The pharmacogenetics of antimalaria artemisinin combination therapy

Bibliography

• Marsh K. Malaria disaster in Africa. Lancet 1998;352(9132):924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eastman RT, Fidock DA. Artemisinin-based combination therapies: a vital tool in efforts to eliminate malaria. Nat Rev Microbiol 2009;7(12):864-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui L, Su XZ. Discovery, mechanisms of action and combination therapy of artemisinin. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2009;7(8):999-1013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu E. Chinese propriety medicines: an “alternative modernity?” The case of the anti-malarial substance artemisinin in East Africa. Med Anthropol 2009;28(2):111-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White NJ. The role of anti-malarial drugs in eliminating malaria. Malar J 2008;7(Suppl 1):S8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• del Pilar Crespo M, Avery TD, Hanssen E, Artemisinin and a series of novel endoperoxide antimalarials exert early effects on digestive vacuole morphology. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2008;52(1):98-109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Huang L, Li J, Artemisinin directly targets malarial mitochondria through its specific mitochondrial activation. PLoS One 2010;5(3):e9582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krishna S, Pulcini S, Fatih F, Staines H. Artemisinins and the biological basis for the PfATP6/SERCA hypothesis. Trends Parasitol 2010;26(11):517-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wongsrichanalai C, Prajakwong S, Meshnick SR, Mefloquine–its 20 years in the Thai Malaria Control Program. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2004;35(2):300-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nosten F, van Vugt M, Price R, Effects of artesunate-mefloquine combination on incidence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria and mefloquine resistance in western Thailand: a prospective study. Lancet 2000;356(9226):297-302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosten F, White NJ. Artemisinin-based combination treatment of falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007;77(6 Suppl):181-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White NJ. Delaying antimalarial drug resistance with combination chemotherapy. Parassitologia 1999;41(1-3):301-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sinclair D, Zani B, Donegan S, Artemisinin-based combination therapy for treating uncomplicated malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009(3):CD007483
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Alessandro U. Progress in the development of piperaquine combinations for the treatment of malaria. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2009;22(6):588-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tshefu AK, Gaye O, Kayentao K, Efficacy and safety of a fixed-dose oral combination of pyronaridine-artesunate compared with artemether-lumefantrine in children and adults with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2010;375(9724):1457-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhattarai A, Ali AS, Kachur SP, Impact of artemisinin-based combination therapy and insecticide-treated nets on malaria burden in Zanzibar. PLoS Med 2007;4(11):e309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwood B. Anti-malarial drugs and the prevention of malaria in the population of malaria endemic areas. Malar J 2010;9(Suppl 3):S2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song J, Socheat D, Tan B, Rapid and effective malaria control in Cambodia through mass administration of artemisinin-piperaquine. Malar J 2010;9:57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pang T. Impact of pharmacogenomics on neglected diseases of the developing world. Am J Pharmacogenomics 2003;3(6):393-8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carrara VI, Zwang J, Ashley EA, Changes in the treatment responses to artesunate-mefloquine on the northwestern border of Thailand during 13 years of continuous deployment. PLoS ONE 2009;4(2):e4551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noedl H, Se Y, Schaecher K, Evidence of artemisinin-resistant malaria in western Cambodia. N Engl J Med 2008;359(24):2619-20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dondorp AM, Nosten F, Yi P, Artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria. N Engl J Med 2009;361(5):455-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peters W. Chemotherapy and drug resistance in malaria. Academic Press; London, New York: 1970
   Google Scholar
• Davis TM, Karunajeewa HA, Ilett KF. Artemisinin-based combination therapies for uncomplicated malaria. Med J Aust 2005;182(4):181-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teja-Isavadharm P, Watt G, Eamsila C, Comparative pharmacokinetics and effect kinetics of orally administered artesunate in healthy volunteers and patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001;65(6):717-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leonardi E, Gilvary G, White NJ, Nosten F. Severe allergic reactions to oral artesunate: a report of two cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2001;95(2):182-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li XQ, Bjorkman A, Andersson TB, Identification of human cytochrome P(450)s that metabolise anti-parasitic drugs and predictions of in vivo drug hepatic clearance from in vitro data. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2003;59(5-6):429-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White NJ, van Vugt M, Ezzet F. Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics and pharmacodynamics of artemether-lumefantrine. Clin Pharmacokinet 1999;37(2):105-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Agtmael MA, Gupta V, van der Wosten TH, Grapefruit juice increases the bioavailability of artemether. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999;55(5):405-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefevre G, Carpenter P, Souppart C, Pharmacokinetics and electrocardiographic pharmacodynamics of artemether-lumefantrine (Riamet) with concomitant administration of ketoconazole in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002;54(5):485-92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingelman-Sundberg M, Sim SC, Gomez A, Rodriguez-Antona C. Influence of cytochrome P450 polymorphisms on drug therapies: pharmacogenetic, pharmacoepigenetic and clinical aspects. Pharmacol Ther 2007;116(3):496-526
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozdemir V, Kalow W, Tang BK, Evaluation of the genetic component of variability in CYP3A4 activity: a repeated drug administration method. Pharmacogenetics 2000;10(5):373-88
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ali S, Najmi MH, Tarning J, Lindegardh N. Pharmacokinetics of artemether and dihydroartemisinin in healthy Pakistani male volunteers treated with artemether-lumefantrine. Malar J 2010;9:275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karunajeewa HA, Ilett KF, Dufall K, Disposition of artesunate and dihydroartemisinin after administration of artesunate suppositories in children from Papua New Guinea with uncomplicated malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48(8):2966-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ilett KF, Ethell BT, Maggs JL, Glucuronidation of dihydroartemisinin in vivo and by human liver microsomes and expressed UDP-glucuronosyltransferases. Drug Metab Dispos 2002;30(9):1005-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dien TK, de Vries PJ, Khanh NX, Effect of food intake on pharmacokinetics of oral artemisinin in healthy Vietnamese subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997;41(5):1069-72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angus BJ, Thaiaporn I, Chanthapadith K, Oral artesunate dose-response relationship in acute falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002;46(3):778-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hien TT, Davis TM, Chuong LV, Comparative pharmacokinetics of intramuscular artesunate and artemether in patients with severe falciparum malaria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48(11):4234-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerb R, Fux R, Morike K, Pharmacogenetics of antimalarial drugs: effect on metabolism and transport. Lancet Infect Dis 2009;9(12):760-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Agtmael MA, Van Der Graaf CA, Dien TK, The contribution of the enzymes CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 in the demethylation of artemether in healthy subjects. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 1998;23(3):429-36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na Bangchang K, Karbwang J, Thomas CG, Pharmacokinetics of artemether after oral administration to healthy Thai males and patients with acute, uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1994;37(3):249-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGready R, Stepniewska K, Lindegardh N, The pharmacokinetics of artemether and lumefantrine in pregnant women with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006;62(12):1021-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefevre G, Carpenter P, Souppart C, Interaction trial between artemether-lumefantrine (Riamet) and quinine in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharmacol 2002;42(10):1147-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefevre G, Looareesuwan S, Treeprasertsuk S, A clinical and pharmacokinetic trial of six doses of artemether-lumefantrine for multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2001;64(5-6):247-56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mwesigwa J, Parikh S, McGee B, Pharmacokinetics of artemether-lumefantrine and artesunate-amodiaquine in children in Kampala, Uganda. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54(1):52-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villeneuve L, Girard H, Fortier LC, Novel functional polymorphisms in the UGT1A7 and UGT1A9 glucuronidating enzymes in Caucasian and African-American subjects and their impact on the metabolism of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin and flavopiridol anticancer drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003;307(1):117-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehlotra RK, Bockarie MJ, Zimmerman PA. Prevalence of UGT1A9 and UGT2B7 nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in West African, Papua New Guinean, and North American populations. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2007;63(1):1-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di YM, Chow VD, Yang LP, Zhou SF. Structure, function, regulation and polymorphism of human cytochrome P450 2A6. Curr Drug Metab 2009;10(7):754-80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burckhalter JH, Tendick FH, Aminoalkylphenols as antimalarials (heterocyclicamino)-alpha-amino-o-cresols; the synthesis of camoquin. J Am Chem Soc 1948;70(4):1363-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olliaro P, Mussano P. Amodiaquine for treating malaria. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003(2):CD000016
   Google Scholar
• Hatton CS, Peto TE, Bunch C, Frequency of severe neutropenia associated with amodiaquine prophylaxis against malaria. Lancet 1986;1(8478):411-14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larrey D, Castot A, Pessayre D, Amodiaquine-induced hepatitis. A report of seven cases. Ann Intern Med 1986;104(6):801-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neftel KA, Woodtly W, Schmid M, Amodiaquine induced agranulocytosis and liver damage. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1986;292(6522):721-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aymard JP, Rouveix B, Ferry R, Amodiaquine-induced agranulocytosis: report of a case with in vitro studies of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells. Acta Haematol 1989;82(1):40-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. World malaria report. World Health Organization; 2008
   Google Scholar
• Clarke JB, Neftel K, Kitteringham NR, Park BK. Detection of antidrug IgG antibodies in patients with adverse drug reactions to amodiaquine. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1991;95(4):369-75
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Naisbitt DJ, Ruscoe JE, Williams D, Disposition of amodiaquine and related antimalarial agents in human neutrophils: implications for drug design. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(2):884-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jewell H, Maggs JL, Harrison AC, Role of hepatic metabolism in the bioactivation and detoxication of amodiaquine. Xenobiotica 1995;25(2):199-217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tingle MD, Jewell H, Maggs JL, The bioactivation of amodiaquine by human polymorphonuclear leucocytes in vitro: chemical mechanisms and the effects of fluorine substitution. Biochem Pharmacol 1995;50(7):1113-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor WR, White NJ. Antimalarial drug toxicity: a review. Drug Saf 2004;27(1):25-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil JP. Amodiaquine pharmacogenetics. Pharmacogenomics 2008;9(10):1385-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison AC, Kitteringham NR, Clarke JB, Park BK. The mechanism of bioactivation and antigen formation of amodiaquine in the rat. Biochem Pharmacol 1992;43(7):1421-30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winstanley P, Edwards G, Orme M, Breckenridge A. The disposition of amodiaquine in man after oral administration. Br J Clin Pharmacol 1987;23(1):1-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li XQ, Bjorkman A, Andersson TB, Amodiaquine clearance and its metabolism to N-desethylamodiaquine is mediated by CYP2C8: a new high affinity and turnover enzyme-specific probe substrate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002;300(2):399-407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Churchill FC, Mount DL, Patchen LC, Bjorkman A. Isolation, characterization and standardization of a major metabolite of amodiaquine by chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. J Chromatogr 1986;377:307-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang J, Krugliak M, Ginsburg H. The fate of ferriprotorphyrin IX in malaria infected erythrocytes in conjunction with the mode of action of antimalarial drugs. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1999;99(1):129-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Famin O, Ginsburg H. Differential effects of 4-aminoquinoline-containing antimalarial drugs on hemoglobin digestion in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Biochem Pharmacol 2002;63(3):393-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gil JP, Gil Berglund E. CYP2C8 and antimalaria drug efficacy. Pharmacogenomics 2007;8(2):187-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson T, Jurva U, Gronberg G, Novel metabolites of amodiaquine formed by CYP1A1 and CYP1B1: structure elucidation using electrochemistry, mass spectrometry, and NMR. Drug Metab Dispos 2009;37(3):571-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parikh S, Ouedraogo JB, Goldstein JA, Amodiaquine metabolism is impaired by common polymorphisms in CYP2C8: implications for malaria treatment in Africa. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007;82(2):197-203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh R, Ting JG, Pan Y, Functional role of Ile264 in CYP2C8: mutations affect haem incorporation and catalytic activity. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2008;23(3):165-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hietala SF, Bhattarai A, Msellem M, Population pharmacokinetics of amodiaquine and desethylamodiaquine in pediatric patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 2007;34(5):669-86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mariga ST, Gil JP, Sisowath C, Synergism between amodiaquine and its major metabolite, desethylamodiaquine, against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004;48(11):4089-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hombhanje FW, Hwaihwanje I, Tsukahara T, The disposition of oral amodiaquine in Papua New Guinean children with falciparum malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2005;59(3):298-301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masson LF, Sharp L, Cotton SC, Little J. Cytochrome P-450 1A1 gene polymorphisms and risk of breast cancer: a HuGE review. Am J Epidemiol 2005;161(10):901-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis TM, Hung TY, Sim IK, Piperaquine: a resurgent antimalarial drug. Drugs 2005;65(1):75-87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarning J, Bergqvist Y, Day NP, Characterization of human urinary metabolites of the antimalarial piperaquine. Drug Metab Dispos 2006;34(12):2011-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hung TY, Davis TM, Ilett KF, Population pharmacokinetics of piperaquine in adults and children with uncomplicated falciparum or vivax malaria. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004;57(3):253-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinh NT, Quang NN, Thanh NX, Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of two fixed-dose tablet formulations of dihydroartemisinin and piperaquine in Vietnamese subjects. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53(2):828-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen DV, Nguyen QP, Nguyen ND, Pharmacokinetics and ex vivo pharmacodynamic antimalarial activity of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine in patients with uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Vietnam. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009;53(8):3534-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giao PT, de Vries PJ. Pharmacokinetic interactions of antimalarial agents. Clin Pharmacokinet 2001;40(5):343-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi J, Wang S, Liu G, Pyronaridine, a novel modulator of P-glycoprotein-mediated multidrug resistance in tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004;319(4):1124-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe A, Ilett KF, Karunajeewa HA, Role of P glycoprotein in absorption of novel antimalarial drugs. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006;50(10):3504-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim IW, Booth-Genthe C, Ambudkar SV. Relationship between drugs and functional activity of various mammalian P-glycoproteins (ABCB1). Mini Rev Med Chem 2008;8(3):193-200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naisbitt DJ, Williams DP, O'Neill PM, Metabolism-dependent neutrophil cytotoxicity of amodiaquine: A comparison with pyronaridine and related antimalarial drugs. Chem Res Toxicol 1998;11(12):1586-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohrbach P, Sanchez CP, Hayton K, Genetic linkage of pfmdr1 with food vacuolar solute import in Plasmodium falciparum. Embo J 2006;25(13):3000-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sisowath C, Petersen I, Veiga MI, In vivo selection of Plasmodium falciparum parasites carrying the chloroquine-susceptible pfcrt K76 allele after treatment with artemether-lumefantrine in Africa. J Infect Dis 2009;199(5):750-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karbwang J, White NJ. Clinical pharmacokinetics of mefloquine. Clin Pharmacokinet 1990;19(4):264-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na-Bangchang K, Karbwang J, Palacios PA, Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence evaluation of three commercial tablet formulations of mefloquine when given in combination with dihydroartemisinin in patients with acute uncomplicated falciparum malaria. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000;55(10):743-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramharter M, Kurth FM, Belard S, Pharmacokinetics of two paediatric artesunate mefloquine drug formulations in the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Gabon. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;60(5):1091-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krudsood S, Looareesuwan S, Tangpukdee N, New fixed-dose artesunate-mefloquine formulation against multidrug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in adults: a comparative phase IIb safety and pharmacokinetic study with standard-dose nonfixed artesunate plus mefloquine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010;54(9):3730-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karbwang J, Bunnag D, Breckenridge AM, Back DJ. The pharmacokinetics of mefloquine when given alone or in combination with sulphadoxine and pyrimethamine in Thai male and female subjects. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1987;32(2):173-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karbwang J, Na-Bangchang K. Clinical application of mefloquine pharmacokinetics in the treatment of P. falciparum malaria. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 1994;8(6):491-502
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontaine F, de Sousa G, Burcham PC, Role of cytochrome P450 3A in the metabolism of mefloquine in human and animal hepatocytes. Life Sci 2000;66(22):2193-212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• German PI, Aweeka FT. Clinical pharmacology of artemisinin-based combination therapies. Clin Pharmacokinet 2008;47(2):91-102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guengerich FP. Cytochrome P-450 3A4: regulation and role in drug metabolism. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 1999;39:1-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pham YT, Regina A, Farinotti R, Interactions of racemic mefloquine and its enantiomers with P-glycoprotein in an immortalised rat brain capillary endothelial cell line, GPNT. Biochim Biophys Acta 2000;1524(2-3):212-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urquhart BL, Kim RB. Blood-brain barrier transporters and response to CNS-active drugs. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009;65(11):1063-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toovey S. Mefloquine neurotoxicity: a literature review. Travel Med Infect Dis 2009;7(1):2-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aarnoudse AL, van Schaik RH, Dieleman J, MDR1 gene polymorphisms are associated with neuropsychiatric adverse effects of mefloquine. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006;80(4):367-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chinn LW, Kroetz DL. ABCB1 pharmacogenetics: progress, pitfalls, and promise. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007;81(2):265-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu CP, Klokouzas A, Hladky SB, Interactions of mefloquine with ABC proteins, MRP1 (ABCC1) and MRP4 (ABCC4) that are present in human red cell membranes. Biochem Pharmacol 2005;70(4):500-10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Letourneau IJ, Deeley RG, Cole SP. Functional characterization of non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene encoding human multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1/ABCC1). Pharmacogenet Genomics 2005;15(9):647-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Djimde A, Lefevre G. Understanding the pharmacokinetics of Coartem. Malar J 2009;8(Suppl 1):S4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noedl H, Allmendinger T, Prajakwong S, Desbutyl-benflumetol, a novel antimalarial compound: in vitro activity in fresh isolates of Plasmodium falciparum from Thailand. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2001;45(7):2106-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Starzengruber P, Wernsdorfer G, Parizek M, Specific pharmacokinetic interaction between lumefantrine and monodesbutyl-benflumetol in Plasmodium falciparum. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2007;119(19-20 Suppl 3):60-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wong RP, Salman S, Ilett KF, Desbutyl-lumefantrine is a metabolite of lumefantrine with potent in vitro antimalarial activity that may influence artemether-lumefantrine treatment outcome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011;55(3):1194-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denis MB, Tsuyuoka R, Lim P, Efficacy of artemether-lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated falciparum malaria in northwest Cambodia. Trop Med Int Health 2006;11(12):1800-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman MM, Dondorp AM, Day NP, Adherence and efficacy of supervised versus non-supervised treatment with artemether/lumefantrine for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Bangladesh: a randomised controlled trial. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2008;102(9):861-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrmann S, Sallas WM, Machevo S, The effect of food consumption on lumefantrine bioavailability in African children receiving artemether-lumefantrine crushed or dispersible tablets (Coartem) for acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Trop Med Int Health 2010;15(4):434-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wernsdorfer WH. Coartemether (artemether and lumefantrine): an oral antimalarial drug. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2004;2(2):181-96
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lakhman SS, Ma Q, Morse GD. Pharmacogenomics of CYP3A: considerations for HIV treatment. Pharmacogenomics 2009;10(8):1323-39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thelen K, Dressman JB. Cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism in the human gut wall. J Pharm Pharmacol 2009;61(5):541-58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westlind-Johnsson A, Hermann R, Huennemeyer A, Identification and characterization of CYP3A4*20, a novel rare CYP3A4 allele without functional activity. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006;79(4):339-49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Na-Bangchang K, Ruengweerayut R, Mahamad P, Declining in efficacy of a three-day combination regimen of mefloquine-artesunate in a multi-drug resistance area along the Thai-Myanmar border. Malar J 2010;9:273
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price RN, Uhlemann AC, Brockman A, Mefloquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum and increased pfmdr1 gene copy number. Lancet 2004;364(9432):438-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sisowath C, Stromberg J, Martensson A, In vivo selection of Plasmodium falciparum pfmdr1 86N coding alleles by artemether-lumefantrine (Coartem). J Infect Dis 2005;191(6):1014-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmgren G, Hamrin J, Svard J, Selection of pfmdr1 mutations after amodiaquine monotherapy and amodiaquine plus artemisinin combination therapy in East Africa. Infect Genet Evol 2007;7(5):562-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Echeverry DF, Holmgren G, Murillo C, Short report: polymorphisms in the pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes of Plasmodium falciparum and in vitro susceptibility to amodiaquine and desethylamodiaquine. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007;77(6):1034-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavaco I, Stromberg-Norklit J, Kaneko A, CYP2C8 polymorphism frequencies among malaria patients in Zanzibar. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005;61(1):15-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsky RL, Obach RS. Validated assays for human cytochrome P450 activities. Drug Metab Dispos 2004;32(6):647-60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luzzatto L. The rise and fall of the antimalarial Lapdap: a lesson in pharmacogenetics. Lancet 2010;376(9742):739-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira P CI, Gil JP. Pharmacogenetic tools for malaria and TB in the developing world. Pers Med 2008;5(6):627-39
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishengoma DS, Lwitiho S, Madebe RA, Using rapid diagnostic tests as source of malaria parasite DNA for molecular analyses in the era of declining malaria prevalence. Malar J 2011;10(1):6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nosten F, Brasseur P. Combination therapy : the way forward? Drugs 2002;62(9):1315-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Available from: http:/http://www.cypalleles.ki.se/
   Google Scholar