Bibliography
- Tan EM, Cohen AS, Fries JF, et al. The 1982 revised criteria for the classification of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1982;25(11):1271-7
- Woosley RL, Drayer DE, Reidenberg MM, et al. Effect of acetylator phenotype on the rate at which procainamide induces antinuclear antibodies and the lupus syndrome. N Engl J Med 1978;298(21):1157-9
- Perry HMJr, Tan EM, Carmody S, Sakamoto A. Relationship of acetyl transferase activity to antinuclear antibodies and toxic symptoms in hypertensive patients treated with hydralazine. J Lab Clin Med 1970;76(1):114-25
- Ihle BU, Whitworth JA, Dowling JP, Kincaid-Smith P. Hydralazine and lupus nephritis. Clin Nephrol 1984;22(5):230-8
- Naparstek Y, Kopolovic J, Tur-Kaspa R, Rubinger D. Focal glomerulonephritis in the course of hydralazine-induced lupus syndrome. Arthritis Rheum 1984;27(7):822-5
- Burlingame RW, Rubin RL. Drug-induced anti-histone autoantibodies display two patterns of reactivity with substructures of chromatin. J Clin Invest 1991;88(2):680-90
- Fritzler MJ, Tan EM. Antibodies to histones in drug-induced and idiopathic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 1978;62(3):560-7
- Burlingame RW, Boey ML, Starkebaum G, Rubin RL. The central role of chromatin in autoimmune responses to histones and DNA in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 1994;94(1):184-92
- Solinger AM. Drug-related lupus. Clinical and etiologic considerations. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1988;14(1):187-202
- Wallace DJ, Dubois EL. Drugs that exacerbate and induce systemic lupus erythematosus. In: Wallace DJ, Dubois EL, editors. Dubois’ lupus erythematosus. Lea & Febiger; Philadelphia: 1987. p. 450-69
- Prockop LD. Myotonia, procaine amide, and lupus-like syndrome. Arch Neurol 1966;14(3):326-30
- Fries JF, Holman HR. Systemic lupus erythematosus: a clinical analysis. Major Probl Intern Med 1975;6:v-199
- Alarcon-Segovia D. Drug-induced lupus syndromes. Mayo Clin Proc 1969;44(9):664-81
- Stepan AF, Walker DP, Bauman J, et al. Structural alert/reactive metabolite concept as applied in medicinal chemistry to mitigate the risk of idiosyncratic drug toxicity: a perspective based on the critical examination of trends in the top 200 drugs marketed in the United States. Chem Res Toxicol 2011;24(9):1345-410
- Rubin RL. Drug-induced lupus. In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, editors. Dubois’ lupus erythematosus. 7th edition. Williams & Wilkens; Philadelphia: 2007. p. 870-900
- Mongey AB, Sim E, Risch A, Hess E. Acetylation status is associated with serological changes but not clinically significant disease in patients receiving procainamide. J Rheumatol 1999;26(8):1721-6
- Choi HK, Merkel PA, Walker AM, Niles JL. Drug-associated antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-positive vasculitis: prevalence among patients with high titers of antimyeloperoxidase antibodies. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43(2):405-13
- Totoritis MC, Tan EM, McNally EM, Rubin RL. Association of antibody to histone complex H2A-H2B with symptomatic procainamide-induced lupus. N Engl J Med 1988;318(22):1431-6
- Cameron HA, Ramsay LE. The lupus syndrome induced by hydralazine: a common complication with low dose treatment. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1984;289(6442):410-12
- Batchelor JR, Welsh KI, Tinoco RM, et al. Hydralazine-induced systemic lupus erythematosus: influence of HLA-DR and sex on susceptibility. Lancet 1980;1(8178):1107-9
- Russell GI, Bing RF, Jones JA, et al. Hydralazine sensitivity: clinical features, autoantibody changes and HLA-DR phenotype. Q J Med 1987;65(246):845-52
- Condemi JJ, Moore-Jones D, Vaughan JH, Perry HM. Antinuclear antibodies following hydralazine toxicity. N Engl J Med 1967;276(9):486-91
- Perry HMJr. Late toxicity to hydralazine resembling systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med 1973;54(1):58-72
- Dunphy J, Oliver M, Rands AL, et al. Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies and HLA class II alleles in minocycline-induced lupus-like syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2000;142(3):461-7
- Chin GL, Kong NC, Lee BC, Rose IM. Penicillamine induced lupus-like syndrome in a patient with classical rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 1991;18(6):947-8
- Chalmers A, Thompson D, Stein HE, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus during penicillamine therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 1982;97(5):659-63
- Graziadei IW, Obermoser GE, Sepp NT, et al. Drug-induced lupus-like syndrome associated with severe autoimmune hepatitis. Lupus 2003;12(5):409-12
- Brand C, Davidson A, Littlejohn G, Ryan P. Hydralazine-induced lupus: no association with HLA-DR4. Lancet 1984;1(8374):462
- Canoso RT, Lewis ME, Yunis EJ. Association of HLA-Bw44 with chlorpromazine-induced autoantibodies. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1982;25(2):278-82
- Adams LE, Balakrishnan K, Roberts SM, et al. Genetic, immunologic and biotransformation studies of patients on procainamide. Lupus 1993;2(2):89-98
- Howard PF, Hochberg MC, Bias WB, et al. Relationship between C4 null genes, HLA-D region antigens, and genetic susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in Caucasian and black Americans. Am J Med 1986;81(2):187-93
- Speirs C, Fielder AH, Chapel H, et al. Complement system protein C4 and susceptibility to hydralazine-induced systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1989;1(8644):922-4
- Mitchell JA, Batchelor JR, Chapel H, et al. Erythrocyte complement receptor type 1 (CR1) expression and circulating immune complex (CIC) levels in hydralazine-induced SLE. Clin Exp Immunol 1987;68(2):446-56
- Stec GP, Lertora JJ, Atkinson AJJr, et al. Remission of procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus with N-acetylprocainamide therapy. Ann Intern Med 1979;90(5):799-801
- Lahita R, Kluger J, Drayer DE, et al. Antibodies to nuclear antigens in patients treated with procainamide or acetylprocainamide. N Engl J Med 1979;301(25):1382-5
- Roden DM, Reele SB, Higgins SB, et al. Antiarrhythmic efficacy, pharmacokinetics and safety of N-acetylprocainamide in human subjects: comparison with procainamide. Am J Cardiol 1980;46(3):463-8
- Sonnhag C, Karlsson E, Hed J. Procainamide-induced lupus erythematosus-like syndrome in relation to acetylator phenotype and plasma levels of procainamide. Acta Med Scand 1979;206(4):245-51
- Alarcon-Segovia D, Fishbein E, Alcala H. Isoniazid acetylation rate and development of antinuclear antibodies upon isoniazid treatment. Arthritis Rheum 1971;14(6):748-52
- Diri E, Tello W, Ratnoff WD, Nugent K. Infliximab-induced SLE-like syndrome involving the lung and pleura. Lupus 2007;16(9):764-6
- Cohen MG, Kevat S, Prowse MV, Ahern MJ. Two distinct quinidine-induced rheumatic syndromes. Ann Intern Med 1988;108(3):369-71
- Kirkpatrick AW, Bookman AA, Habal F. Lupus-like syndrome caused by 5-aminosalicylic acid in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Can J Gastroenterol 1999;13(2):159-62
- Kaufman LD, Varga J. Rheumatic diseases and the environment. Oxford University Press; New York: 1999
- Hoffman BJ. Sensitivity to sulfadiazine resembling acute disseminated lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatol Syphilol 1945;51:190-2
- Alarcon Segovia D, Worthington JW, Ward LE, Wakim KG. Lupus Diathesis and the Hydralazine Syndrome. N Engl J Med 1965;272:462-6
- Petri M, Allbritton J. Antibiotic allergy in systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study. J Rheumatol 1992;19(2):265-9
- Sontheimer RD, Provost TT. Lupus-specific skin disease (Cutaneous LE). In: Wallace DJ, Hahn BH, editors. Dubois’ lupus erythematosus. 7th edition. Williams and Wilkins; Baltimore: 2007. p. 576-620
- Wandl UB, Nagel-Hiemke M, May D, et al. Lupus-like autoimmune disease induced by interferon therapy for myeloproliferative disorders. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1992;65(1):70-4
- Raanani P, Ben-Bassat I. Immune-mediated complications during interferon therapy in hematological patients. Acta Haematol 2002;107(3):133-44
- Schmidt KN, Ouyang W. Targeting interferon-alpha: a promising approach for systemic lupus erythematosus therapy. Lupus 2004;13(5):348-52
- Costa MF, Said NR, Zimmermann B. Drug-induced lupus due to anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha agents. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2008;37(6):381-7
- Charles PJ, Smeenk RJ, De Jong J, et al. Assessment of antibodies to double-stranded DNA induced in rheumatoid arthritis patients following treatment with infliximab, a monoclonal antibody to tumor necrosis factor alpha: findings in open-label and randomized placebo-controlled trials. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43(11):2383-90
- De Rycke L, Baeten D, Kruithof E, et al. Infliximab, but not etanercept, induces IgM anti-double-stranded DNA autoantibodies as main antinuclear reactivity: biologic and clinical implications in autoimmune arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2005;52(7):2192-201
- De Rycke L, Kruithof E, Van Damme N, et al. Antinuclear antibodies following infliximab treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or spondylarthropathy. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48(4):1015-23
- Vermeire S, Noman M, Van Assche G, et al. Autoimmunity associated with anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha treatment in Crohn’s disease: a prospective cohort study. Gastroenterology 2003;125(1):32-9
- De Bandt M, Sibilia J, Le Loet X, et al. Systemic lupus erythematosus induced by anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha therapy: a French national survey. Arthritis Res Ther 2005;7(3):R545-51
- Katz U, Zandman-Goddard G. Drug-induced lupus: an update. Autoimmun Rev 2010;10(1):46-50
- Hussaini SH, Farrington EA. Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury: an update on the 2007 overview. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2013;13(1):67-81
- Bjornsson E, Talwalkar J, Treeprasertsuk S, et al. Drug-induced autoimmune hepatitis: clinical characteristics and prognosis. Hepatology 2010;51(6):2040-8
- Treeprasertsuk S, Huntrakul J, Ridtitid W, et al. The predictors of complications in patients with drug-induced liver injury caused by antimicrobial agents. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;31(11):1200-7
- Metushi IG, Sanders C, Lee WM, Uetrecht J. Detection of anti-isoniazid and anti-cytochrome P450 antibodies in patients with isoniazid-induced liver failure. Hepatology 2013;59(3):1084-93
- Kono DH, Baccala R, Theofilopoulos AN. TLRs and interferons: a central paradigm in autoimmunity. Curr Opin Immunol 2013;25(6):720-7
- Fields TR, Zarrabi MH, Gerardi EN, et al. Reticuloendothelial system Fc receptor function in the drug induced lupus erythematosus syndrome. J Rheumatol 1986;13(4):726-31
- Rubin RL, Tang FL, Chan EK, et al. IgG subclasses of autoantibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjogren’s syndrome, and drug-induced autoimmunity. J Immunol 1986;137(8):2528-34
- Vivino FB, Schumacher HRJr. Synovial fluid characteristics and the lupus erythematosus cell phenomenon in drug-induced lupus. Findings in three patients and review of pertinent literature. Arthritis Rheum 1989;32(5):560-8
- Rubin RL. Autoimmune reactions induced by procainamide and hydralazine. In: Kammuller ME, Bloksma N, Seinen W, editors. Autoimmunity and toxicology: immune dysregulation induced by drugs and chemicals. Elsevier; Amsterdam: 1989. p. 119-50
- Rubin RL, Nusinow SR, Johnson AD, et al. Serologic changes during induction of lupus-like disease by procainamide. Am J Med 1986;80(5):999-1002
- Mitchell JA, Sim RB, Sim E. CR1 polymorphism in hydralazine-induced systemic lupus erythematosus: DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism. Clin Exp Immunol 1989;78(3):354-8
- Rubin RL. Lupus erythematosus syndrome induced by drugs. In: Camus P, Rosenow EC, editors. Drug-induced and iatrogenic respiratory disease. CRC Press; Boca Raton: 2010. p. 297-309
- Jiang X, Khursigara G, Rubin RL. Transformation of lupus-inducing drugs to cytotoxic products by activated neutrophils. Science 1994;266(5186):810-13
- Rubin RL. Role of xenobiotic oxidative metabolism. Lupus 1994;3(6):479-82
- Richardson B, Cornacchia E, Golbus J, et al. N-acetylprocainamide is a less potent inducer of T cell autoreactivity than procainamide. Arthritis Rheum 1988;31(8):995-9
- Baer AN, Woosley RL, Pincus T. Further evidence for the lack of association between acetylator phenotype and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1986;29(4):508-14
- Griem P, Wulferink M, Sachs B, et al. Allergic and autoimmune reactions to xenobiotics: how do they arise? Immunol Today 1998;19(3):133-41
- Kubicka-Muranyi M, Goebels R, Goebel C, et al. T lymphocytes ignore procainamide, but respond to its reactive metabolites in peritoneal cells: demonstration by the adoptive transfer popliteal lymph node assay. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1993;122(1):88-94
- Goebel C, Vogel C, Wulferink M, et al. Procainamide, a drug causing lupus, induces prostaglandin H synthase-2 and formation of T cell-sensitizing drug metabolites in mouse macrophages. Chem Res Toxicol 1999;12(6):488-500
- Engler OB, Strasser I, Naisbitt DJ, et al. A chemically inert drug can stimulate T cells in vitro by their T cell receptor in non-sensitised individuals. Toxicology 2004;197(1):47-56
- von Greyerz S, Burkhart C, Pichler WJ. Molecular basis of drug recognition by specific T cell receptors. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1999;119(3):173-80
- Adams LE, Roberts SM, Donovan-Brand R, et al. Study of procainamide hapten-specific antibodies in rabbits and humans. Int J Immunopharmacol 1993;15(8):887-97
- Rubin RL, Uetrecht JP, Jones JE. Cytotoxicity of oxidative metabolites of procainamide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1987;242(3):833-41
- Wheeler JF, Lunte CE, Heineman WR, et al. Electrochemical determination of N-oxidized procainamide metabolites and functional assessment of effects on murine cells in vitro. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1988;188(3):381-6
- Adams LE, Sanders CEJr, Budinsky RA, et al. Immunomodulatory effects of procainamide metabolites: their implications in drug-related lupus. J Lab Clin Med 1989;113(4):482-92
- Adams LE, Roberts SM, Carter JM, et al. Effects of procainamide hydroxylamine on generation of reactive oxygen species by macrophages and production of cytokines. Int J Immunopharmacol 1990;12(7):809-19
- Hess DA, Sisson ME, Suria H, et al. Cytotoxicity of sulfonamide reactive metabolites: apoptosis and selective toxicity of CD8(+) cells by the hydroxylamine of sulfamethoxazole. FASEB J 1999;13(13):1688-98
- Williams DP, Pirmohamed M, Naisbitt DJ, et al. Induction of metabolism-dependent and -independent neutrophil apoptosis by clozapine. Mol Pharmacol 2000;58(1):207-16
- Ayer LM, Edworthy SM, Fritzler MJ. Effect of procainamide and hydralazine on poly (ADP-ribosylation) in cell lines. Lupus 1993;2(3):167-72
- Uetrecht J. Current trends in drug-induced autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2005;4(5):309-14
- Yung RL, Quddus J, Chrisp CE, et al. Mechanism of drug-induced lupus. I. Cloned Th2 cells modified with DNA methylation inhibitors in vitro cause autoimmunity in vivo. J Immunol 1995;154(6):3025-35
- Yung R, Powers D, Johnson K, et al. Mechanisms of drug-induced lupus. II. T cells overexpressing lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 become autoreactive and cause a lupus-like disease in syngeneic mice. J Clin Invest 1996;97(12):2866-71
- Deng C, Lu Q, Zhang Z, et al. Hydralazine may induce autoimmunity by inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway signaling. Arthritis Rheum 2003;48(3):746-56
- Richardson B, Powers D, Hooper F, et al. Lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 overexpression and T cell autoreactivity. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37(9):1363-72
- Oelke K, Lu Q, Richardson D, et al. Overexpression of CD70 and overstimulation of IgG synthesis by lupus T cells and T cells treated with DNA methylation inhibitors. Arthritis Rheum 2004;50(6):1850-60
- Kretz-Rommel A, Duncan SR, Rubin RL. Autoimmunity caused by disruption of central T cell tolerance. A murine model of drug-induced lupus. J Clin Invest 1997;99(8):1888-96
- Kretz-Rommel A, Rubin RL. Persistence of autoreactive T cell drive is required to elicit anti-chromatin antibodies in a murine model of drug-induced lupus. J Immunol 1999;162(2):813-20
- Kretz-Rommel A, Rubin RL. Disruption of positive selection of thymocytes causes autoimmunity. Nat Med 2000;6(3):298-305
- Rubin RL, Kretz-Rommel A. A nondeletional mechanism for central T cell tolerance. Crit Rev Immunol 2001;21(1-3):29-40
- Datta SK. Positive selection for autoimmunity. Nat Med 2000;6(3):259-61
- Douek DC, McFarland RD, Keiser PH, et al. Changes in thymic function with age and during the treatment of HIV infection. Nature 1998;396(6712):690-5
- Jamieson BD, Douek DC, Killian S, et al. Generation of functional thymocytes in the human adult. Immunity 1999;10(5):569-75
- Rubin RL, Salomon DR, Guerrero RS. Thymus function in drug-induced lupus. Lupus 2001;10(11):795-801
- Araujo-Fernandez S, Ahijon-Lana M, Isenberg DA. Drug-induced lupus: including anti-tumour necrosis factor and interferon induced. Lupus 2014;23(6):545-53
- Theofilopoulos AN, Lawson BR. Tumour necrosis factor and other cytokines in murine lupus. Ann Rheum Dis 1999;58(Suppl 1):I49-55
- Jacob CO, Hwang F, Lewis GD, Stall AM. Tumor necrosis factor alpha in murine systemic lupus erythematosus disease models: implications for genetic predisposition and immune regulation. Cytokine 1991;3(6):551-61
- Rubin RL. Central and peripheral tolerance. In: Pollard KM, editor. Autoantibodies and autoimmunity: molecular mechanisms in health and disease. Wiley-VCH; Weinheim: 2006. p. 63-84
- Kretz-Rommel A, Rubin RL. A metabolite of the lupus-inducing drug procainamide prevents anergy induction in T cell clones. J Immunol 1997;158(9):4465-70