Rationalization and prediction of in vivo metabolite exposures: the role of metabolite kinetics, clearance predictions and in vitro parameters

Bibliography

• Riss J, Cloyd J, Gates J, Benzodiazepines in epilepsy: pharmacology and pharmacokinetics. Acta Neurol Scand 2008;118(2):69-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akiyoshi J, Isogawa K, Yamada K, Effects of antidepressants on intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in CHO cells transfected with the human 5-HT2C receptors. Biol Psychiatry 1996;39(12):1000-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rambeck B, Salke-Treumann A, May T, Valproic acid-induced carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide toxicity in children and adolescents. Eur Neurol 1990;30(2):79-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho PC, Abbott FS, Zanger UM, Influence of CYP2C9 genotypes on the formation of a hepatotoxic metabolite of valproic acid in human liver microsomes. Pharmacogenomics J 2003;3:335-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauman JN, Frederick KS, Sawant A, comparison of the bioactivation potential of the antidepressant and hepatotoxin nefazodone with aripiprazole, a structural analog and marketed drug. Drug Metab Dispos 2008;36(6):1016-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens JC, Wrighton SA. Interaction of the enantiomers of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine with human liver cytochromes P450. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993;266(2):964-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sauer JM, Long AJ, Ring B, Atomoxetine hydrochloride: clinical drug-drug interaction prediction and outcome. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004;308(2):410-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Templeton IE, Thummel KE, Kharasch ED, Contribution of itraconazole metabolites to inhibition of CYP3A4 in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2008;83(1):77-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA. Guidance for industry: safety testing of drug metabolites. Food and Drug Administration. Rockville, MD; 2008
   Google Scholar
• EMA. Non-clinical safety studies for the conduct of human clinical trials and marketing authorization for pharmaceuticals. European Medicines Agency. London, UK; 2008
   Google Scholar
• Anderson S, Luffer-Atlas D, Knadler MP. Predicting human circulating metabolites: how good are we? Chem Res Toxicol 2009;22(2):243-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings AJ, Martin BK, Pang KS. Kinetic considerations relating to the accrual and elimination of drug metabolites. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 1967;29:136-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houston JB. Drug metabolite kinetics. Pharmacol Ther 1981;15(3):521-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houston JB, Taylor G. Drug metabolite concentration-time profiles: influence of route of drug administration. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1984;17:385-94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang KS, Gillette JR. Theoretical relationship between area under the curve and route of administration of drugs and their precursors for evaluating sites and pathways of metabolism. J Pharm Sci 1978;67(5):703-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang KS. Metabolite pharmacokinetics: the area under the curve for the metabolite and the fractional rate of metabolism of a drug after different routes of administration for renally and hepatically cleared drugs and metabolites. J Pharmacokinet Biopharm 1981;9:477-87
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levy RH, Lane EA, Guyot M, Analysis of parent drug-metabolite relationship in the presence of an inducer. Application to the carbamazepine-clobazam interaction in normal man. Drug Metab Dispos 1983;11(4):286-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel IH, Levy RH, Trager WF. Pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide before and after autoinduction in rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1978;206(3):607-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skarke C, Langer M, Jarrar M, Probenecid interacts with the pharmacokinetics of morphine-6-glucuronide in humans. Anesthesiology 2004;101:1394-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• du Preez MJ, Botha JH, McFadyen ML, The pharmacokinetics of theophylline in premature neonates during the first few days after birth. Ther Drug Monit 1999;21(6):598-603
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guay DR, Awni WM, Findlay JW, Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of codeine in end-stage renal disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1988;43(1):63-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osborne R, Joel S, Trew D, Morphine and metabolite behavior after different routes of morphine administration: demonstration of the importance of the active metabolite morphine-6-glucuronide. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1990;47:12-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tegeder I, Lotsch J, Geisslinger G. Pharmacokinetics of opiods in liver disease. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999;37(1):17-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roxane. CafCit Package Insert. Columbus, OH; 2000
   Google Scholar
• Rodopoulos N, Norman A. Assessment of dimethylxanthine formation from caffeine in healthy adults: comparison between plasma and saliva concentrations and urinary excretion of metabolites. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1996;56:259-68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hospira. Codeine Phosphate Package Insert. Lafe Forest, IL; 2004
   Google Scholar
• AlPharma. Kadian Package Insert. Piscataway, NJ; 2007
   Google Scholar
• Rowland M, Tozer TN. Clinical pharmacokinetics: concepts and applications. 3rd edition. Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA; 1995
   Google Scholar
• Lane EA, Levy RH. Prediction of steady-state behavior of metabolite from dosing of parent drug. J Pharm Sci 1980;69(5):610-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DA, Obach RS. Metabolites in safety testing (MIST): considerations of mechanism of toxicity with dose, abundance and duration of treatment. Chem Res Toxicol 2009;22(2):267-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espina R, yu L, Wang J, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as a quantitative tool to determine the concentrations of biologically produced metabolites: implications in metabolites in safety testing. Chem Res Toxicol 2009;22:299-310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vishwanathan K, Babalola K, Wang J, Obtaining exposures of metabolites in preclinical species through plasma pooling and quantitative NMR: addressing metabolites in safety testing (MIST) guidance without using radiolabeled compounds and chemically synthesized metabolite standards. Chem Res Toxicol 2009;22:311-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leclercq L, Cuyckens F, Mannens GSJ, Which human metabolites have we MIST? Retrospective analysis, practical aspects, and perspectives for metabolite identification and quantification in pharmaceutical development. Chem Res Toxicol 2009;22:280-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kramer-Nielsen K, Flinois JP, Beaune P, The biotransformation of clomipramine in vitro, identification of the cytochrome P450s responsible for the separate metabolic pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996;277(3):1659-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obach RS, Baxter JG, Liston TE, The prediction of human pharmacokinetic parameters from preclinical and in vitro metabolism data. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;283(1):46-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlile DJ, Hakooz N, Bayliss MK, Microsomal prediction of in vivo clearance of CYP2C9 substrates in humans. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1999;47:625-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Obach RS. Prediction of human clearance of twenty-nine drugs from hepatic microsomal clearance data: and examination of in vitro half-life approach and nonspecific binding to microsomes. Drug Metab Dispos 1999;27(11):1350-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGinnity DF, Soars MG, Urbanowicz RA, Evaluation of fresh and cryopreserved hepatocytes as in vitro drug metabolism tools for the prediction of metabolic clearance. Drug Metab Dispos 2004;32(11):1247-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkinson GR, Shand DG. A physiologic approach to hepatic drug clearance. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1975;18:377-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito K, Houston JB. Comparison of the use of liver models for predicting drug clearance using in vitro kinetic data from hepatic microsomes and isolated hepatocytes. Pharm Res 2004;21(5):785-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang KS, Kwan KC. A commentary: methods and assumptions in the kinetic estimation of metabolite formation. Drug Metab Dispos 1983;11(2):79-84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rane A, Wilkinson GR, Shand DG. Prediction of hepatic extraction ratio from in vitro measurement of intrinsic clearance. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1977;200(2):420-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwatsubo T, Hirota N, Oois T, Prediction of in vivo drug disposition from in vitro data based on physiological pharmacokinetics. Biopharm Drug Dispos 1996;17:273-310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thummel KE, Shen DD, Podoll TD, Use of midazolam as a human cytochrome P450 3A probe: I. In vitro-in vivo correlations in liver transplant patients. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994;271(1):549-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohutsky MA, Chien JY, Ring BJ, Predictions of the in vivo clearance of drugs from rate of loss using human liver microsomes for phase I and phase II biotransformations. Pharm Res 2006;23(4):654-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nath A, Atkins WM. A theoretical validation of the substrate depletion approach to determining kinetic parameters. Drug Metab Dispos 2006;34(9):1433-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chladek J, Zimova G, Beranek M, In-vivo indices of CYP2D6 activity: comparison of dextromethorphan metabolic ratios in 4-h urine and 3-h plasma. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000;56(9-10):651-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryu JY, Song IS, Sunwoo YE, Development of the “Inje Cocktail” for high-throughput evaluation of five human cytochrome P450 isoforms in vivo. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007;82(5):531-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang L-J, Fan L, Liu Z-Q, Effects of allicin on CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 activity in healthy volunteers with different CYP2C19 genotypes. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009;65(6):601-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abelo A, Andersson TB, Antonsson M, Stereoselective metabolism of omeprazole by human cytochrome P450 enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2000;28(8):966-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streetman DS, Bertino JS, Nafziger AN. Phenotyping of drug-metabolizing enzymes in adults: a review of in-vivo cytochrome P450 phenotyping probes. Pharmacogenetics 2000;10(3):187-216
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yue QY, Hasselstrom J, Svensson JO, Pharmacokinetics of codeine and its metabolites in Caucasian healthy volunteers: comparisons between extensive and poor hydroxylators of debrisoquine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1991;31(6):635-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue QY, Svensson JO, Sjoqvist F, A comparison of the pharmacokinetics of codeine and its metabolites in healthy Chinese and Caucasian extensive hydroxylators of debrisoquine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1991;31(6):635-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guay DRP. Clinical pharmacokinetics of drugs used to treat urge incontinence. Clin Pharmacokinet 2003;42(14):1243-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eliot L, Butler J, Devane J, Pharmacokinetic evaluation of a sprinkle-dose regimen of a once-daily, extended-release morphine formulation. Clin Ther 2002;24(2):260-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Du X, Skopp G, Aderjan R. The influence of the route of administration: a comparative study at steady state of oral sustained release morphine and morphine sulfate suppositories. Ther Drug Monit 1999;21(2):208-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akinyinka OO, Sowunmi A, Honeywell R, The effects of acute falciparum malaria on the disposition of caffeine and the comparison of saliva and plasma-derived pharmacokinetic parameters in adult Nigerians. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000;56(2):159-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayalasomayajula S, Tchaloyan S, Yeh CM, A study of the pharmacokinetic interactions of the direct renin inhibitor aliskiren with allopurinol, celecoxib and cimetidine in healthy subjects. Curr Med Res Opin 2008;24(3):717-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerra P, Frias J, Ruiz B, Bioequivalence of allopurinol and its metabolite oxipurinol in two tablet formulations. J Clin Pharm Ther 2001;26(2):113-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buch AB, Van Harken DR, Seidehamel RJ, A study of pharmacokinetic interaction between buspirone and alprazolam at steady state. J Clin Pharmacol 1993;33(11):1104-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greene DS, Salazar DE, Dockens RC, Coadministration of nefazodone and benzodiazepines: III. A pharmacokinetic interaction study with alprazolam. J Clin Psychopharmacol 1995;15(6):399-408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wennerholm A, Allqvist A, Svensson JO, Alprazolam as a probe for CYP3A using a single blood sample: pharmacokinetics of parent drug, and of alpha- and 4-hydroxy metabolites in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005;61(2):113-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau YY, Huang Y, Frassetto L, Effect of OATP1B transporter inhibition on the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007;81(2):194-204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novartis. Tekturna new drug application. Basel, Switzerland; 2007
   Google Scholar
• Cheng KL, Nafziger AN, Peloquin CA, Effect of grapefruit juice on clarithromycin pharmacokinetics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998;42(4):927-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan-Alin M, Andersson T, Niazi M, Studies on drug interactions between esomeprazole, amoxicillin and clarithromycin in healthy subjects. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006;44(3):119-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman AJ, Burke J, Larson P, Interaction of single-dose ezetimibe and steady-state cyclosporine in renal transplant patients. J Clin Pharmacol 2006;46(3):328-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reyderman L, Kosoglou T, Cutler DL, The effect of fluvastatin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ezetimibe. Curr Med Res Opin 2005;21(8):1171-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd AM, Ludden TM, McNay JL, Hydralazine kinetics after single and repeated oral doses. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1980;28(6):804-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egorin MJ, Shah DD, Christner SM, Effect of a proton pump inhibitor on the pharmacokinetics of imatinib. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009;68(3):370-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Erp NP, Gelderblom H, Karlsson MO, Influence of CYP3A4 inhibition on the steady-state pharmacokinetics of imatinib. Clin Cancer Res 2007;13(24):7394-400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KA, Shon JH, Park JY, Enantioselective disposition of lansoprazole in extensive and poor metabolizers of CYP2C19. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2002;72(1):90-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ieiri I, Kishimoto Y, Okochi H, Comparison of the kinetic disposition of and serum gastrin change by lansoprazole versus rabeprazole during an 8-day dosing scheme in relation to CYP2C19 polymorphism. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2001;56(6-7):485-92
   Google Scholar
• Wong YN, Simcoe D, Hartman LN, A double-blind, placebo-controlled, ascending-dose evaluation of the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of modafinil tablets in healthy male volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 1999;39(1):30-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong YN, Wang L, Hartman L, Comparison of the single-dose pharmacokinetics and tolerability of modafinil and dextroamphetamine administered alone or in combination in healthy male volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 1998;38(10):971-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damle BD, Uderman H, Biswas P, Influence of CYP2C19 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of nelfinavir and its active metabolite. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009;68(5):682-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laine K, Tybring G, Hartter S, Inhibition of cytochrome P4502D6 activity with paroxetine normalizes the ultrarapid metabolizer phenotype as measured by nortriptyline pharmacokinetics and the debrisoquin test. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2001;70(4):327-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yue QY, Zhong ZH, Tybring G, Pharmacokinetics of nortriptyline and its 10-hydroxy metabolite in Chinese subjects of different CYP2D6 genotypes. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1998;64(4):384-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He N, Huang SL, Zhu RH, Inhibitory effect of troleandomycin on the metabolism of omeprazole is CYP2C19 genotype-dependent. Xenobiotica 2003;33(2):211-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shirai N, Furuta T, Moriyama Y, Effects of CYP2C19 genotypic differences in the metabolism of omeprazole and rabeprazole on intragastric pH. Ailment Pharmacol Ther 2001;15(12):1929-837
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theis JG, Sidhu J, Palmer J, Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between oxcarbazepine and lamotrigine. Neuropsychopharmacol 2005;30(12):2269-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keranen T, Jolkkonen J, Klosterskov-Jensen P, Oxcarbazepine does not interact with cimetidine in healthy volunteers. Acta Neurol Scand 1992;85(4):239-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauro VF, Mauro LS, Hageman JH. Comparison of pentoxifylline pharmacokinetics between smokers and nonsmokers. J Clin Pharmacol 1992;32(11):1054-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RV, Waller ES, Doluisio JT, Pharmacokinetics of orally administered pentoxifylline in humans. J Pharm Sci 1986;75(1):47-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bialer M, Doose DR, Murthy B, Pharmacokinetic interactions of topiramate. Clin Pharmacokinet 2004;43(12):763-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bondolfi G, Eap CB, Bertschy G, The effect of fluoxetine on the pharmacokinetics and safety of risperidone in psychotic patients. Pharmacopsychiatry 2002;35(2):50-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allard S, Sainati SM, Roth-Schechter BF. Coadministration of short-term zolpidem with sertraline in healthy women. J Clin Pharmacol 1999;39(2):184-91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamelin BA, Turgeon J, Vallee F, The disposition of fluoxetine but not sertraline is altered in poor metabolizers of debrisoquin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996;60(5):512-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradbrook ID, John VA, Morrison PJ, Pharmacokinetics of single doses of sulphinpyrazone and its major metabolites in plasma and urine. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1982;13(2):177-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenkranz B, Fischer C, Jakobsen P, Plasma levels of sulfinpyrazone and of two of its metabolites after a single dose and during the steady state. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1983;24(2):231-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robbins B, Chang CT, Cramer JA, Safe coadministration of terbinafine and terfenadine: a placebo-controlled crossover study of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions in healthy volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1996;59(3):275-83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovarik JM, Kirkesseli S, Humbert H, Dose-proportional pharmacokinetics of terbinafine and its N-demethylated metabolite in healthy volunteers. Br J Dermatol 1992;126(Suppl 39):8-13
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindh JD, Annas A, Meurling L, Effect of ketoconazole on venlafaxine plasma concentrations in extensive and poor metabolisers of debrisoquine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2003;59(5-6):401-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troy SM, Lucki I, Peirgies AA, Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of the potential drug interaction between venlafaxine and diazepam. J Clin Pharmacol 1995;35(4):410-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirota N, Ito K, Iwatsubo T, In vitro/in vivo scaling of alprazolam metabolism by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 in humans. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2001;22(2):53-71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JE, Kim KB, Bae SK, Contribution of cytochrome P450 3A4 and 3A5 to the metabolism of atorvastatin. Xenobiotica 2008;38(9):1240-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labedzki A, Buters J, Jabrane W, Differences in caffeine and paraxanthine metabolism between human and murine CYP1A2. Biochem Pharmacol 2002;63(12):2159-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linnoila M, Insel T, Kilts C, Plasma steady state concentrations of hydroxylated metabolites of clomipramine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1982;32(2):208-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soars MG, Riley RJ, Findlay KAB, Evidence for significant differences in microsomal drug glucuronidation by canine and human liver and kidney. Drug Metab Dispos 2001;29(2):121-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koyama E, Sohn DR, Shin SG, Metabolic disposition of imipramine in oriental subjects: relation to metoprolol alpha-hydroxylation and S-mephenytoin 4′-hydroxylation phenotypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994;271(2):860-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skelbo R, Brosen K. Inhibitors of imipramine metabolism by human liver microsomes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1992;34:256-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim K-A, Kim M-J, Park J-Y, Stereoselective metabolism of lansoprazole by human liver cytochrome P450 enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2003;31(10):1227-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrish GA, Foster DJR, Somogyi AA. Differential in vitro inhibition of M3G and M6G formation from morphine by (R)- and (S)-methadone and structurally related opioids. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2006;61(3):326-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Moltke LL, Greenblatt DJ, Granda BW, Nefazodone, meta-chlorophenylpiperazine, and their metabolites in vitro: cytochromes mediating transformation, and P450-3A4 inhibitory actions. Psychopharmacol 1999;145(1):113-22
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shu Y, Wang L-S, Xu Z-H, 5-Hydroxylation of omeprazole by human liver microsomal fractions from chinese populations related to CYP2C19 gene dose and individual ethnicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000;295(2):844-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dilger K, Greiner B, Fromm MF, Consequences of rifampicin treatment on propafenone disposition in extensive and poor metabolizers of CYP2D6. Pharmacogenetics 1999;9(5):551-9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hemeryck A, De Vriendt C, Belpaire FM. Effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on the oxidative metabolism of propafenone: in vitro studies using human liver microsomes. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000;20(4):428-34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen TL, Rasmussen BB, Flinois JP, In vitro metabolism of quinidine: the (3S)-3-hydroxylation of quinidine is a specific marker reaction for cytochrome P-4503A4 activity in human liver microsomes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999;289(1):31-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schellens JH, Ghabrial H, van der Wart HH, Differential effects of quinidine on the disposition of nifedipine, sparteine, and mephenytoin in humans. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1991;50(5 Pt 1):520-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lien EA, Anker G, Lonning PE, Decreased serum concentrations of tamoxifen and its metabolites induced by aminoglutethimide. Cancer Res 1990;50(18):5851-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desta Z, Ward BA, Soukhova NV, Comprehensive evaluation of tamoxifen sequential biotransformation by the human cytochrome P450 system in vitro: prominent roles for CYP3A and CYP2D6. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004;310(3):1062-75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tjia JF, Colbert J, Back DJ. Theophylline metabolism in human liver microsomes: inhibition studies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996;276(3):912-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albers LJ, Reist C, Vu RL, Effect of venlafaxine on imipramine metabolism. Psychiatry Res 2000;96(3):235-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz DL, Bergstrom RF, Goldberg MJ, The effect of sertraline on the pharmacokinetics of desipramine and imipramine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1997;62(2):145-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abernethy DR, Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI. imipramine-cimetidine interaction: impairment of clearance and enhanced absolute bioavailability. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1984;229(3):702-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albers AJ, Reist C, Helmeste D, Paroxetine shifts imipramine metabolism. Psychiatry Res 1995;59:189-96
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergstrom RF, Peyton AL, Lemberger L. Quantification and mechanism of fluoxetine and tricyclic antidepressant interaction. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992;51:239-48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells BG, Pieper JA, Self TH, The effect of ranitidine and cimetidine on imipramine disposition. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1986;31(3):285-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimoda K, Noguch T, Ozeki Y, Metabolism of clomipramine in a Japanese psychiatric population: hydroxylation, desmethylation, and glucuronidation. Neuropsychopharmacol 1995;12(4):323-33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiang Z-P, Shu Y, Chen X-P, The role of CYP2C19 in amitriptyline N-demethylation in Chinese subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2002;58(2):109-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liedholm H, Liden A. Food intake and the presystemic metabolism of single doses of amitriptyline and nortriptyline. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1998;12:636-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkatkrishnan K, Schmider J, Harmatz JS, Relative contribution of CYP3A to amitriptyline clearance in humans: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Clin Pharmacol 2001;41:1043-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar