetiracetam in the open adjunctive treatment of refractory bipolar disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66(3):370-4
  • Saricicek A, Maloney K, Muralidharan A, et al. Levetiracetam in the management of bipolar depression. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2011;72(6):744-50
  • McElroy SL, Suppes T, Keck PEJr, et al. Open-label adjunctive zonisamide in the treatment of bipolar disorders: A prospective trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66(5):617-24
  • Wilson MS, Findling RL. Zonisamide for bipolar depression. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007;8(1):111-13
  • Amann B, Sterr A, Vieta E, et al. An exploratory open trial on safety and efficacy of the anticonvulsant retigabine in acute manic patients. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2006;26(5):534-6
  • Clark S, Antell A, Kaufman K. New antiepileptic medication linked to blue discoloration of the skin and eyes. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2015;6(1):15-19
  • Patsalos PN. Drug interactions with the newer antiepileptic drugs (aeds)--part 2. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between aeds and drugs used to treat non-epilepsy disorders. Clin Pharmacokinet 2013;52(12):1045-61
  • Patsalos PN, Berry DJ, Bourgeois BF, et al. Antiepileptic drugs--best practice guidelines for therapeutic drug monitoring: A position paper by the subcommission on therapeutic drug monitoring, ilae commission on therapeutic strategies. Epilepsia 2008;49(7):1239-76

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.