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Expert Opinion on Drug Safety Volume 4, 2005 - Issue 5
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Review

Drug–drug interactions and tolerance in combining antituberculosis and antiretroviral therapy

Giovanni Di Perri University of Torino, Department of Infectious Diseases, Torino, Italy. [email protected]
,
Diego Aguilar Marucco University of Torino, Department of Infectious Diseases, Torino, Italy. [email protected]
,
Alessandra Mondo University of Torino, Department of Infectious Diseases, Torino, Italy. [email protected]
,
Daniel Gonzalez de Requena University of Torino, Department of Infectious Diseases, Torino, Italy. [email protected]
,
Sabrina Audagnotto University of Torino, Department of Infectious Diseases, Torino, Italy. [email protected]
,
Federico Gobbi University of Torino, Department of Infectious Diseases, Torino, Italy. [email protected]
&
Stefano Bonora University of Torino, Department of Infectious Diseases, Torino, Italy. [email protected]
 show all
Pages 821-836 | Published online: 07 Sep 2005

  • MAHER D, RAVIGLIONE M: Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Clin. Chest Med. (2005) 26(12):167–182.
  • ••Comprehensive overviewof global TB epidemic.
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  • ••First report of increased susceptibility andaccelerated TB disease in advanced HIV patients.
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  • HUNG CC, CHANG SC: Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on incidence and management of human immunodeficiency virus-related opportunistic infections. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2004) 54(5):849–853.
  • •A thorough review of the incidence of HIV-related TB in the HAART era.
  • POZNIAK AL, MILLER R, ORMEROD P: The treatment of tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons. AIDS (1999) 13(4):435–445.
  • ••Excellent review of clinical management of HIV/TB co-infected patient.
  • BURMAN WJ, JONES BE: Treatment of HIV-related tuberculosis in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy. Anti, Respic Grit. Care Med. (2001) 164(1):7–12.
  • BURMAN WJ: Issues in the management of HIV-related tuberculosis. Clin. Chest Med. (2005) 26(2):283–294.
  • •Updated clinical review.
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  • FORD J, KHOO S, BACK D: The intracellular pharmacology of antiretroviral protease inhibitors. Antimicrob. Chemother. (2004) 54(6):982–990.
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  • •A review of the clinical pharmacology of NNRTIs.
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  • ••A detailed and comprehensive overviewof clinical pharmacology of rifamycins.
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  • •A well-designed, partially randomised study.
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  • ••An outstanding report of unpredicteddrug interaction-related toxicity.
  • Crixivan: Summary of Product Characteristics, Merck Sharp & Dome Ltd, (2004).
  • JUSTENSEN US, ANDRESON AB, KLITGAARD NA et al.: Pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampicin and the combination of indinavir and low-dose ritonavir in HIV-infected patients. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2004) 38(3):426–429.
  • KRAFT WK, McCREA JB, WINCHELL GA et al: Indinavir and rifabutin drug interactions in healthy volunteers. J. Clin. Pharmacol (2004) 44(3):305–313.
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  • CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION: Update guidelines for the use of rifabutin or rifampin for the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients taking protease inhibitors or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. MMWR (2004) 53(2):37.
  • ••An updated and essential reference.
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  • Viracept Summary of Product Characteristics, Roche Products Ltd, (2004).
  • PALMA E, STAMBAUGH J, AKINLOBI 0 et al.: The use of rifabutin with nelfinavir-containing HAART in 48 HIV-infected TB patients. Program and abstracts of the 8th Conference on Retro viruses and Opportunistic Infections, Chicago, USA, (2001) 741.
  • GALLICANO K, KHALIQ Y, SEGUIN I et al.: A pharmacokinetic study of intermittent rifabutin dosing with a combination of ritonavir and saquinavir in HIV patients. Program and abstracts of the 7th Conference on Retro viruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, USA, (2000) 798.
  • LA PORTE CJL, COLBERS EP, BERTZ R et al: Pharmacokinetic of adjusted-dose lopinavir-ritonavir combined with rifampin in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob Agents and Chemother (2004) 48(5):1553–1560.
  • •A well-designed pharmacokinetic study on lopinaviaritonavir adjustment when co-administered with rifampin.
  • Kaletra Prescribing Information, Abbott Laboratories Ltd, (2004).
  • POLK RE, BROPHY DF, ISRAEL DS et al: Pharmacokinetic interaction between amprenavir and rifabutin or rifampicin in healthy volunteers. Antimicrob. Agents Chemoter. (2001) 45(2):502–508.
  • BURGER D, ARGAWALA S, CHILD M, GRASELA D: Effect of rifampin on steady-state pharmacokinetics of atazanavir and ritonavir in healthy volunteers. Abstracts of 12th Congress on Retro viruses and Opportunistic Infections, Boston, USA, (2005) 657.
  • Tipranavir. Investigator brochure. Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH (2004).
  • VAN HEESWIJK R, SABO J, MACGREGOR T et al: The pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction between single dose rifabutin (RFB) and steady state Tipranavir/Ritonavir 500/200 mg bid (TPV/r) in healthy volunteers. Abstracts of 44th Intersciences Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Chicago, USA, (2004) A–456.
  • ARGAWALA S, MUMMANENEI V, RANDALL D et al: Pharmacokinetic effect of rifabutin with and without ritonavir in healthy subjects. Abstracts of 9th Congress on Retro viruses and Opportunistic Infections, Seattle, USA, (2002) 657.
  • SHAFRAN SD, SINGER J, ZAROWNY DP et al: Determinants of rifabutin-associated uveitis in patients treated withy clarithromycin and ethambutol for Mycobacterium avium complex bacteremia: a multivariate analysis. I Infect. Dis. (1998) 177(1):252–255.
  • BENSON CA, WILLIAMS PL, COHN DL et al: Clarithromycin or rifabutin alone in combination for primary prophylaxis of Mycobacterium avium complex disease in patients with AIDS: a randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. J. Infect. Dis. (2000) 181(4):1289–1297.
  • CENTER FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION: Notice to readers: acquired rifamycin resistance in person with advanced HIV disease being treated for active tuberculosis with intermittent rifamycin-based regimens. MMWR (2002) 51(10):21–215.
  • ••An outstanding finding in TB/HIVco-infected patients.
  • WEINER M, BENATOR D, BURMAN W et al.: Association between acquired rifamycin resistance and the pharmacokinetics of rifabutin and isoniazid among patients with HIV and tuberculosis. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2005) 40(10):1481–1491.
  • BONORA S, BOFFITO M, D'AVOLIO A et al.: Pharmacokinetics of rifabutin coadministered with lopinavir/ritonavir in HIV patients affected by tuberculosis. Abstracts of 2nd International AIDS Socieg, Conference on HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment, Paris, France (2003) 863.
  • SPRADING PDROCIUK D, McLAUGHLIN S et al: Drug-drug interactions in inmates treated for human immunodeficiency virus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection or disease: an institutional tuberculosis outbreak. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2002) 35(9):1106–1112.
  • •A report on variability of rifabutin exposure in the clinical setting.
  • BENEDEK I, JOSHI A, FISKE WD et al: Pharmacokinetic interaction between efavirenz and rifampiocin in healthy volunteers. Abstracts of 12th World AIDS Conference, Geneva, Switzerland (1998) 42280.
  • LOPEZ-CORTES LF, RUIZ-VALDERA S, VICIANA P et al.: Pharmacokinetic interactions between efavirenz and rifampicin in HIV-infected patients. Pharmacokinet. (2002) 41:681–690.
  • •A controlled study of the interaction between efavirenz and rifampin.
  • BRENNAN-BENSON P, LYAS R, PAKIUANATHAN M et al: High dose efavirenz with rifampicin for HIV infected patients with concomitant tuberculosis: one size does not fit all. Abstracts of 7th International Congress on drug therapy in HIV infection, Glasgow, UK (2004) P194.
  • PEDRAL-SAMAPIO D, ALVES C, NETTO E et al.: Efficacy and safety of efavirenz in HIV patients on rifampicin for tuberculosis. Bizilianj Infect. Dis. (2004) 8:211–216.
  • PATEL A, PATEL K, PATEL J, SHA N, PATEL B, RANI S: Safety and antiretroviral effectiveness of concomitant use of rifampicin and efavirenz for antiretroviral-naive patients in India who are coinfected with tuberculosis and HIV-1./. Argun: Immune Defic. Syndr. (2004) 37(1):1166–1169.
  • ••A clinical trial on treatment of co-infectedpatients with efavirenz and rifampin.
  • MANOSUTHI W, SUNGKANUPARPH S, VIBHAGOOL A et al: A randomised controlled trial of efavirenz 600 mg /day versus 800 mg/day in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis to study plasma efavirenz levels, virological and immunological outcomes: preliminary results. Programs and abstracts of the 15th International AIDS Conference, Bangkok, Thailand (2004) 81013.
  • ••Preliminary results of a randomisedand controlled trial.
  • ALMOND L, GIBBONS S, BACK D, KHOO S: Efavirenz concentrations resulting from coadministration of rifampicin with either 600 or 800 mg efavirenz. Abstracts of 11th Annual Conference of the British HIV Association with the British Association for Sexual Health and HIV Dublin, Ireland (2005) P33.
  • WEINER W, PELOQUIN C, VERNON A et al.: Intermittent rifabutin and isoniazid with daily efavirenz in combination with 2 nucleosides for treatment of HIV infection and tuberculosis disease. Program and abstracts of 11th Conference on Retro viruses and Opportunistic infections, San Francisco, USA (2004) 761.
  • EDELSTEIN HE, CUADROS Y: Failure of treatment of tuberculous adenitis due to un unexpected drug interaction with rifabutin and efavirenz. AIDS (2004) 18(12):1748–1749.
  • MARZOLINI C, TELENTI A, DECOSTERD LA, GREUB G, BIOLLAZ J, BUCLIN T: Efavirenz plasma levels can predict treatment failure and central nervous system side effects in HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS (2001) 15(1):71–75.
  • ••A reference paper on the clinicalpharmacology of efavirenz.
  • BURGER D, LA PORTE C, VAN DER ENDE M, MIESEN W, KOOPMANS P: Gender-related differences in efavirenz pharmacokinetics. Abstracts of 4th Workshop on CLINICAL pharmacology of HIVtheipy, Cannes, France (2003).
  • TAYLOR S, ALLEN S, FIDLER S et al: Stop study: after discontinuation of efavirenz, plasma concentration may persist for 2 weeks or longer. Program and abstracts of 11th Conference on Retro viruses and Opportunistic infections, San Francisco, USA (2004) 131.
  • RIBAUDO H, CLIFFORD D, GULICK R et al.: Relationship between efavirenz pharmacokinetics, side effects, drug discontinuation, virologic response, and race: results from ACTG A5095/A5097s. Program and abstracts of 11th Conference on Retro viruses and Opportunistic infections, San Francisco, USA (2004) 132.
  • HAAS D, RIBAUDO HJ, KIM RB et al: Pharmacogenetics of efavirenz and central nervous system side effects: an Adult AIDS Clinical Trials Group. AIDS (2004) 18(18):2391–2400.
  • ••An oustanding clinical study onthe pharmacogenetics of efavirenz.
  • ROBINSON P, LAMSON M, GIGLIOTTI M et al: Pharmacokinetic interaction between nevirapine and rifampin. Abstracts of 12th world AIDS Conference, Geneva, Switzerland (1998) 60623.
  • OLIVA J, MORENO S, SANZ J et a/.: Co-administration of rifampin and nevirapine in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis. AIDS (2003) 17(4):637–638.
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  • BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM PHARMACEUTICALS Inc.: Viramune prescribing information (2004).
  • NUNEZ M, SORIANO V: Hepatotoxicity of antiretrovirals: incidence, mechanisms and management. Drug Sal: (2005) 28(1):53–66.
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  • ••An excellent study on PI-associatedhepatotoxicity.
  • SULKOWSKI MS: Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy containing HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Semin. Liver Dis. (2003) 23(2):183–194.
  • SHAKYA R, RAO BS, SHRESTHA B. Incidence of hepatotoxicity due to antitubercular medicines and assessment of risk factors. Ann. Pharmacother. (2004) 38(6):1074–1079.
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  • ••An 'historical' review of rifampin-inducedadverse effects.
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  • •An accurate and well-conducted study of safety.
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  • •A brilliant and synthetic review on this debated issue.
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  • ••Cohort study of HIV-associatedtuberculosis mortality.
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  • •Prospective study of efficacy and tolerability of anti-TB treatment In HIV patients.
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  • ••A retrospective, controlled study ofconcomitant anti-HIV and anti-TB treatment.
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  • ••Comprehensive review on IRD.
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  • WENDEL K, ALWOOD KS, GACHUHI R et al: Paradoxical worsening of tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons. Chest (2001) 120(1):193–197.
  • ••An excellent study on paradoxical reactionsin HAART-administered HIV-positive patients.
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  • GULICK RIVI, RIBAUDO HJ, SHIKUMA CM et al: Triple nucleoside regimens versus efavirenz-containing regimens for the initial treatment of HIV-1 infection. N Engl. I Med. (2004) 35(18):1850–1861.
  • OLDFIELD V, KEATING GM, PLOSKER G: Enfuvirtide: A review of its use in the management of HIV infection. Drugs (2005) 65(8):1139–1160.
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  • ••Updated overview on new anti-HIV drugsIn different stages of development.
  • ABEL S, RUSSEL D, RIDGWAY C, MU7IRHEAD G: Overview of the drug-drug interaction data for Maraviroc (MVC, UK-427857). Abstracts of 6th International Workshop on Clinical Pharmacology of HIV Therapy, Quebec, Canada (2005) 77.
  • DUNCAN K, BARRY CE: Prospects for new antitubercular drugs. Curr. Opin. Microbial. (2004) 7(5):460–465.
  • SULKOWSKI M: Drug-induced liver injury associated with antiretroviral therapy that includes HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Clin. Infect. Dis. (2004) 38:S90–S97.

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